Creation Of Grammar Research Articles

Multi Task Learning for Captioning Images with Novel Words

In this article, we introduce a Multi-task Learning Approach for Image Captioning (MLAIC), which is inspired by the fact that people can readily finish this job given their proficiency in a variety of fields. There are three crucial components that make up MLAIC in particular:(i)A multi-object categorization model that uses a CNN image decoder to learn intricate category-aware picture representations (ii) A model for creating image captions that uses an LSTM-based decoder that is grammar conscious and shares its CNN encoder and LSTM decoder with an object categorization job to create text summaries of pictures. The additional object categorization and grammatical skills are particularly relevant to the job of creation. (ii) A syntactic generation model that enhances LSTM-based decoders that are syntax cognizant. An effective grammar creation model for the image labeling model is (iii).Our model beats other strong competitors in terms of efficiency, according to testing results on the MS-COCO dataset.

Un modello di presentazione delle preposizioni italiane esprimenti causa e dei casi serbi nel materiale didattico

The aim of this paper is to propose a model for a didactic representation of Italian prepositions and their Serbian equivalents that could facilitate 1. the comprehension and acquisition of Italian prepositions by Serbian learners of L2 Italian, and 2. possibly also the comprehension and acquisition of Serbian cases by Italian learners of L2 Serbian. Italian prepositional constructions and Serbian morphological cases may express the same syntactic and semantic functions. Taken separately, both Italian prepositions and Serbian cases have been studied in great detail and in depth, not only from the point of view of inflectional morphology, but also from syntactic and semantic perspectives. However, the functions that these categories perform in the two languages have to date been compared only sporadically and in very general terms, without any attempts of a systematic and exhaustive contrastive analysis. Additionally, the authors of didactic materials intended for Serbian speakers learning Italian, as well as Italian speakers learning Serbian as an L2, often do not pay sufficient attention to a contrastive representation of Italian prepositions and Serbian cases. For this reason, they still represent one of the most frequent error types during the process of acquisition of the languages in question. Therefore, this paper compares the Italian prepositional constructions consisting of simple prepositions followed by nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs on one side, and their Serbian equivalents on the other side, by means of contrastive analysis methods. The results of our analysis could be applied in the creation of grammars, dictionaries, textbooks, and additional didactic materials for L2 Italian for Serbian learners and for L2 Serbian for Italian learners.

The development of Alexander Bondarko’s ideas in the aspect of grammar of estimation theory

The study of the functional particularity of grammatical units allowed to pay attention to their pragmatic importance in the discursive practice and communication. Based on the principles of linguistic functionalism, which is a basis of active type grammar, it is necessary to continue the study of grammatical units as one of the means of expressing evaluation in relation to their structural peculiarities with the communicative process. A. Bondarko is one of the founders of functional grammar. In his works he has created a systemic-functional description on the Russian grammatical system. Principles of the development of a dynamic aspect of the grammatical units functioning in the interaction with elements of different language levels are one of the postulates which underlie in the description of the expression of evaluative meaning by grammatical units, the principles of grammar of estimation. The article enlightens the principles of the theory of functional grammar, grammar of active type, that concern the problem of creation of grammar of estimation as a complex description of grammatical means for expressing estimation meanings; A. Bondarko’s ideas of functional grammar that are significant for the theory of grammar of estimation are described in the article.

Conceptually Related Lexicon Clustering Based On Word Context Association Mining

Automatic lexicon generation is a useful task in learning text fragment patterns. In our previous work we have focused on text fragment pattern learning through the fuzzy grammar method which inputs include a predefined lexicon and text fragments that represents the expression of the grammar class to be learned. However, the bottleneck of the success of the fuzzy grammar creation and in common with other text learner often lies in the knowledge acquisition phase; due to the labour intensive text annotation which also demands skills and background knowledge of the text. For this reason, a semi-automated technique called automatic Terminal Grammar Recommender (TGR) is devised to identify conceptually related lexicons in the texts and their related to create terminal grammars by mining associations of words contexts. The approach recognizes that there is a degree of local structure within such text and the technique exploits the local structure without the large computational overhead of deeper analysis. Result from the comparison of the associative words detected by TGR with the definition of a content category tool called General Inquirer on the data from European Central Bank data is reported. Our findings show that our proposed method has managed to reduce the manual effort of identifying conceptually similar lexicons to form terminal grammars. The average of matched generated terminal grammar clusters compared to General Inquirer is 54.85% which indicates that at least half the expensive effort to construct conceptually related lexicon is saved. This hint the potential of word context association mining in automated conceptual lexicon generation.

Transformation of UML class diagram to internal java domain-specific language

Abstract - the article addresses the existing problems found in the area of Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs). Being a widely adopted programming technique, DSL grammar creation process still lacks desirable traceability and automation. The paper proposes a sequential model transformation process based on Model-Driven Architecture concepts as one of the potential solutions to stated problem. One of the main results of the research work is the implementation of prototype of the full-cycle model transformation chain starting from the UML domainmodel and ending with internal Java-based DSL grammar implementation.

A Methodology for Creating Shape Rules During Product Design

Shape grammars provide the means to represent the physical embodiment of a class of products in a set of generative rules. Once developed, the shape grammar can be used to generate new forms through automated synthesis or interaction by one or more designers. Creating the shape rules has been most often performed after the design process by examining existing designs. Furthermore, the approach to create a set of rules from an existing set of products was usually an ad hoc process of generalizing form, identifying feature options, and classifying logical subdivisions of the complete product geometry. This paper proposes a more explicit method of shape grammar creation, that is, aligned with well-known design methodologies in order to enable the creation of a shape grammar during the new product development process. The established methodology for function first design and design exploration provides many of the requisite steps for creating a shape grammar, connecting customer requirements and constraints to product form and provides a skeleton onto which a rule creation approach is mapped. An example is included in which the proposed methodology is used to create a shape grammar that represents the internal components of a bladeless slurry pump in order to support design exploration driven by simulation and experimentation.

Automatic speech grammar generation during conceptual modelling of virtual environments

Speech interfaces are becoming more and more popular as a means to interact with virtual environments but the development and integration of these interfaces is usually still ad hoc, especially the speech grammar creation of the speech interface is a process commonly performed by hand. In this paper, we introduce an approach to automatically generate a speech grammar which is generated using semantic information. The semantic information is represented through ontologies and gathered from the conceptual modelling phase of the virtual environment application. The utterances of the user will be resolved using queries onto these ontologies such that the meaning of the utterance can be resolved. For validation purposes we augmented a city park designer with our approach. Informal tests validate our approach, because they reveal that users mainly use words represented in the semantic data, and therefore also words which are incorporated in the automatically generated speech grammar.

The past and present in marking futurity in Sango

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that future tense is not a grammatical category in Sango and that none of the temporal adverbs is used in a verbal system as a grammatical marker for future time. Supporting this thesis is evidence of different kinds: (1) rather than a pattern in the use of the temporal adverbs there is widespread intersubjective variation, a conclusion based on the study of tape recordings from the early 1960s, radio broadcasts from the early 1970s, and tape recordings from 1988 to 1994 - in addition to data from interviews; (2) future tense is grammaticalized in neither Ngbandi, Sango's lexifier language, nor in the substrate languages, all belonging to the Ubangian Group; (3) the emerging Bantu pidgins that would have been spoken by some of the foreign African personnel at the time of Sango's birth did not provide the kind of model that would have led to a system based on adverbs. Since the standardization of a written language by missionaries, an alleged future tense has been imposed. In recent years, it is being promoted - in a slightly different form - by some of Central Africa's elite, a phenomenon accompanied by the Ngbandi-ization of the language. The value of this paper is in part linguistic - although it may be unusual in linguistics to argue that something does not occur in a language - and in part historical, the latter because it documents sociopolitical forces at work in the creation of grammar.