Creative Commons Research Articles

Canadian Muslim Excellence: A Time to Celebrate, Educate, and Reflect

This study redresses the limited presence of stories of Muslims in Canadian archival history and curriculum, drawing attention to the racial issues as an antidote, so that public awareness of anti-Islamophobia strategy can be made known. The authors searched, preserved, and distributed the diverse and inclusive stories of Muslim Canadians by employing a comprehensive, multidisciplinary strategy to map the political, ideological, institutional, and economic contributions of Canadian Muslims who are working for a better Canada. The authors made these stories readily available and accessible as an open educational resource under a Creative Commons’ license, by creating and constructing a digital archive. This research also works towards developing resources and connections for a range of audiences to develop learning aids to teach Muslim Canadians history. The fabric of this country would not be the same, if it were not for diversity. Muslim Canadians are valued contributors to the Canadian climate, and deserve to be celebrated, rather than mistreated. Sharing the stories of Muslim Canadians who have had a positive impact on this country is intended to increase the positive messaging surrounding some of the wonderful contributions Muslim Canadians have accomplished.

Two-zero textures for Dirac Neutrinos

Abstract We review the two-zero mass matrix textures approach for Dirac neutrinos with the most recent global fit in the oscillation parameters. We found that three of the 15 possible textures are compatible with current experimental data, while the remaining two-zero textures are ruled out. Two textures are consistent with the neutrino masses' normal hierarchy and are CP-conserving. At the same time, the other one is compatible with both mass orderings and allows for CP violation. We also present the correlations between the oscillation parameters for the allowed two-zero textures. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.

The resonance effect for the CP asymmetry associated with the process $\omega \rightarrow \pi^{+}\pi^{-}\pi^{0}$

Abstract The direct CP asymmetry in the weak decay process of hadrons is commonly attributed to the weak phase of the CKM matrix and the indeterminate strong phase. We propose a method to generate a significant phase difference through the interference between $\rho$ and $\omega$ mesons, taking into account the G-parity allowed decay process of $\omega \rightarrow \pi^{+}\pi^{-}\pi^{0}$ and the G-parity suppressed decay process of $\rho^{0} \rightarrow \pi^{+}\pi^{-}\pi^{0}$ in B meson decays. 
It can lead to a significant CP asymmetry changes in the interference region. 
Besides, we also calculate the integral results of different phase space regions for the four-body decay process. We hope that our work can offer valuable theoretical guidance for future experimental investigations on CP asymmetry in these decays.Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.

Bexotegrast Shows Dose-dependent Integrin αvβ6 Receptor Occupancy in Lungs of Participants with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Phase 2, Open-Label Clinical Trial.

Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive disease characterized by dyspnea and loss of lung function. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) activation mediated by αv integrins is central to the pathogenesis of IPF. Bexotegrast (PLN 74809) is an oral, once-daily, dual-selective inhibitor of αvβ6 and αvβ1 integrins under investigation for the treatment of IPF. Positron emission tomography (PET) using an αvβ6-specific PET tracer could confirm target engagement of bexotegrast in the lungs of participants with IPF. Objectives: This Phase 2 study (NCT04072315) evaluated αvβ6 receptor occupancy in the lung, as assessed by changes from baseline in αvβ6 PET tracer uptake, following single dose administration of bexotegrast to participants with IPF. Methods: In this open-label, single-center, single-arm study, adults with IPF received up to 2 single doses of bexotegrast, ranging from 60 to 320 mg with or without background IPF therapy (pirfenidone or nintedanib). At baseline and approximately 4 hours after each orally administered bexotegrast dose, a 60-minute dynamic PET/CT scan was conducted following administration of an αvβ6-specific PET probe ([18F]FP-R01-MG-F2). αvβ6 receptor occupancy by bexotegrast was estimated from the changes in PET tracer uptake following bexotegrast. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of bexotegrast were also assessed. Results: Eight participants completed the study. Total and unbound plasma bexotegrast concentrations increased in a dose-dependent manner, and regional PET volume of distribution (VT) values decreased in a dose- and concentration-dependent manner. The VT data fit a simple saturation model, producing an unbound bexotegrast EC50 estimate of 3.32 ng/mL. Estimated maximum receptor occupancy was 35%, 53%, 71%, 88%, and 92% following single 60, 80, 120, 240, and 320-mg doses of bexotegrast, respectively. No treatment-emergent adverse events related to bexotegrast were reported. Conclusions: Dose- and concentration-dependent αvβ6 receptor occupancy by bexotegrast was observed by PET imaging, supporting once-daily 160 to 320 mg dosing to evaluate efficacy in clinical trials of IPF. Trial registration number: NCT04072315 Primary source of funding: Pliant Therapeutics, Inc. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Exotic hybrid pseudopotentials at finite temperature and chemical potential

Abstract Using gauge/gravity duality, we study the exotic hybrid pseudopotentials at finite temperature and chemical potential. The $\Sigma$ hybrid meson can be described by a model including an object called ``defect'' on a string linking the quark and antiquark. It was first proposed by Andreev and perfectly described the $\Sigma_u^-$ hybrid potential at zero temperature and chemical potential. In this paper, we would like to extend this model to finite chemical potential and compare the separate distance and pseudopotentials of $\Sigma_g^+ $ and $\Sigma_u^-$. Unlike $\Sigma_g^+$ ground state, the $\Sigma_u^-$ hybrid pseudopotentials no longer behave as Coulomb-like at short distances. In addition, temperature and chemical potential have a significant impact on the $\Sigma_u^-$ hybrid pseudopotentials. The screen distances and hybrid pseudopotentials of $\Sigma_u^-$ significantly decrease with the increase of temperature and chemical potential. At last, we draw the melting diagram of $\Sigma_g^+ $ and $\Sigma_u^-$ in the $T- \mu$ plane, and confirm that the quark-antiquark pair in $\Sigma_u^-$ excited state is easier to melt than in $\Sigma_g^+$ ground state.Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.

Spectroscopy of excited quarkonium states in the light-front quark model

Abstract We have investigated the ground state ($1S$), radially excited states ($2S$) and ($3S$) along with the orbitally excited state ($1P$) for the heavy charmonia ($c \bar c$) and bottomonia ($b \bar b$) mesons in the light-front quark model (LFQM). The light-front wave functions have been successful in explaining various physical properties of meson states in the past, especially for the $1S$ and $2S$ states. However, studies regarding the radially excited state $3S$ and orbitally excited state $1P$ have hardly been pursued before. In this study, we take up these two excited states and investigate the electromagnetic form factors (EMFFs), charge radii, decay constants, parton distribution functions (PDFs) and the distribution amplitudes (DAs) for the quarkonia system. For the sake of completeness, we have also included the study of the ground and the first excited states of quarkonia mesons. We have also illustrated the 3D wave functions for the radially excited states in order to study their nodal structures. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.

Asthma and COVID-19: Unveiling Outcome Disparities and Treatment Impact Based on Distinct Endotypes.

Epidemiologic studies on asthmatics and in vitro data suggest a protective role of T2 inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using a large, multisite cohort, we studied clinical outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in multiple asthma endotypes and examined the effects of T2-directed biologics in infected asthmatics.in Methods: The National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Data Enclave was used to identify and stratify asthmatic patients by endotype to include non-T2 and T2 asthmatics, as well as exposure to T2-directed biologic therapy. We evaluated the risk of hospitalization, invasive mechanical ventilation, and 90-day mortality by endotype and exposure to biologics. For this study, 402,376 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 138,142 (34%) were characterized as non-T2 and 264,234 (66%) as T2 asthmatics, a group further divided into 104,823 (26%) atopic, 84,440 (21%) eosinophilic, and 74,971 (19%) T2-high asthmatic endotypes. Compared to non-T2 asthmatics, atopic and T2-high asthmatics experienced decreased odds of hospitalization, and 90-day mortality. Conversely, eosinophilic asthmatics experienced higher odds of hospitalization, intubation, and 90-day mortality. Exposure to T2-directed biologic therapies did not alter outcomes after propensity score matching. In contrast, maximum eosinophil count and recent systemic corticosteroid use were directly correlated with increased odds of all outcomes. COVID-19 outcomes differ depending on asthma endotype, with atopic asthmatics experiencing lower odds and eosinophilic asthmatics experiencing higher odds of deleterious outcomes. T2-directed biologic treatment did not alter these outcomes but recent systemic corticosteroid use predisposes all asthmatics patients to adverse outcomes. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Detailed derivation of the $\mathbf{^3P_0}$ strong decay model applied to baryons

Abstract We provide an in-detail derivation, through the $^3P_0$ pair creation model, of the transition matrix for a baryon decaying into a meson baryon system. The meson's analysis was successfully conducted in Ref.~\cite{Segovia:2012cd} and we extend the same formalism to the baryon sector, focusing on the $\Delta(1232)\to \pi N$ strong decay width because all hadrons involved in the reaction are very well established, the two hadrons in the final state are stable avoiding further analysis, all quarks are light and so equivalent, and the decay width of the process is relatively well measured. Taking advantage of a very common Rayleigh-Ritz variational method for solving the 2- and 3-body Sch"odinger bound-state equation in which the hadron's radial wave functions are expanded in terms of a Gaussian basis, the expression of the invariant matrix element can be related with the mean-square radii of hadrons involved in the decay. We use their experimental measures in such a way that only the strength of the quark-antiquark pair creation from the vacuum is a free parameter. This is then taken from our previous study of strong decay widths in the meson sector~\cite{Segovia:2012cd}, obtaining a quite compatible result with experiment for the calculated $\Delta(1232)\to \pi N$ decay width and indicating a possible path towards a unified and global description of the baryon and meson strong decay widths within the same constituent quark model framework. Finally, this research work has been developed in setting the stage for a novel raft of applications to exotic hadrons, \emph{i.e.} the description of baryon's coupling to meson-baryon thresholds, one of the mechanism that is thought to be responsible of providing either a large renormalization to naive states or genuine dynamically-generated meson-baryon molecules.Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd

Two Texture Zeros for Dirac Neutrinos in a Diagonal charged lepton basis

Abstract A systematic study of the neutrino mass matrix Mν with two texture zeros in a basis where the charged leptons are diagonal, and under the assumption that neutrinos are Dirac particles, is carried through in detail. Our study is done without any approximation, first analytically and then numerically. Current neutrino oscillation data are used in our analysis. Phenomenological implications of Mν on the lepton CP violation and neutrino mass spectrum are explored.Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.

Rethinking creative commons licensing: A policy proposal to safeguard against copyright trolling and enhance knowledge sharing

This paper addresses the pressing need to reform Creative Commons (CC) licensing in response to the challenges posed by copyright trolling. The paper highlights how these factors undermine the integrity of knowledge-sharing ecosystems by examining the economic motivations behind copyright trolling and the ambiguities in existing CC licenses. It proposes a dual approach that combines policy advocacy with theoretical development, recommending clear licensing language, anti-trolling provisions, and the establishment of an oversight body to protect users while maintaining creator incentives. Through case studies and analysis, the paper illustrates the potential benefits of these reforms, advocating for a more equitable and inclusive framework that fosters creativity, collaboration, and access to knowledge. Ultimately, the aim is to recalibrate the balance of power within the licensing landscape, ensuring that both creators and users can engage freely and securely in sharing creative works.

Global policy harmonization in creative commons licensing: A roadmap for balancing creator and user rights

This paper examines the necessity for global policy harmonization in Creative Commons (CC) licensing to prevent legal exploitation and ensure equitable protection for both creators and users. It highlights the challenges posed by inconsistent copyright laws across different jurisdictions, which often lead to vulnerabilities and copyright trolling. Through a detailed analysis of various legal systems, this paper identifies key inconsistencies and proposes international policy standards that balance creator and user rights. A comprehensive roadmap is outlined, featuring phased goals, an implementation framework, and mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research and a call to action for policymakers to collaborate internationally, aiming to create a cohesive and fair digital content-sharing ecosystem.

A theoretical approach to user education in public licensing: Defending against copyright trolling

This paper develops a theoretical model to prevent copyright trolling through user education and policy advocacy, particularly in the context of Creative Commons (CC) and public licensing. Copyright trolling, which exploits users’ lack of legal literacy and understanding of licensing terms, poses significant challenges to the free and open sharing of knowledge. The paper explores the relationship between legal literacy, public knowledge, and digital education, proposing that targeted educational interventions can empower users to avoid exploitation. It also advocates for the implementation of structured, government-backed, and institutional programs to promote licensing literacy. Policy-driven educational frameworks, integrated into broader digital literacy initiatives, are essential for reducing the risks posed by copyright trolling. The paper concludes with recommendations for future educational programs and policy changes to mitigate copyright trolling and foster a more informed and resilient digital ecosystem.

Identification of Genetic Loci for Grain Traits and Disease Resistance Reveals a Potential Trade-Off in Rice

Understanding how plants utilize limited resources for reproductivity and disease resistance can improve the efficiency of plant breeding. In the present study, we mapped genes for grain traits, including grain length and width and thousand grain weight (TGW). A previously constructed linkage map of a recombinant inbred line population (MHM) was used, which was derived from a cross between an indica restorer rice variety (Minghui 63) and a temperate japonica rice variety (M-202). The MHM population was grown in replicated field plots, and grain trait data were collected. Upon a 3-year field evaluation, a total of 16 loci were mapped on 9 of 12 chromosomes, including 7 for grain length, 4 for grain weight, and 5 for TGW. A TGW locus ( qTGW2) and a grain width locus ( qWIG2.2) were mapped at the known blast resistance locus qBLAST2 on chromosome 2 that harbors a major blast resistance allele Pi-b. Another TGW locus ( qTGW3.3) and a grain length locus ( qLNG3.3) were mapped at qBLAST3 on chromosome 3. These results reveal potential trade-offs between disease resistance and productivity, which are important for breeders to develop high-yielding and disease-resistant rice varieties. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 “No Rights Reserved” license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2024.

Strong Coupling from Inclusive Semi-leptonic Decay of Charmed Mesons

Abstract Employing the heavy quark expansion model with the kinetic scheme, we evaluate αS(mc 2), the strong coupling constant at the charm quark mass mc with data on inclusive semileptonic decays of charmed mesons. Using the experimental values of semileptonic decay widths of the D0 and the D+, the value of αS(mc 2) is determined to be 0.445±0.009±0.114, where the first uncertainty is experimental and the second systematic. This reported αS(mc 2) is in good agreement with the value of αS(mc 2) calculated by running αS(mZ 2) at the Z0 boson mass mZ with the renormalization group evolution equation. In addition, values of αS(mc 2) obtained individually from each of the D0, D+, and D+ s mesons are found to be consistent being of the same origin.Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.

Data literacy in healthcare: A systematic collection and evaluation of OERs on data acquisition

Abstract Background Data literacy is crucial in healthcare, as it allows healthcare professionals to recognize, collect, and use data for research efficiently. Teachers can use open educational resources (OERs) to increase data literacy among healthcare staff, covering the entire research process. This study focuses on examining existing OERs with a focus on data acquisition to identify the limitations of existing OERs and to develop new OERs for data collection based on these limitations. Methods The platforms ‘Twillo.de’, ‘Orca.nrw’, ‘Merlot.org’, ‘OER Commons’, ‘Serlo’, ‘VIMEO’, ‘Dailymotion’, ‘SlideShare’ and ‘YouTube’ were systematically searched for OERs focusing on quantitative and qualitative data acquisition. Only OERs published under a Creative Commons license were considered. A team of researchers then analyzed existing OERs with respect to production and content quality and sorted them into four competence levels of a learning objective matrix developed by Schüller (2020). Results Out of 4,383 search results, we identified 111 suitable OERs for qualitative data acquisition. Only 9 of these were related to health. For quantitative data acquisition, out of 4,415 search results, 145 suitable OERs were identified, 36 of which were health-related. Conclusions This study highlights the scarcity of suitable OERs for healthcare professionals to improve their health data literacy. This is for various reasons. Only a few OERs are specifically designed for healthcare professionals and, therefore, do not correspond to the lifeworld of learners in the explanatory examples. Additionally, the existing OERs are not sufficiently detailed in essential areas for learners and are customized to the competence level of the target group of healthcare professionals. Therefore, existing OERs must be adapted for healthcare professionals’ data literacy training. Key messages • The search for OERs on qualitative and quantitative data acquisition yields many results, but less than three percent of the results are suitable for training healthcare personnel. • Few Open Educational Resources (OERs) for healthcare professionals provide sufficient detail and alignment with their competency levels, which necessitates adaptations for data literacy training.

Polarization study of the P-wave charmonium radiative decay into a light vector meson at e+e- collider experiment

Abstract In this work, a formalism is presented for the helicity amplitude analysis of the decays ψ(2S) →γ1χcJ, χcJ→γ2V (V=ρ0, Φ, ω) (the subscript 1,2 is used to distinguish the two radiative photons), and the polarization expressions of the P-wave charmonia χcJ and the vector mesons ρ0, Φ, ω for experimental measurements at Electron-Positron Collider. In addition, we derive the formulae of the angular distributions of the χc1,2→γV to extract the degree of transverse polarization PT of e+e- pairs with symmetric beam energy as well as the ratios of two helicity amplitudes x (in χc1 decays) and x, y (in χc2 decays) representing the relative magnitudes of transverse to longitudinal polarization amplitude, and validate it by performing the Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the statistical sensitivity of PT, x and y are estimated based on the large ψ(2S) data samples collected at the current and proposed future e+e- collider experiment.Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must main tain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd

FSP1 Acts in Parallel with GPX4 to Inhibit Ferroptosis in COPD.

Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) has recently been reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Ferroptosis suppressor protein-1 (FSP1) is a protein that defends against ferroptosis in parallel with GPX4, but its role in the pathogenesis of COPD remains unexplored, and further research is needed. Normal and COPD lung tissues were obtained from lobectomy and lung transplant specimens, respectively. FSP1-overexpressing mice were established by monthly transfection with AAV9-FSP1 through modified intranasal administration. The expression of FSP1, GPX4, and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) was measured by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and other methods. The correlation between FSP1 and ferroptosis and the role of FSP1 in COPD were explored by screening the expression of ferroptosis-related genes in a COPD cell model after the inhibition and overexpression of FSP1. We then explored the underlying mechanism of low FSP1 expression in patients with COPD in vitro by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP)-qPCR. We found that cigarette smoke exposure can lead to an increase in lipid peroxide production and ultimately ferroptosis, which is negatively regulated by FSP1 activity. FSP1 overexpression can prevent ferroptosis and alleviate emphysema. Next, we found that decreased FSP1 expression was caused by increased m6A modification of FSP1 mRNA. Moreover, the level of FSP1 decreased in a YTHDF2-dependent manner. These results indicate that METTL3-induced FSP1 mRNA methylation leading to low FSP1 expression is a potential therapeutic target for COPD. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Probing axion-like particles in leptonic decays of heavy mesons

Abstract We study the possibility to find the axion-like particles (ALPs) through the leptonic decays of heavy mesons. The Standard Model (SM) predictions of the branching ratios of the leptonic decays of heavy mesons are less than corresponding experimental upper limits. This provides some space for the existence of decay channels where the ALP is one of the products. Three scenarios are considered: first, the ALP is only coupled to one single charged fermion, namely, the quark, the antiquark, or the charged lepton; second, the ALP is only coupled to quark and antiquark with the same strength; third, the ALP is coupled to all the charged fermions with the same strength. The constraints of the coupling strength in different scenarios are obtained by comparing the experimental data of the branching ratios of leptonic decays of $B^-$, $D^+$, and $D_s^+$ mesons with the theoretical predictions which are achieved by using the Bethe-Salpeter (BS) method. These constraints are further applied to predict the upper limits of the leptonic decay processes of the $B_c^-$ meson in which the ALP participates.Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.

Anxiety and depression among various blood groups of undergraduate medical and physical therapy students

Objective: To access the frequency of depression and anxiety among the various blood groups of medical and physiotherapy students. Method: A cross-sectional study on 215 MBBS and DPT students was conducted at Aziz Fatimah Medical and Dental College (AFMDC) from November 2022-May 2023. Google Form containing sections for relevant information concerning participants and fourteen items- Hospital anxiety and depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire for evaluation of anxiety and depression, was administered among the MBBS and DPT students through social media. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Mean ±SD was calculated for continuous variables like HADS score and age. Frequency and percentage were calculated for categorical variables such as blood groups, anxiety and depression. ANOVA was used to compare HADS score among various blood groups. P-value ≤0.05 was taken statistically significant. Result: Mild anxiety was found in A>O>B>AB, while severe anxiety was found in B>A>AB>O. Mild depression was found in A>B>O>AB, while severe depression was found in A>O>B>AB. However, on ANOVA, when comparing anxiety and depression scores with blood groups, they were found to be higher in blood Group-A. Rhesus factor positive blood groups have severe anxiety and mild depression while Rhesus factor negative blood groups have mild anxiety and severe depression. Conclusion: Severe anxiety was common in blood Group-B while severe depression was common in people with blood Group-A. While mild anxiety and mild depression was found in blood Group-A, however, sever anxiety was common in positive Rhesus factor blood types while severe depression was found in negative Rhesus factor blood types. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.10.8984 How to cite this: Rubab-e-Hira, Ali M, Jawed S, Altaf B. Anxiety and depression among various blood groups of undergraduate medical and physical therapy students. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(10):2422-2427. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.10.8984 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Early onset Colorectal Cancer and its association with its histological subtypes

Objective: There are different clinicopathological features between early and late onset colorectal cancer. We aimed to characterize the histological features of colorectal cancer (CRC) at different age groups in our institution. Methods: Total 232 patients with histologically proven colorectal cancer between ages 13-99 were included. This is retrospective study. Data collected from tumour registry Shifa International Hospital from January 1st 2018 to December 31st 2020. Pearson Chi square test was used for significance of categorical variables. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Mean age at diagnosis was 55.49+/-16.43 years. Out of total 232 patients 58.6% were male and 41.3% were females (p value= 0.16). 150 (64.9%) were aged > 50 years and 81 (35.1%) were age < or equal to 50 years (p value = 0.44). Most common histological subtype was adenocarcinoma that was found in 188 (81%) cases. One hundred fifty five (66.8%) patients had Grade-II tumor, 67(28.9%) with Grade-III and 10 (4.3%) with Grade-I tumor. Fifty eight (25%) patients presented with metastatic disease. A significantly higher percentage of patients with signet ring cell cancer presented with a high-grade tumor when compared with patients with adenocarcinoma and mucinous carcinoma (93.7% vs 21.8%, p-value- <0.001%; 93.7% vs 39.2%, p-value <0.001).A significantly higher percentage of patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet ring cell carcinoma presented at age less than 50 as compared to those with adenocarcinoma (60.7%, 56.2% and 30.8% respectively; p-value <0.05). Conclusion: This study signifies that mucinous and signet ring cell type CRC present at an early age and with a higher proportion of patients with high tumour grade. Early diagnosis is key to help improve outcomes in these patients. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.10.10143 How to cite this: Ibrar F, Atiq M, Shafqat F, Khan HM. Early onset Colorectal Cancer and its association with its histological subtypes. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(10):2395-2399. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.10.10143 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.