Creation Of Territories Research Articles

Soil Diversity of the Island of Gogland in the Gulf of Finland: History of Land Development and Current Status

One of the most effective nature conservation measures is the creation of territories where human impact is limited, this is called specially protected natural areas. A significant contribution to increasing the area of the Russian Federation covered by protected areas was made by the creation of the State Nature Reserve in the Leningrad Region, known as the “East of the Gulf of Finland”. Initially, the reserve was supposed to include the island of Gogland (but it is now not part of the protected area). The locked status of the island, its remoteness from the coast, and the harsh features of the Gulf of Finland have contributed to the transformation of Gogland into a kind of open-air “museum”. The biological diversity of the island is closely connected with edaphic diversity, as soil is a natural habitat for a huge variety of living organisms. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to assess the edaphic potential of the island of Gogland, a territory that has existed for a long time with an extremely weak anthropogenic impact, in order to assess the ecosystem services of the island as one of the approaches to taking effective measures for nature protection. Data on chemical soil characteristics are discussed, as well as current soil pollution processes of these remote areas by trace elements. Edaphic studies carried out showed that the soil cover of the island of Gogland is characterized by sufficient diversity, the presence of soils at initial stages of development, soils with a fully developed differentiated profile with a pronounced eluvial process—eluvozems and various podzols, as well as the rarest, organogenic soils—bog, and bog-gley soils. The pHH2O of the studied soils on Gogland is characterized by a strongly acidic to weakly acidic reaction. The total pollution indicator of the studied soils is characterized by low values (Zc < 16), whereas the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) showed moderate/heavy pollution by only one element: Pb.

LEGAL ENSURANCE TO STIMULATE INNOVATION INTO THE HEALTH SYSTEM: EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES

This article is devoted to the consideration of issues related to the legal mechanisms for stimulating the development of innovative technologies in the healthcare sector. In the course of the study, the features of the functioning of innovative infrastructure in the health sector in a number of foreign countries (USA, France, Canada, England) were highlighted. Four leading areas of stimulation of innovative development in medicine of foreign countries are identified: budget financing of science-intensive research; appropriate legal guarantees for the comfortable conduct of innovative research and the unhindered implementation of the results in the practice of medical organizations; modernization and re-equipment of research centers and laboratories; creation of territories with innovative infrastructure. It is concluded that the absence of clearly formulated by the domestic legislator directions for stimulating innovations and mechanisms for their implementation in practical medicine significantly slows down the processes of practical use of the country’s innovative potential. In this connection, the adaptation of the best foreign practices to stimulate the innovative development of medicine to the realities of Russian reality is an urgent necessity of the present.

Подходы к определению территориальной депрессивности в управлении региональным развитием

Reducing the level of interregional differentiation is one of the problems in spatial development management according to the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation. Presence of significant regional imbalances hampers formation of a common economic, social, cultural, and institutional space and lead to a creation of backward territories which lag behind in the development. The focus of public policy measures on the centers of economic growth, with the concentration of financial and labor resources, without solving the problems of backward territories does not bring the expected effect – overall development and well-being. Local effects in the absence of positive changes in other territories result in the increase in imbalances, which limit the overall effectiveness of the public policy. At the same time, a steadily increasing lag may cause a loss of potential of economic growth and thus forms backward territories. The creation of territorial backwardness is a gradual process. Therefore, diagnosing the state of the territory and identifying the signs of increasing depression is an essential issue of public administration. The article presents the main approaches to the definition of territorial backwardness used in the Russia and overseas, it also reviews the determinants of backward territories. Different methods for identification of backwardness in the territorial development have been tested on the basis of the regions of the Russian Far East.

TERRITORIES OF ADVANCING DEVELOPMENT AS INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY RESTORATION IN DEPRESSIVE REGIONS

One of the overcoming mechanisms of regional development differentiation is creation of territories with preferential business mode. Since 2015 territories of advancing social and econom-ic development (TASED) have been organized in the Far East and in Siberia. The purpose of their creation is to increase business activity and development of non-primary production. In the work influence of TASED on the investment activity of the regions is analyzed and the conclusion is made about the efficiency of this institutional mechanism aimed at overcoming of spacial development disproportion.

Территориальное устройство Индии в условиях этнокультурного многообразия

In the article the constitutional arrangements of territorial structure of India are discussed in the context of ethnic, linguistic and religious fragmentation of Indian society. The author highlights the three main approaches to territorial structurization of a plural multiethnic state: federalism, territorial autonomy, and creation of territories with special constitutional regime and reveals the mechanism of each of them on the example of India. Pluralism in approaches to territorial organization of India is stipulated by complex and extremely mosaic ethnic and cultural structure of population of the state. Federalism is applied in India mainly for accommodation of concentrated linguistic groups. Now federalism is also applied for reducing militant separatism in the Indian North-East. At the same time, federalism aims at integration of different ethnic groups into a common political and legal space. Accommodation of a range of tribes in the North-East is achieved through territorial autonomy as well. But tribal peoples living in the central part of India don’t enjoy autonomy. The lands occupied by them have a special constitutional regime (so-called “scheduled territories”) instead. It is emphasized that the choice of a certain solution for an ethnic group is often “situational” and depends on a degree of separatism. From the author’s opinion sometimes territorial solutions are implemented as compromises between the Indian government and political leaders of ethnic separatist movements.
 Also the article briefly describes ethnic, linguistic, and religious diversity of Indian society and its territorial fragmentation. It contains examples connected with creation of Indian States such as Tamil Nadu, Punjab and Nagaland. The information and conclusions in the article rely on materials gathered by the author during the research trip to India in summer 2016.

Сільське господарство як комплексний чинник зовнішнього впливу на стан популяцій тварин мисливських видів (на прикладі Чернігівської області)

The realization mechanism in Ukraine of the regulated Convention on biological diversity since 1992 of the requirement for preservation of in-situ of ecosystems and natural habitats of a biota is creation of territories and objects of natural and reserved fund and formation of national ecological network. Overcoming a tendency of degradation of a surrounding medium live component, restitution of a biodiversity to potentially possible natural level and further ensuring balance at its use has to become the expected result of nature protection actions. Today domestic ecologists state a steady trend of increase to an index of the reserved country. At the same time results of long-term researches of dynamics of the quantitative indices of populations of an elk (Alces alces Linnaeus, 1758), a red deer (Cervus laphus Linnaeus, 1758), European roes (Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus, 1758), a wild boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758), a grey hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778), a wolf (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758), a raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray 1834) and a fox (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758) in the conditions of the Chernihiv region of Ukraine show particular imbalance of an ecological condition of natural complexes of the region in the context of the balanced use of resources of economically valuable species of wild animals and signal about "some inefficiencies" of nature protection actions. Determinants of such regularities it was defined not covered by researches external influences which it is directly or indirectly determined by region agriculture. On the solution of this perspective during 1992-2015 about 3 million hectares are investigated of various biotopes in administrative borders of the Chernihiv region which as hunting grounds are provided in use to the specialized enterprises for maintaining hunting economy. In the context of the offered experiment the major factors of complex impact of agriculture on a condition of populations of wild mammal main hunting types are characterized, the interrelation of factors is defined and mechanisms of their action are analysed, investigated long-term statistical interconditionality of the main indexes of agriculture and density of local populations of wild mammal economically valuable types and factors as conditionally harmful, the favourable and neutral are classified. It is offered to consider results of a research as primary materials for justification of structure of nature protection territories and processing of mechanisms of realization of the actions directed to preservation of the region biodiversity.

System of dynamic norms as a basis for sustainable development management of territories of innovative development

The aim of the research is to develop a system of dynamic norms providing an assessment of the projects of territories of innovative development for the purposes of their control and management. Using the functional approach we conducted a study of effective organization of territories of innovative development which is a subject of research. On the basis of selected its main functions we suggested the purposeful creation of the individual components that characterize its activities. The study is based on the data of Russian Federation regions but this method can be freely transformed for other countries. The system of indicators highlights in the work and comprehensively characterizes the territory of innovative development. It is the basis for the system of dynamic norms representing the ratio of main indicators growth. The system allows to detect deviations from the target vector of development for a regional and individual economic subjects and it is used to manage the sustainable development of territory. The need of sustainable development issues research due to objective conditions of limited resources, evidence-based cycles of economic growth and a number of other negative factors which together can become the reason of not achieving of objectives in project of creation of territory of innovative development. In the study we showed the construction of the dynamic norms of main components of territories of innovative development for purposes of sustainable development identification. Each dynamic norm meets to function of territory of innovative development. The compliance of date to the etalon dynamic norm indicates the right vector of development to ensure its sustainability. The study shows that the management at the regional level should be focused on addressing imbalances designed dynamic norms and provides specific activities that contribute to sustainable development of the territory.

A ORGANIZAÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO NO TERRITÓRIO FEDERAL DO IGUAÇU NO ANO DE 1946: CONTRIBUIÇÕES DE LAUDÍMIA TROTTA

800x600 It has been analyzed the situation of education in the Federal Territory of Iguazu as well the role played by Laudimia Trona in the organization and restructuration of education of the Territory between April and September of 1946. Before a very precariousness situation we wonder: which were the strategies used by her and her team in order to adjust the education of the Territory to the educational scene of that time? Although her work has happened in a very short period of time, her contribution for the education in a region where education until that moment had been abandoned by the government is very important. Being part of a project of national scope idealized by the Governor of Getulio Vargas known as the March to the West, the creation of Territory has boosted the West and South west of Parana State and West of Santa Catarina State reaching affecting positively their thousands of settlers pointing the regions for the progress and visibility. However, her short time (1943-1946) made the region ended up back to the stagnation and oblivion as in the past. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Tabela normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times New Roman,serif;}

A new extraterritoriality? Aquaculture certification, sovereignty, and empire

Can we describe third party eco-certification by transnational organizations like the Forest Stewardship Council, Marine Stewardship Council, and the Aquaculture Stewardship Council as a new form of extraterritoriality in relation to the territorial sovereignty of states? In this paper we outline how transnational eco-certification can reinforce longstanding global relations of domination through the creation of eco-certification empires that have much in common with colonial-era extraterritorial empires. Specifically, we show how the territorial practices in the ASC standards for shrimp aquaculture replicate aspects of the legal extraterritoriality of the colonial period, and how these new forms of extraterritoriality create disaggregated and variegated sovereigntyscapes. Key shared features include the identification of subjects that need protection, a narrative that depicts local states as inadequate for providing these protections, and the creation of territories where these protections are provided—by imperial states during the colonial period, and certification agents for transnational eco-certification. This helps us understand why transnational eco-certification is often perceived as an encroachment on national sovereignty in Thailand and elsewhere.