Creation Of Legacy Research Articles

The achievement of sustainability and legacies by the host cities of the Summer Olympiads, 2012–2024

ABSTRACT Since the emergence of the concept of sustainable development, the Olympic Games have become a vehicle to demonstrate and promote the principles and practices of sustainability. The aim of this paper is to explain and evaluate how the application of sustainable development in the context of the Summer Olympic Games has evolved. Two processes have been influential in this change: first, the institutional expectations of the International Olympic Committee have encouraged greater responsibility towards the creation of legacies by potential host cities through the IOC Charter, the Olympic Agenda 2020, and the Olympic Agenda 2020+5; and second, the context and inventiveness of host cities has created new perspectives on sustainability to secure the event and raise its global profile. This paper will focus on the sustainability benchmarks established in London 2012 and evaluate whether these have been continued or extended in the subsequent editions of the Summer Games in Rio de Janeiro (2016), Tokyo (2021) and Paris (2024). The changing discourses reveal the tensions between the IOC’s agendas for the event, the motivations of the host cities and the realities of delivery in changing socio-economic and political circumstances.

Legacies of Victors’ Rebel Governance

ABSTRACT Insurgents who achieve state control through military victory or elections after peace settlements can introduce ideas and structures of civilian governance they developed during their rebellions. Some come close to fulfilling their prospective legacies while others abandon them despite commitment to them during civil war. Characteristics of rebel governance and habits of military command enhance or constrain the creation of legacy. Significant factors can be classified in three categories: dimensions of rebel governance, contextual features of civil war and responses after taking state control. The National Resistance Movement’s limited realisation of its wartime rebel governance in Uganda illustrates many of them.

Preparing for the Future While Living in the Present: Older Adults' Experiences Creating a Legacy of Values.

A legacy of values (e.g., legacy letter) is a nonlegal way to intentionally communicate intangible assets (e.g., values, life lessons, and emotional and supportive instruction) with others. There is scant research on legacy creation outside of a palliative care context, and no studies have explored the experiences of community-dwelling older adults creating a legacy of values. As part of an exploratory sequential mixed methods study, we conducted semistructured interviews with older adults (N = 16) who had previously created a legacy of values. We analyzed transcribed interviews using an interpretive descriptive approach. We iteratively coded interviews deductively with sensitizing concepts identified in the literature (existential well-being, end-of-life preparation and completion, generativity, and resilience), and inductively, based on participants' descriptions. Codes were categorized by patterns of motivations, content, outcomes, and meaning, and thematically summarized. We conceptualized the overall experience of creating a legacy of values as Preparing for the Future While Living in the Present and identified 4 themes: Preserving the Intangible for You and for Me, Sharing What I Want You to Know, Obtaining Peace through Reflection and Preparation, and Living into a Continuing Legacy. Participants attained peace, realized their life was not complete, and were challenged to live intentionally through legacy creation. Creating a legacy of values may concurrently prepare older adults for the end of life and the remainder of life. These findings offer insight into a generative act that can promote intentional living among older adults.

Fate and transformations of dissolved phosphorus forms in runoff: Effect of poultry litter and products extracted with variable water extraction ratios

In many intensive animal production areas, the over-application of manure has resulted in a build-up of soil phosphorus (P) and the creation of legacy P soils that threaten water quality. We investigated dissolved P forms losses in runoff using simulated rainfall in packed soil boxes amended with three poultry litter and products, including raw (unprocessed) litter, granulated litter with the addition of urea, and heated raw litter. These were applied at 3 kg water-extractable P (WEP) ha−1 as determined with three litter-to-water extraction ratios (1:10, 1:100, and 1:200). Over three simulated rainfall events, the amount of dissolved reactive P (DRP) lost was significantly greater in runoff from soils amended with granulated litter (1.09 ± 0.02 kg ha–1) than raw (0.81 kg ha−1) and heated (0.58 kg ha−1) litters. No significant differences in the amount of dissolved unreactive P (DUP) in runoff (0.38 ± 0.07 kg ha−1) were observed among three litter amended soils. The soil test P (i.e., Mehlich 3–P) increased from 6.9 mg kg−1 in control to 10.4–11.6 mg kg−1 in litter amended soils, whereas the total WEP (0.26 ± 0.03 mg kg−1) in soils was similar after three rainfall simulation events. We conclude that (1) an accurate litter-to-water extraction ratio (>1:200) is critical to determine the amount of WEP in manure as it will ensure similar amounts of soluble P application and will result in identical runoff losses of dissolved P, and (2) the granulation and heating of litter created a product that could enhance the use of poultry litter, especially in non-agricultural markets, resulting in sustainably using manure and reducing the risk of P loss to water bodies.

Nursing interventions for perinatal bereavement care in neonatal intensive care units: A scoping review.

Despite technological advances and specialist training of neonatal teams, perinatal deaths still occur. Such events are traumatic experiences for the parents and increase the risk of pathological grieving. Nursing is one of the main sources of support. However, the important work of nurses in these situations is made more difficult by the lack of recognized strategies that can be implemented to assist parents and family members in the bereavement process. Identify nursing interventions to help parents of neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units cope with perinatal loss. A scoping review based on the methodological framework established by Arksey and O'Malley was used. A total of 327 relevant studies were identified through a bibliographic search in Pubmed, CINAHL Plus, APA PsycNET and Scopus between 2000 and 2019. The screening process included an initial analysis of the relevance of the abstract and, when required, an extensive review of the full paper. A total of 9 papers were finally selected which responded to the research question. All nine papers are from the USA and have different methodological characteristics. A number of effective interventions were identified, including legacy creation, support groups, family-centred accompaniment and follow-up, parental involvement in pre-mortem care, intergenerational bereavement programmes, and the use of technological and spiritual resources. In general, the scant evidence that is available about nursing interventions around perinatal bereavement care underlines the requirement to thoroughly assess the effectiveness of those that have already been designed and implemented. This scoping review contributes to the potential implementation of effective interventions to deal with and help parents and family members cope with perinatal bereavement, with nursing staff as the main source of support and leading interventions which have family members in the care team. This review also makes a substantial contribution to the development of a practical and evidence-based clinical guide for nursing, with recommendations that can be adapted to effective quality care criteria. It is additionally intended to encourage visibility in health policies of care and attention to perinatal grief in neonatal intensive care units.

And the Beat Goes On: Heartbeat Recordings through Music Therapy for Parents of Children with Progressive Neurodegenerative Illnesses.

Background: Music is a powerful therapeutic intervention to promote physical and psychological health, healing, and well-being. In pediatric palliative care, music therapists are often involved in preloss care. Heartbeat recordings (HBRs) synchronize the rhythm of the heartbeat into a favorite song. In preloss care, HBRs show promise in helping parents of children with progressive neurodegenerative illnesses (PNDI) cope with their chronic sorrow and the loss of their child. Objective: To explore the lived experience of HBRs for bereavement in the lives of parents of children with PNDI. Design: Phenomenological study. Setting/Subjects: Purposeful sample of 11 English-speaking parents of children with PNDI receiving palliative care services in an academic pediatric hospital were interviewed three months after receiving their child's HBR. Measurements: A semistructured interview guide was used to collect data concurrently with the mind mapping process. Results: Data from interviews revealed 4 major themes and 10 subthemes: (1) Bifocal View (parental lens vs. medical lens); (2) Navigating Life and Relationships (caregiver fatigue, grief and loss, marriage, job, brought us together, paying it forward); (3) Coping through Spirituality; and, (4) Legacy Creation (HBR as a connection, song selection). Conclusions: Parents of children with PNDI experience chronic sorrow. The HBR assisted in meaning-making that validated the child's life and supported the parents' expression of grief and their ability to cope. Further research is needed to validate the impact of HBRs in diverse populations.

Organizing committees for the Olympic Games and satellite host local organizing committees: examining their relationships and impact on legacy creation

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the Interorganizational Relationships (IORs) between an Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (OCOG) and satellite host Local Organizing Committees (LOCs) and to explore how these relationships affected the creation of Olympic legacies in these periphery locations. Methods: An embedded cross-case analysis of the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games was built. The Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games (ACOG) served as the primary case, and related satellite host LOCs (i.e., Athens, Columbus, Conyers, and Savannah) were the multiple units of examination. A content analysis of archival materials, official documents, and transcriptions of stakeholder interviews were conducted. Findings: ACOG engaged in IORs to improve their stability, asymmetry, and legitimacy while enhancing efficiency, reciprocity, and individual-level factors were motives shared by ACOG and the LOCs. Formal controls and informal processes managed these relationships. Consequently, the Games and the IORs acted as a catalyst for legacy creation in the satellite host settings. Practical Implications: Event organizers and stakeholders should consider the implications IORs have on long-term outcomes so host organizing committees and surrounding communities could more strategically implement additional resultant legacies. Research Contribution: The study's findings provide a new understanding of the impacts IORs can have on the longevity of legacy outcomes.

Shifting the Culture Around Perinatal Bereavement

The purpose behind this project is to raise awareness, provide staff education, and reduce the stigma surrounding perinatal loss. Medical professionals and society as a whole continue to ignore or minimize the debilitating grief parents experience after a miscarriage or newborn death. The negative effects of perinatal loss, as well as the stigma surrounding it, may be lessened by focusing bereavement care toward validating and making meaning of their loss. This approach includes parents in decision making, facilitates rituals and legacy creation, and allows bereaved families to share their stories repeatedly. To operationalize this culture shift, the bereavement coordinator attended a perinatal bereavement conference hosted by Resolve Through Sharing and facilitated unit education by presenting a PowerPoint presentation to the maternity center staff as well as medical professionals at the 2019 regional Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN) conference. Early-loss folders for the surgery and emergency departments—which included items to promote respectful disposition of remains after miscarriage, dilation and curettage, or ectopic pregnancy as well as mementos and educational resources—were made to raise awareness and validate the family’s loss. A survey of 20 labor and delivery nurses as well as NICU staff nurses was administered. Sixteen nurses, or 80%, stated that they felt confident they had the training needed to compassionately care for bereaved families. Twenty nurses, or 100%, responded that having a hospital-wide perinatal bereavement program in place would positively affect families’ emotional well-being and grief process. Sixteen nurses, or 80%, stated they felt comfortable caring for bereaved families and 100%, stated they had not received any formal perinatal bereavement training beyond a unit level. The implication to nursing practice includes raising awareness of the importance of providing maternity care nurses the tools they need, including formal perinatal bereavement education, to feel confident in providing competent, compassionate, respectful care to bereaved families.

“I Want to Make it Right”

Our case study subject, “Ruby”, is a 46 year-old female suffering from a chronic renal condition, admitted to Royal Melbourne Hospital. As she, along with partner Charlie and daughter Amanda, received care from several members of Pastoral and Spiritual Care Services, as well as the Aboriginal Liaison Officer, we have decided to present a co-written case study, with each participant writing their own view in their own voice. Ruby’s care included all the interventions recognized by Spiritual Health Victoria: spiritual assessment, spiritual support, spiritual counselling or guidance and spiritual ritual. 2 This latter intervention became very significant as Ruby declined, receiving palliative care, and included both religious ritual and legacy creation. On paper – or the hospital electronic database – Ruby’s admission looks like failure, but as this case study reveals, within her physical decline and treatment, there was significant emotional and spiritual healing, leading to a relatively “good death”.

Constructing Masculinity through Genetic Legacies: Family Histories, Y-Chromosomes, and “Viking Identities”

The contemporary popularity of genetic genealogy has been accompanied by concerns about its potential reifying of identity. This has referred in particular to ethnicity, but also to gender, with fears that looking at the past through the lens of popular genetics reinforces patriarchal views of the family and traditional heteronormative understandings of masculinity and femininity. This study investigates whether such understandings are drawn upon by male participants in a population genetics study. Discursive analysis of 128 responses to a participant motivation survey and 18 follow-up interviews explores how participants construct masculinity when discussing genetics and their own family history. It is argued that while there is some evidence for the “patriarchal” argument, a subtler form of masculine legacy creation and maintenance is the primary narrative.

9th Symposium on wood use －Creation of legacy by wood use－

9th Symposium on wood use －Creation of legacy by wood use－

Dignity Therapy and Life Review for Palliative Care Patients: A Qualitative Study

ContextDignity therapy (DT) is a psychotherapeutic intervention whose aim was to bolster the sense of purpose, meaning, and sense of dignity in patients with terminal disease. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to explore, compare, and better understand the content of standard DT, waitlist DT (WDT), and Life Review (LR) that used the DT interview protocol but omitted the creation of legacy documents. MethodsEfficacy of these interventions was previously documented in a sample of 56 participants. In this study, DT and WDT legacy documents and LR session transcripts were qualitatively analyzed using the Framework approach, both deductively and inductively. ResultsAll participants expressed a diverse set of beliefs, values, memories, and important relationships with the majority also indicating at least some sense of meaning and acceptance despite disappointments, regrets, and the impacts of illness. Sense of legacy, fighting spirit, and hope were particularly prevalent in legacy documents (DT and WDT groups), whereas relationship regrets, self-blame, unfinished business, and aftermath concerns were more likely to be expressed during the LR process. Themes of spirituality, illness impacts, and unfinished business were relatively less common in WDT participants. ConclusionThis study provides further insight into what palliative care patients consider to be most important and meaningful to them when taking part in DT and LR. Creating legacy documents is likely to result in session content that is different in several key areas compared with LR, even when controlling for interview questions, therapist influences, and session length. Consideration of the above is essential in optimizing psychotherapeutic outcomes near end of life.

Leveraging the sport participation legacy of the London 2012 Olympics: senior managers’ perceptions

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to understand how a sports mega event (SME) was leveraged to try and increase participation, through the investigation of national governing bodies (NGBs) opinions and attitudes. Critical Realism (CR) was used as a tool to aid understanding of leveraging and legacy conceptualisation, through an empirical investigation. An extensive, mixed method online survey was conducted post London 2012 with senior staff members of NGBs, the main delivery agent chosen to support the participation initiatives associated with the London 2012 Olympics. This research provides valuable findings surrounding the use of CR as a tool to investigate legacy creation, whilst at the same time offering insights to enhance the policy implementation process within the sports development sector. The importance of communication, competitive nature of sports system, media, club engagement, organisational capacity and monitoring and evaluation were highlighted, which provided useful insights into the multidimensional constructs that can aid future leveraging strategies prior to hosting SMEs.

Dignity Therapy and Life Review for Palliative Care Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ContextDignity therapy (DT) is a psychotherapeutic intervention with increasing evidence of acceptability and utility in palliative care settings. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the legacy creation component of DT by comparing this intervention with life review (LR) and waitlist control (WC) groups. MethodsSeventy adults with advanced terminal disease were randomly allocated to DT, LR, or WC followed by DT, of which 56 completed the study protocol. LR followed an identical protocol to DT except that no legacy document was created in LR. Primary outcome measures were the Brief Generativity and Ego-Integrity Questionnaire, Patient Dignity Inventory, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General, version 4, and treatment evaluation questionnaires. ResultsUnlike LR and WC groups, DT recipients demonstrated significantly increased generativity and ego-integrity scores at study completion. There were no significant changes for dignity-related distress or physical, social, emotional, and functional well-being among the three groups. There were also no significant changes in primary outcomes after the provision of DT after the waiting period in the WC group. High acceptability and satisfaction with interventions were noted for recipients of both DT and LR and family/carers of DT participants. ConclusionThis study provides initial evidence that the specific process of legacy creation is able to positively affect sense of generativity, meaning, and acceptance near end of life. High acceptability and satisfaction rates for both DT and LR and positive impacts on families/carers of DT participants provide additional support for clinical utility of these interventions. Further evaluation of specific mechanisms of change post-intervention is required given DT's uncertain efficacy on other primary outcomes.

From Ephemeral Planning to Permanent Urbanism: An Urban Planning Theory of Mega-Events

Mega-events like the Olympic Games are powerful forces that shape cities. In the wake of mega-events, a variety of positive and negative legacies have remained in host cities. In order to bring some theoretical clarity to debates about legacy creation, I introduce the concepts of the mega-event utopia, dystopia and heterotopia. A mega-event utopia is ideal and imaginary urbanism embracing abstract concepts about economies, socio-political systems, spaces, and societies <em>in</em> the host <em>during</em> events. The mega-event utopia (in contrast to other utopian visions other stakeholders may hold) is dictated by the desires of the mega-event owners irrespective of the realities in the event host. In short, a mega-event utopia is the perfect event host from the owner’s perspective. Mega-event utopias are suggested as a theoretical model for the systematic transformation of their host cities. As large-scale events progress as ever more powerful transformers into this century, <em>mega-event dystopias</em> have emerged as negatives of these idealistic utopias. As hybrid post-event landscapes, m<em>ega-event heterotopias</em> manifest the temporary mega-event utopia as legacy imprints into the long-term realities in hosting cities. Using the Olympic utopia as an example of a mega-event utopia, I theorize utopian visions around four urban traits: economy, image, infrastructure and society. Through the concept of the <em>mega-event legacy utopia</em>, I also provide some insight toward the operationalization of the four urban traits for a city’s economic development, local place marketing, urban development, and public participation.

Mega-event impact assessment and policy attribution: embedded case study, social housing, and the 2010 Winter Olympic Games

Our objective is to present a novel approach and supplement to indicator-based impact assessment through the use of embedded case study. We will build a hybridized, methodological approach in order to extend the capacity, potential, and utility of the Olympic Games impact (OGI) study as an evaluation framework and mechanism for attribution. Assessing the impact of a sport mega-event on its host through an existing framework such as the OGI study is a complex undertaking spanning multiple indicators, variables, and scales. Yet, despite the many challenges in assessing Olympic-induced changes in host cities, we believe it is possible to use indicator-based impact assessment to aid in the formation of not only impact assessment and policy attribution, but to develop a more contextualized approach to legacy creation, monitoring, and evaluation. To test this potential, we will explore the empirical data generated through the OGI study on Vancouver 2010's social housing legacy on Southeast False Creek. Reconciling the quantitative information compiled by the OGI study with a more rigorous approach to qualitative, embedded case study will ideally allow for the more accurate and effective assessment of Olympic legacies and policy-making. It is our expectation that such an evaluation will prove sensitive to the political, economic, and social climate and context surrounding the hosting of the Olympic Games, and in so doing, provide added insight into the nature and formation of policy development and urban transformation in the context of an Olympic host city.

Legacy Creation Strategy in Olympic Cities

Mega-event strategies and their impact on the development of host cities have drawn increasing interest as they have become part of wider city development strategies. However, many city leaders are challenged by a gigantic and complex task after the events: how to deal with the post-use of large event venues and facilities? How to use the events as a catalyst to facilitate urban development? Mega-event strategies may provide a stimulus for wider urban investments and change. They help to provide host cities an engine for economic growth, facilitating city revitalisation and even urban physical restructuring, enhancing city image, and transforming a city into a globally competitive city. Whereas every host city expects to experience some form of short- and long term impact, the so-called ‘legacy’, it is however difficult for most host city organisers to think beyond the Games in any systematic fashion due to the pressing nature and planning complexities involved. Therefore, although the post-Games period is by far the longest period that stretches for decades after the Games to affect a host city, it is “clearly the least-planned period”. Due to time pressure, poor consideration of the long-term impact may make Olympic venues ‘white elephants’ after the Games have taken place, isolated in their city landscapes. These possible negative impacts raise the following questions: 1) how can a host city improve post-event usage of event-related facilities? 2) What strategy should a host city follow to facilitate post-event development in a more sustainable way? Based on the examination of legacy creation strategy of a number of Olympic host cities, the research aims to identify what urban strategies lead to the improvement of the post-event usage of event-related facilities and long-term benefits for the city development of host city.

Selfless or Selfish? Generativity and Narcissism as Components of Legacy

Erikson’s concept of generativity, or caring for the next generation, acknowledges the presence of narcissism or any type of self-preoccupation as potentially negative. However, other theories articulate generativity as including features of self-involvement, such as a drive for symbolic immortality (McAdams and de St. Aubin J Pers Soc Psychol 62(6):1003–1015. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1003, 1992). Recent empirical research also supports this view by identifying generativity and narcissism as both incorporating the beneficial components of agency and communion (Frimer et al. J Pers Soc Psychol 101(1):149–163. doi: 10.1037/a0023780, 2011; Gebauer et al. J Pers Soc Psychol 103(3):854–878. doi: 10.1037/a0029629, 2012). Moreover, creating a legacy—something left behind when one dies—entails levels of both generativity and narcissism; thus, in the presence of generativity, narcissism may be seen as positive rather than negative. The current study examined generativity and narcissism, and their association with legacy, which was coded from midlife adults’ narratives concerning the future (age 55–58; N = 155). The findings indicated that a combination of high generativity and high narcissism was associated with the highest level of composite legacy, one in which both self and other are implicated. Results are discussed in light of the potentially positive outcomes of narcissism and its synergistic properties for legacy creation when combined with generativity.

Music therapy preloss care though legacy creation

Positive treatment of patients and families during the patients' advanced illnesses can enhance the families' bereavement. There is little focus on how music therapy with dying patients and their families before the patients' deaths can help the families when bereaved. Two studies examining reflections about music therapy, expressed by carers of children and adults who received music therapy at the end-of-life, indicated that session memories and patients' song compositions brought the bereaved carers comfort. It is suggested that music therapists consider preloss care as an aim when working in palliative care. This article provides a definition, description and critique of preloss care in music therapy. Preloss care can be defined as the intentional creation of opportunities with patients with life-threatening conditions and/or their families (or close friends) that may enable the mourners' improved bereavement experiences if the patient dies. In palliative care, music therapists provide preloss care through helping patients to create legacies. Legacies encompass tangible products and memories which validate a life. A music therapist's preloss care work is illustrated. It includes family work and song writing with a child and adults. The value of preloss care is considered through the lens of bereavement theory. After a patient dies, their music therapy legacies may assist grieving people through being a connection with the deceased. Further research into preloss care's effects on the bereaved is warranted, especially when patients make legacies for relatives with whom they have strained relationships.

Dealing with Palliative Care Patients’ Incomplete Music Therapy Legacies: Reflexive Group Supervision Research

Legacies encompass treasured memories and items such as wills, publications, and songs, which help to validate lives. Legacy creation is encouraged by palliative care staff to help patients deal with loss and find personal meaning; the legacy works may also support the bereaved. Within the literature, however, there is no consideration of how staff deal with patients' incomplete legacies when patients relocate, deteriorate, or die. Our research focuses on this question: What experiences did four music therapists have with palliative care patients' incomplete tangible music therapy legacies? Data included transcripts from the therapists' discussions about patients' incomplete legacies in three reflexive group supervision sessions and further reflections written during transcript verification. Inductive thematic analysis yielded five themes: the nature of incomplete music therapy legacies; reasons for and feelings about these legacies; factors determining what music therapists do with them; considerations about their future "life"; and the ways therapists' shared reflections can support their future legacy work.