Creative Metaphors Research Articles

Emergentist Metaphorical Creativity: Towards a Model of Analysing Metaphorical Creativity in Interactive Talk

Emergentist Metaphorical Creativity: Towards a Model of Analysing Metaphorical Creativity in Interactive Talk

Intelligence Level and the Allocation of Resources for Creative Tasks: A Pupillometry Study

This pupillometry study examined the relationship between intelligence and creative cognition from the resource allocation perspective. It was hypothesized that, during a creative metaphor task, individuals with higher intelligence scores would have different resource allocation patterns than individuals with lower intelligence scores. The study also examined the influence of intelligence in language and visuo-spatial domains on the resource allocation mechanism of verbal and visual creativity. The results suggested that individuals with higher intelligence scores allocated more cognitive resources for creative tasks than those with lower intelligence scores but not for non-creative tasks. The findings of this study support the view that creativity requires allocation of several cognitive faculties and may share underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms with intelligence. Domain-specific intelligence did not seem to play a significant role in the same domain, as individuals with higher scores in both domains showed similar resource allocation patterns. However, individuals with higher intelligence scores in the visuo-spatial domain generated more creative metaphorical interpretations in both verbal and visual creative metaphor tasks suggesting its importance in creative cognition.

Metaphor in the light of conceptual metaphor theory: a literature review

This paper reviews some of the central insights on metaphor that come from the domain of cognitive linguistics and originate, for the most part, from the conceptual metaphor theory in its standard version. The review focuses upon the nature, origin, function, components, systematicity and types of metaphor, and upon metaphorical meaning; lays a special emphasis upon the mapping mechanism of metaphor; contrasts metaphor to metonymy and addresses the interaction and overlap of these. A large portion of this paper is a review on the issue of metaphorical creativity. Metaphorical creativity is, to the best of my knowledge, a little-studied topic in cognitive linguistics. There are some claims concerning metaphorical creativity in the review that might appear rigid, decisive and conclusive, but they are definitely not intended as such. Research on metaphorical creativity is still being launched, and numerous aspects of creative metaphorical concepts remain undisclosed so far. This, on the one hand, is reflected in the at times cursory nature of my review and, on the other, indicates a need for further investigations. In my review, I cite literature with a fundamental standing in the cognitive linguistic field mainly. The literature selection for this paper is ultimately shaped by my affiliation with the cognitive linguistic community and by my ambition to eventually formulate a conceptualization of metaphor and of creative metaphor that would lend these to computation. I introspect and comment on some of the assumptions and claims that the literature puts forward. In the review are Modern English metaphorical expressions that come from the cited literature, or are prompted by my own research and introspection; these data help support or, though scarcely, challenge the assumptions and claims. In prospect, this paper will grow into a larger-scale research on the issue of metaphorical creativity. The review might have implications for cognitive linguistic theorizing and research, and be of particular purpose for Ukrainian cognitive linguists aiming their research at the international, in particular European, scholarly community.

Применение стратегий анализа беседы в исследовании психоаналитического процесса. РИТМ ЭНД БЛЮЗ: 152-Я Сессия Амалии (ЧАСТЬ 2)

We present the results of further analys of 152nd sessions of the exemplary case of Amalia. We apply the methods of conversation analysis and the analysis of metaphors to the script of the audio record using the new system of transcription that reflects prosodic elements of dialogue in the analytic dyad. In this part of our study one can “see” a) a “dance of insight” of the patient and the analyst, which reveals the pattern of interaction between two positions; b) the creation of metaphors by the participants of the analytic dyad, which are then used as cognitive tools and means of communication that allows among other things to reflect the extraordinary complexity of the analytic interaction in a condensed way. In addition, we show the relevance of the threefold model of analytic conversation for the generalized descriptions of prosodic rhythmicity and other prosodic characteristics. This model consists of the following components: “interaction engine”, “talking to” and “talking about”.

Солнце и Борей: сопоставление антиутопий Е.И. Замятина и Дж. Оруэлла на материале метафор внутреннего мира их героев

The article juxtaposes the use of conventional and creative metaphors of the human inner world in the dystopia “We” by E.I. Zamyatin with that in “1984” by G. Orwell. An analysis based on the methods of metaphorical modelling and continuous sampling reveals the basic metaphorical models of the characters’ inner world in each of the novels. There are the following basic metaphorical models of this sphere in the novel “We”: the professional ones (mathematical, mechanistic, and chemical), the household one, the natural one and the morbial one; their source domains are represented mainly by nouns in combination with adjectives. Metaphors of actions and states (whose source domains are expressed by verbs or nouns in combination with verbs) are characteristic of the novel «1984», the basic ones being metaphorical models of swallowing and physical pain. In the novel “We” the characters’ inner world is mainly represented by creative metaphors, while G. Orwell adds expressivity by other means, and conventional metaphors of the sphere under study prevail in “1984”.

Metaphors of depressive emotions in psychopathological discourse: a cognitive linguistic analysis

This paper addresses metaphor and focuses on the role of metaphor in conceptualization of emotion experience of depression. The objective of this paper is two-fold. It aims (1) to appease the criticism of negligence with respect to big data and real discourses that conceptual metaphor theory is presently facing and (2) to expose and analyse with a cognitive linguistic methodology metaphorizations of depressive emotions in psychopathological discourse. In accordance with this objective, the investigation behind this paper is fuelled by big metaphorical data recruited from pieces of modern English psychopathological discourse on major and manic depression recorded in the form of two single-author depression memoirs. Metaphors of depressive emotions and their entailments organize within these pieces ramified metaphorical systems that reflect subcategorization of emotion experience by the depressive mind. Metaphors in these systems are of various types; they are based on bodily and cultural experiences, have different cognitive functions and may be archetypal in nature. Their targets are distinct emotion concepts. Their sources belong to diverse domains of human experience. Metaphorical meanings for the depressive emotions expose qualitative aspects of emotion experience of depression in its variation and subtlety. Metaphors of depressive emotions in the data encompass creative and conventional conceptualizations. The data allow an assumption that whereas conventional metaphors perform the function of understanding an emotion experience and naming it, creative metaphors expose in this experience its most elusive aspects and their cognitive function is augmented by the aesthetic one. Apart from implications for cognitive linguistics, the findings summarized in this paper are suggestive for research in phenomenology of depression, in clinical psychology and psychopathology and in cognitive poetics and literary theory and criticism. In prospect, this paper will grow into a larger-scale research on the issue of metaphorical creativity.

Cultural Effects on English Language Teachers’ Judgments of Metaphoric Creativity: A Mixed‐Methods Approach

AbstractThis study explored cultural influences on English language teachers’ judgments of English metaphors created by Taiwanese learners of English. Based on a mixed‐methods approach, it delved into the rating severity and implicit evaluation criteria of two cultural groups of teachers: Taiwanese and Americans. Ten Taiwanese teachers and 10 American teachers evaluated 120 novel metaphoric expressions using the Consensual Assessment Technique (Amabile, 1996). Creativity in context: Update to the social psychology of creativity. They further filled out a creativity evaluation survey, which was designed to bring to light what qualities within the metaphors influenced their judgments of metaphoric creativity. With the teachers’ ratings being analyzed by means of many‐facet Rasch measurement, this study first indicated that the American teachers were more severe raters than the Taiwanese teachers, but no significant difference was found between them. Analysis of the evaluation survey further demonstrated that both cultural groups shared largely similar evaluation criteria; yet, two contrasts emerged between them. Specifically, the American teachers seemed to favor metaphors that expressed the creator's thoughts; by contrast, the Taiwanese teachers preferred metaphors that relied on readers’ imagination to work out the meanings. These findings shed light on implications for teaching creativity in English L2 classrooms and assessing learners’ creative language artifacts in an English L2 context.

‘Precision Instruments for Dreaming’: Anatomizing Keats in Pauline Stainer's The Wound-dresser's Dream

This essay examines allusions to Keats in the collection The Wound-dresser's Dream (1996) by the contemporary British poet Pauline Stainer. Drawing on the Keatsian notion of dreaming as a metaphor for poetic creativity and responding to Keats as both poet and physician, Stainer explores the interface between sense experience and imagination. As dreams seem to encode hidden meanings, so Stainer's writing evokes the impression that the textual riddles of her poems symbolize greater truths – while the nature of these truths is mostly left unclear. Through extensive use of allusion and surreal, sometimes opaque imagery she foregrounds the status of the poetic work as a linguistic construct. Yet she also maintains a Keatsian belief that poetry's ability to embrace uncertainties and mysteries affords it a unique grasp on actuality.

The Use of Conceptual Metaphor in Gola Gong’s Novel Bila Waktu Bicara

This study aims at describing conceptual metaphor in Gola Gong’s novel “Bila Waktu Bicara” in the perspective of George Lakoff’s theories of metaphor. This research is a (qualitative) bibliographical research. The object of the study is the use of metaphor in Gola Gong’s novel “Bila Waktu Bicara” and there are 59 metaphorical expressions. Having analyzed the data, the researcher concludes that there are seven most outstanding conceptual mapping on that novel: time is an individual, the world is the hell or paradise, people is a stream of water, seeing is touching, eye ball is a container, body part is a landscape, ambulance is an individual. Among this seven conceptual mappings, the conceptual pattern of time is an individual is the most frequent use and it shows that there has been an increase of creativity in the creation of socio-religious metaphor of Indonesian young novelist such as Gola Gong.

The Use of Conceptual Metaphor in Gola Gong’s Novel Bila Waktu Bicara

This study aims at describing conceptual metaphor in Gola Gong’s novel “Bila Waktu Bicara” in the perspective of George Lakoff’s theories of metaphor. This research is a (qualitative) bibliographical research. The object of the study is the use of metaphor in Gola Gong’s novel “Bila Waktu Bicara” and there are 59 metaphorical expressions. Having analyzed the data, the researcher concludes that there are seven most outstanding conceptual mapping on that novel: time is an individual, the world is the hell or paradise, people is a stream of water, seeing is touching, eye ball is a container, body part is a landscape, ambulance is an individual. Among this seven conceptual mappings, the conceptual pattern of time is an individual is the most frequent use and it shows that there has been an increase of creativity in the creation of socio-religious metaphor of Indonesian young novelist such as Gola Gong. Keywords:Source Domain; Conceptual Metaphor; George Lakoff

Data fusion and abductive inference for metaphor resolution: a bridging discussion

AbstractSince the 1980s, metaphor has been recognized as a pervasively diffused phenomenon in communication, absolutely not restricted to rhetoric and linguistic phenomena, involving structured concepts, relations, and matching ‘rules’. Metaphor resolution, that is metaphor understanding, as well as metaphor creation, has become an issue in automated processing and understanding of natural language as well as of mixed visual communication. It can be showed as a process of structure finding and mapping procedure between conceptual denotation–connotation structures necessary for interpretation. Creative abduction is then showed to be the pattern inference required to work out structure-mappings in corresponding nodes as present in metaphors. In this paper, we review some key issues (definitions, typologies, theoretical problems) involving the concept of ‘metaphor’ and survey some definitions and concepts emerging in contemporary debate on abductive inference. Finally, we argue that metaphor understanding process can be recognized as a fusion tractable problem, allowing the exploitation of frameworks and algorithms of such domain.

Dissecting language creativity: English proficiency, creativity, and creativity motivation as predictors in EFL learners’ metaphoric creativity.

Dissecting language creativity: English proficiency, creativity, and creativity motivation as predictors in EFL learners’ metaphoric creativity.

Supplemental Material for Dissecting Language Creativity: English Proficiency, Creativity, and Creativity Motivation as Predictors in EFL Learners’ Metaphoric Creativity

Supplemental Material for Dissecting Language Creativity: English Proficiency, Creativity, and Creativity Motivation as Predictors in EFL Learners’ Metaphoric Creativity

The postgraduate students’ (masters, PhD) metaphors about education of statistic

Statistics is an important part of our life when it comes to economy, education, sport, politics and research. Research is a primary job for the ones pursuing academic career and statistics is one of the basic components of a research. Metaphor is used as an equivalent to figurative expression (‘mecaz’ in Turkish language). Study group is composed of 19 females (age 27.7) and 40 males (age 30.85) - 59 students in total. Demographic information of participants was collected. Participants were provided with questionnaire in order to assess their metaphorical creation whereby they were asked to fill in the sentence - “statistics is like/ similar to …, because…” - with metaphor. The study has collected total of 59 metaphors in 6 categories. The most created metaphor is in ‘discovering/ revealing’ category. 42.5% of Master’s students and 25% of PhD students are in this category. Metaphors created by graduate students are representing their views about statistics course and hence their view about importance of research. The category ‘discovering/ revealing’, the one with the most created metaphor of this study, is the main concept of science. Consequently, good knowledge of statistics is needed for graduate students to conduct research.

ПЕРМСКАЯ ШКОЛА МЕТАФОРЫ

The article deals with the history and principles of creation of metaphor theory within the framework of derivatology at Perm linguistic school. The sources and premises for the school of metaphor formation are revealed; the main stages of the school development are described. The main theses and results are discussed. The main lines of research and prospects are analyzed, including such areas as metaphorical term creation, cognitive metaphor, metaphor in discourse, multimodal metaphor, metaphor competence. It is noted that search for new aspects of studying metaphor (e.g. multimodal and gestural theories) is typical of Perm school of metaphor. Within the school much attention is given to applied studies, to research into cross-cultural specificity of metaphor and to the dynamics of metaforization in various institutional types of discourse. One of the currently important research areas is formation of metaphorical competence as the ability to identify metaphors in discourse, interpret them and use in speech.

Meaning construction in creative metaphors: Conventional meaning integration through «generic interfacing» in a blend, and conditions of propagation and lexicalization

Quan es donen les condicions semantiques i pragmatiques que expliquem en aquest article, les metafores i metonimies innovadores poden donar lloc a la propagacio de nous significats en el sistema linguistic i a la seva lexicalitzacio posterior. Si atenem a les mostres d’ usos creatius del llenguatge figurat en el seu context, podem obtenir dades valuoses sobre aquests canvis en el sistema. La innovacio crea nous significats, pero el llenguatge figurat creatiu tambe ha de fer servir elements convencionals en la construccio del significat. No obstant aixo, com que no processem el significat figuratiu convencional i el nou de la mateix manera —aquell tendeix a processar-se mitjancant una comparacio i aquest mitjancant una categoritzacio mes abstracta—, els elements convencionals funcionen com contingut abstracte en les noves fusions. Aixo dona lloc al fenomen de la integracio generica . A mes, els processos cognitius de comprensio depenen d’inferencies pragmatiques que completen el significat de l’enunciat i en creen de noves. Per tant, perque es puguin propagar, les metafores i metonimies de nova creacio han de satisfer requisits d’ iconicitat estructural i de rellevancia pragmatica.

The Imperceptibility of Style in Danto's Theory of Art: Metaphor and the Artist's Knowledge

Arthur Danto's analytic theory of art relies on a form of artistic interpretation that requires access to the art theoretical concepts of the artworld, ‘an atmosphere of artistic theory, a knowledge of the history of art: an artworld’. Art, in what Danto refers to as post-history, has become theoretical, yet it is here contended that his explanation of the artist's creative style lacks a theoretical dimension. This article examines Danto's account of style in light of the role the artistic metaphor plays in the interpretation of the artwork, arguing that it is unable to account for the metaphorical power he claims is embedded within the work of art. An artist's style issues from a unique perspective, the way an artist inhabits a specific spot in history. Though each person has such a perspective, when applied aesthetically, it is the key to the articulation of a unique historical meaning in the work of art. At the same time, artists' knowledge of their contribution remains cut off from this perspective, for they are unaware of their self-manifestation of the historical concept of style. This article makes the case that Danto's notion of style, based on Sartre's notion of being-for-itself, cannot fulfil the role he allots it in his theory because, at some level, artists must apprehend their style to create a work of art capable of functioning critically as a countertext. It is only through the apprehension of their style, and dialogical activity that takes place between the artist and the beholders, that the unseen body of artworld theory is formed. Without this, when oriented to the aesthetic, style provides no concept or theory for the mind to behold. This article presents an alternative approach to style that recognizes the role of theory in the creation of metaphor, which would circumvent this problem.

Mina Loy's PARTURITION and L’écriture Féminine

Mina Loy's “Parturition” (1914) attests to her avant-gardism and feminist sensibility by presenting an extended metaphor for feminine creativity through the pain and fulfillment characterizing chil...

A Corpus-based Stylistic Analysis of Body-Soul and Heaviness-Lightness Metaphors in Kundera's Novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being

This paper represents an attempt to conduct a corpus-based stylistic analysis of two conceptual metaphors in The Unbearable Lightness of Being , which is a novel written by Milan Kundera. Soul-body and lightness-heaviness metaphors are foregrounded as being central themes all through the novel. The way such metaphors are used in the novel indicates an insightful employment of metaphor as a cognitive tool which empowers language users with a capacity of conceptualizing different experiences. The researcher adopts conceptual metaphor theory to produce a sort of conceptual analysis incorporating Leech's semantic componential analysis within the overall analytic procedure. Different techniques are figured out in relation to the creative ways of manipulating the cognitive level of language, such as conceptual switching , conceptual extension , and conceptual fusion . These creative techniques are carefully used in the novel under investigation with different ranges of metaphorical creativity. Conceptual switching might be simple but very active in deviating from the conventional conceptual system. Conceptual extension marks certain minute elaborations conventional metaphors undergo extending the limits of cognitive conceptualization. As for conceptual fusion, it proves to be interestingly powerful in producing certain aggregations of metaphorical mappings. Keywords: Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Metaphorical Creativity, Metaphorical Mappings, Corpus Stylistics

The Cognitive Role of Metaphors in Processes of Cultural Production

This paper discusses the potential of metaphor in the processes of cultural production. The authors believe that the creation of metaphors should be viewed as a mechanism for such production. This approach involves the interpretation of metaphor as a way of creating new meanings. The development of this idea requires a revision of the widespread substitution view of metaphor. So, if the literal meaning is known, the use of metaphors should be considered excessive. To avoid the view of metaphor as a simile or analogy, it must be assumed that through metaphor the common feature is created rather than explicated. To do this, a hypothesis is developed that the primary effect of metaphor is simply to capture imagination.