Crawford's Method Research Articles

'Witnesses' in the Confrontation Clause: Crawford v. Washington, Noah Webster, and Compulsory Process

Crawford v. Washington changed how the Confrontation Clause is interpreted. Crawford has drawn commentary primarily about the meaning of testimonial statements, its key, but undefined, concept and its historical analysis, which formed a foundation for the decision. This article, however, focuses on another part of Crawford's analysis and on analyses Crawford did not do but should have. Justice Scalia's opinion for the Court undertook a textual analysis and, relying on Webster's early dictionary, concluded that witnesses in the Clause meant those who bear testimony. From this the Court concluded that the Confrontation Clause applies to those who make testimonial statements. While the Court did not define testimonial statements, the opinion indicates that the term refers to declarations that are akin to ex parte affidavits and depositions of the eighteenth century. This textual analysis was incomplete and misleading. The article shows that Webster's also supports much broader definitions of witnesses that would include all those who have personally perceived a relevant event or who give evidence or proof. These broader meanings supported by the text would include all hearsay declarants. The Court did not examine how its selected meaning comported with other uses of witness in the Constitution, which are in the Treason, Self-Incrimination, and Compulsory Process Clauses. The article discusses how all those other uses employ the broader meanings of witness. The Court interpreted confrontation without mention of its Sixth Amendment context and, most notably, without mention of confrontation's companion provision, the Compulsory Process Clause. The article explains how Crawford's method of confrontation interpretation is fundamentally at odds with Sixth Amendment history and interpretation. If Crawford's method is correct, much Sixth Amendment doctrine is at stake, and if that Sixth Amendment doctrine is right, then Crawford's approach to confrontation is wrong.

Distribution of different fractions of cadmium, zinc, lead, and copper in unpolluted and polluted soils

McLaren and Crawford's method for fractionating soil Cu was modified, and used to fractionate soil Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in 38 soil samples from 11 soil profiles from industrially polluted and nearby unpolluted areas. Pollutant metals, especially Cd and Zn, were more soluble than the native soil metals. On average, approximately 45% of Cd was present in the CaCl2 soluble (CA) fraction, whereas corresponding values for the other metals were below 10%. The percentages of each metal in the CA fraction followed the order Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu. The same order was observed for the acetic acid soluble (AAC) fraction. Approximately 30% of total Pb and Cu were present in the pyrophosphate soluble (PYR) fraction, and only 10% of total Cd and Zn. Approximately 20% of total Zn or Pb and 10% of Cd or Cu were present in the free oxide (OX) fraction. Only 20% of Cd and between 40–50% of the other 3 metals were present in the residual (RES) fraction. The results show that Cd is more labile than the other 3 metals.

Use of Gore-Tex sling in brow suspension procedure.

A variety of materials have been employed for brow suspension surgery for ptosis. Gore-Tex (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene ePTFE) has been used as vascular prosthesis. We have used cylinder Gore-Tex in brow suspension surgery for 15 ptotic eyelids (11 patients), including 10 eyes (8 patients) of congenital ptosis, 1 eye of traumatic ptosis in a young male, and 4 eyes (2 patients) of myogenic ptosis in elderly patients. All of the eyelids had minimal or absent levator muscle function, and drooped to cover the visual axes. The surgical technique for the 10 congenital ptotic eyelids was a modified Fox's method. The remaining 5 adult eyelids were operated by a modified Crawford's method, with interlocking of the two suspension bands at the lower apex of each triangle and direct suturing of the bands to the tarsal plate. The use of Gore-Tex in brow suspension makes it easy to adjust the height and contour of the operated eyelids. Patients were followed-up from 2 to 16 months (average 9.1 months) postoperatively. The only complication was granuloma formation at the most upper knot area in 5 patients (6 eyelids), one of which also had granuloma at the ipsilateral fornix with the Gore-Tex band cutting through the conjunctiva. One eyelid drooped due to knot granuloma and infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Readers' Dialogue

I read with interest Judy Crawford's method of teaching subtraction of fractions with borrowing (“From the File.” January 1984). Students enrolled in the Queensland Primary Correspondence School have been using this method successfully for a number of years. We have found that our students a re able to cope easily with this approach, as it is a natural extension of their subtraction acti vities with whole numbers.

Results of hypospadias repair according to the principle of the buried strip.

The results after hypospadias repair according to methods of Denis Browne and Crawford area evaluated. Chordee release was performed in 361 patients, 41 or 11% of whom had a reoperation. Urethroplasty was done in 479 patients, 372 according to Denis Browne and 107 according to Crawford. Postoperative fistula or rupture of the plasty was recorded in 27% after Denis Browne's method and in 32% after Crawford's method. Stricture formation was low (3%) in all the patients. The use of polyglycolic acid suture in hypospadias repair caused more fistulas than if nylon was used (P less than 0.05).

Infrared band intensities for isotopic water molecules

Integrated intensities for the three fundamental i.r. bands of HOD, DOD, HOT and TOT are estimated theoretically using Crawford's method. Experimental values have only been reported for HOD; agreement is found to ±8%.

On the rotational contributions to the dipole-moment derivatives

In order to get dipole-moment derivatives, ∂ u ́ ∂S j that are free from rotational contributions, we used Crawford's method applied to a new type of reference molecule. The agreement with earlier calculated rotational correction terms is good, the applicability of the new reference molecule is wider. The rotational contributions to the ∂ u ́ ∂S j -quantities are presented for a number of C 2v - and C 3v -type molecules.

Erratum: The Partition Function of Molecules with Internal Torsion I. Single Asymmetric Top Attached to Rigid Framework

Crawford's method of treating ``pseudo‐rigid'' molecules is extended to the case involving an asymmetric top. The exact classical kinetic energy for a molecule consisting of a rigid framework to which asymmetric tops are attached is given. From this the quantum‐mechanical operator is derived for the case of one top of small moment of inertia and of small asymmetry. The energy matrix for the molecule is obtained from the operator; and by use of a perturbation method, the partition function for translation, over‐all rotation and internal rotation, correct to the second order, is obtained from the matrix. This includes effects due to translational and angular momentum couplings.

The Partition Functions of Molecules with Internal Torsion I. Single Asymmetric Top Attached to Rigid Framework

Crawford's method of treating ``pseudo-rigid'' molecules is extended to the case involving an asymmetric top. The exact classical kinetic energy for a molecule consisting of a rigid framework to which asymmetric tops are attached is given. From this the quantum-mechanical operator is derived for the case of one top of small moment of inertia and of small asymmetry. The energy matrix for the molecule is obtained from the operator; and by use of a perturbation method, the partition function for translation, over-all rotation and internal rotation, correct to the second order, is obtained from the matrix. This includes effects due to translational and angular momentum couplings.