603 BOOKS IN REVIEW BOOKS IN REVIEW The Sea Is the Future. Bill Ashcroft. Utopianism in Postcolonial Literatures. New York: Routledge, 2017. xii+226 pp. $37.95 pbk. In 2011, opponents of the Occupy Wall Street movement frequently tried to antagonize protesters by asking how they would change the economic system. The protesters uniformly answered that making specific changes was the job of economists and bankers; their job was to register discontent, loudly and in public. For Bill Ashcroft’s new work, Utopianism in Postcolonial Literatures, that response is far more useful than detailed answers to particular problems, because it affectively demonstrates an imaginative and unbounded vision of a better future that makes the present at least marginally livable. Exactly how that future comes into being is less important, in the present, than the insistence on defining the need for it. Derek Walcott, the late Nobelist from St. Lucia, famously told us that in the Caribbean, the sea is both time and space, defining everything that was brought to the islands and everything that can happen there: Where are your monuments, your battles, martyrs? Where is your tribal memory? Sirs, in that grey vault. The sea. The sea has locked them up. The sea is History. (“The Sea Is History” 1978) The sea must be the future as well, for here as everywhere the past produces the present and shapes the future at all points, in the forms of successive concrete events and in the methods available for understanding them—that is, for producing history. It is important, then, to see Ashcroft’s Utopianism as an examination of time and space as conceived in a variety of postcolonial territories, a series of conversations in which each chapter engages a few creative writers and theorists in a particular region whose figurations augment and challenge the ubiquitous Western schemas of linear progression. Readers should not expect a comprehensive survey of utopian and speculative fiction per region, or a study of utopian geographies from More onward—both of which are interesting areas of work. Rather, they will find here a discussion of utopianism focused through two terms developed by Ernst Bloch: heimat, the not-yet-achieved space of comfort and fulfilment, and vorschein, the creative gesture or working-toward heimat. For Ashcroft, as for the Occupy demonstrators, vorschein describes concrete activity of critical expression, while heimat is sometimes better described as open, a matter of persistent desires and not of defined conditions. Moreover, emphasizing vorschein as process acknowledges the ethical dimensions of an indeterminate utopianism. In 2002, reviewing Ralph Pordzik’s The Quest for Postcolonial Utopia (2001) for SFS, Tom Moylan warned that “stressing a radical but abstracted openness and not engaging with actual processes of gaining and holding power … threatens to overlook one of the key places in which a concrete utopianism operates—that is, within the very processes of transformation themselves” (qtd. Ashcroft 270). Ashcroft addresses this threat in two ways. First, because so much postcolonial expression has found its voice amid very specific 604 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 46 (2019) pressures of imperial oppression, utopian writers in formerly colonized or currently occupied territories can draw from longstanding practices of confrontation, and particularly of transformation, finding and celebrating the means to declare that the lives of individuals and groups indeed matter. Second, and just as importantly, Utopianism is very cautious in its use of authoritative assertion: well aware that small or local institutions, universities and publishers among them, often replicate the imperial orders of assignment and value within which they originated, Ashcroft instead consciously draws back and listens to the other speakers in these conversations, and just as generously opens directions of inquiry for further exploration, perhaps by a later generation of scholars. When the conversations work, as especially in the sections focused on Africa (Chapter Four), India (Chapter Six), and the Caribbean (Chapter Eight), the results offer remarkably useful descriptions of other—alternative, simultaneous, or layered—schemes of time and place that respond to and ameliorate the pressures of historic linearity and its offspring, the nation-state and the capitalist economy. Discussing Africa, for example, in terms that address Moylan’s concerns, Ashcroft notes that the borders of many post...
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