Craft Workshops Research Articles

Дамское отделение Нижегородского попечительного о тюрьмах комитета (конец 1911–1912 гг.): причины создания, функции, историческое значение

The article is devoted to the charitable activities of the «Ladies’ branch of the Nizhny Novgorod prison board», which in late 1911–1912 was headed by Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Khvostova, the wife of Nizhny Novgorod governor Alexei Nikolaevich Khvostov. During the entire existence of the Nizhny Novgorod prison committee (1846–1917) this was the first and only experience of the functioning of the Ladies’ department created under it. The novelty of this article lies in the formulation of the problem, the involvement of new historical sources. The chronological framework is determined by the time of operation of this charity. The main historical source was the Case of the Nizhny Novgorod provincial prison inspectorate “I” Office work. About the correspondence of the Nizhny Novgorod Ladies’ branch of the Society for the care of prisons in 1911. It is stored in the fund 386 Nizhny Novgorod prison inspectorate (1908–1918) of the Central archive of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Unpublished epistolary and clerical materials, reference materials, pre–revolutionary periodical press — the journal Prison bulletin were used. The author came to the conclusion that the main reason for the creation of the Ladies’ department of the Nizhny Novgorod prison committee was the fight against child crime, the need to open special educational and correctional institutions for detained children and juvenile delinquents, who were held mainly together with adult prisoners in prisons of the Russian empire at the beginning of the XX century. E. A. Khvostova was engaged in collecting charitable funds for the opening of a shelter located at the Second Nizhny Novgorod provincial prison, providing assistance to unhappy children. An important result of her work was the appearance of such a shelter with an elementary school, a children’s library, and craft workshops.

A fabric from the Hallstatt period yet unseen in Central Poland – some remarks on the find from Dąbrowa, Wieluń County

Abstract During excavations carried out in 2023 at the cemetery of the Lusatian culture in Dąbrowa, site 2, Wieluń County, an urnless cremation burial was discovered (Object 24), which is dated generally to the Hallstatt period. Burnt human bones were scattered throughout the object, which form a relatively compact cluster in the central part of the grave. Ceramic fragments from various vessels were found in the fill of the grave cavity. Metal objects, both bronze and iron, showed signs of being smoldered in the fire. This fosters the conclusion that they had been burned with the deceased on the pyre and placed in the grave together with burned human bones. At the same time, such a state of preservation of the grave offerings made it impossible to specify the dating of the tomb. Within the grave, a fragment of an iron plate was found, on which mineralized remains of fabric were preserved. Technological analysis showed that it was a half-basket weave fabric of a very high quality, made of thin z-single yarn (0.25–0.30 mm and 0.40–0.50 mm) and of surprisingly high thread count (32–34/12–14 threads per cm). In the basin of the Vistula and the Oder rivers, none of the fabrics discovered so far had similar parameters. On the other hand, textiles from the main canters of weaving production at the time, such as the Hallstatt culture and the Scandinavian area, showed similar characteristics, but only in rare examples. This highlights the importance of the weaving product presented here. It is difficult to answer conclusively whether we are dealing in this case with an imported object or one produced in a local weaving workshop, although much points to the first option. Given the context of the find and the accompanying offerings, it can be assumed that the fabric belonged to a person of a higher social status. The local community’s custom of accumulating and then depositing imported items of quality into graves also makes such a hypothesis plausible. On the other hand, certain foreign patterns were adopted and creatively developed in local craft workshops of the Lusatian Culture. Most likely, involvement in long-distance trade routes allowed this society to achieve a high position in the aforementioned exchange. It was important to settle and control areas located in the basin of the upper Warta and Prosna rivers, i. e., on the southern borderlands of central Poland. It was here, through Silesia, that foreign patterns flowed in, which were then transmitted further along the Warta river basin in the northern direction, towards the “Lusatian interior”. The communication route created for the Baltic amber trade played an important role here. Finds of this raw material were recorded both in the Hallstatt circle, in areas of northern Italy, and present-day Slovenia.

Crafting the unsayable: Making meaning out of racialised maternal health-care encounters.

There are persistent and profound racialised inequalities in maternal and reproductive health in the UK. Yet in multiple settings, these disparities have been blamed on class or ethnicity, individuals and communities rather than the structures within which they live. In this study, we draw on narratives told within a 'slow-stitch' craft workshop, organised in southern England for racialised women with reproductive trauma, to show how processes of racialisation and racism shape experiences of maternal and reproductive healthcare. Experiences of reproductive trauma were multiple and cumulative. The burden of knowledge of racialised disparities was carried into health-care spaces, with plans made in advance to self-manage in risky spaces. The constant management of racialised stereotypes and subsequent strategies of bodily and emotional containment ultimately was not protective and there was little agency over levels of care received in health-care spaces. Perceptions surrounding racialised bodies shaped treatment, whilst proximities to whiteness afforded alternative realities. Taking a phenomenological approach we analyse race as a sensory, spatial and relational constellation haunted by long-standing histories of fraught inequality. Bringing together in the crafting circle a group of women racialised in different ways enabled the sharing of "unspeakable" stories surrounding racism and reproductive trauma, and allowed raceto be brought into being as a form of solidarity and connection.

Visualizing a Sustainable Future in Rural Romania: Agrotourism and Vernacular Architecture

In Romania, rural communities grapple with decades of depopulation and economic decline, endangering the natural and cultural richness of their landscapes. The implementation of Romania’s 2030 sustainable development plan presents an opportunity to reverse these trends by merging economic and community development with cultural preservation. This paper examines the potential for creating new livelihood opportunities through a program that integrates sustainable agrotourism with culturally appropriate vernacular architecture in Romania’s distinct rural regions. Focusing on two such regions characterized by significant rural population decline yet endowed with ecological services capable of supporting a diverse rural economy, we collaborated with an architect and landscape engineer to devise three specific and detailed agritourist housing scenarios. These scenarios draw upon local architectural forms harmonious with the vernacular landscape, providing accommodations for agrotourism guests and facilitating craft workshops for visitors interested in rural crafts and traditions. We evaluated the cultural appropriateness of the architectural designs through a social survey and assessed the broader social utility of the development plan via an expansive cost–benefit analysis, treating the project’s sustainability features as quasi-public goods. Such interdisciplinary endeavours are essential for effectively bridging conceptually driven social analysis with pragmatic design and planning strategies, essential for achieving sustainable futures for rural communities and landscapes, as exemplified by rural Romania.

"I've got yer back": A community art and anatomy project.

This article describes a community collaborative project, "I've got yer back," that utilized the craft of needle felting to raise awareness and develop understanding of the anatomy of the human spine. The project took place in 2023 and engaged with participants from across the United Kingdom and abroad and its completion was timed to coincide with National Back Health Awareness week in October 2023. We describe the process of creating a vertebra using needle felt and examine how the particularities of the process and the use of the sense of touch helped participants notice and understand the complex form of the human vertebra. We consider how the project encompassed creative processes of hands-on learning to enhance knowledge about this aspect of human anatomy. We discuss how the project evolved to include public and academic participation in a shared goal and argue for the effectiveness of seemingly simple and straightforward art or craft workshops in teaching relatively complex science. The article includes detailed feedback from participants who reflect on the process of learning through making and how it went on to affect individuals in very different, and sometimes very personal, ways.

Reconstruction of vanished cities

The preservation of historical heritage has the potential to act as a means of regenerative design in line with the concept of sustainable architecture. The idea of revitalising monuments is a tool to preserve and restore large green spaces and biodiversity. It is possible to create a multiplicative effect between historical and requested values of the contemporary environment: revival of dervish hotels – “hanakas” for digital nomads, wine taverns for tourists, craft workshops, gardens, art etc. to preserve crafts and natural environment, while participating in climate change mitigation.

Ceramic Fine Wares of Natakamani and the Problem of Identifying the “Imperial Style” in the Material Culture of Meroe (Sudan)

The article analyzes ceramic fine wares of the ancient Meroitic Kingdom, made of white kaolinite clays (“eggshell wares”). This pottery appeared not earlier than the 1st century B.C. and gained popularity in the 1st–2nd centuries A.D., during the reign of king Natakamani and his successors. The kaolinite clays required professionalism and specific skills from ancient potters, as well as the availability of improved pottery wheels and kilns. Clay deposits were located near Meroe Royal City and in several other regions. The vessels were decorated with stamped or painted decoration in Egyptian or Hellenistic style and were distributed from Sennar and Abu Geili in the south to Karanog and Shablul in the north, being a clear marker of the Meroitic civilization. These complex wares could not be produced locally and became a marketable commodity. The morphological assortment of Meroitic fine wares is quite modest, while standardization of the shape and volume is noticeable, which may indicate centralized control over pottery workshops. The stylistic uniformity of the vessels suggests the existence of a special “Imperial” style of pottery in the time of Natakamani and his successors. At the same period plans of settlements, the architecture of palaces and temples, cult objects also demonstrated uniformity, which could be associated with state control of administrative centers and craft workshops. The decline of royal power in the 3rd – mid-4th centuries A.D. was synchronous with the degradation of Meroitic fine kaolin ceramics and its gradual replacement with wadi clays of grayish-beige colour and simplified decoration.

Padang Panjang Community Reading Park toward UNESCO version of literacy city

Padang Panjang City Community Reading Park has role developing community literacy skills. Activity in community reading park and efforts to strengthen community literacy to realize the UNESCO version of the Literacy City. The purpose this research to know the role Padang Panjang Community Reading Park to developing community literacy skills and and efforts to strengthen community literacy to realize the UNESCO version of the Literacy City. The research method used the descriptive qualitative. Eight informants from Rimba Bulan, Anggrek Bulan Garbage Bank, Red Orchid, and Makrame Community Reading Park. The study results showed that TBMs were actively developing community literacy skills by training children to read and write and for mothers to do handicrafts such as knitting, and processing plastic waste. The study concludes that TBMs in Padang Panjang City play a significant role in developing community literacy skills and contributing to the realization of the UNESCO version of the Literacy City. TBMs are active, involved in training children in reading and writing and empowering women through craft workshops and plastic waste processing. The TBMs focus on promoting social inclusion and increasing social inclusion literacy. Conclusion this research is community reading park through the diverse programs and collaboration to enhance creativity and service for the community.

Etiological Factors of Ocular Trauma in Children and Adolescents Based on 200 Cases at the Pediatric Ophthalmology Unit of the Bouaké University Hospital

Background: Eye trauma is serious and very often has a poor prognosis in our environment. The aim of this study was to contribute to improving the prevention of ocular trauma in children and adolescents in central and northern Côte d’Ivoire. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a descriptive aim on 200 patient files received at the pediatric ophthalmology unit of the ophthalmology department of the Bouaké University Hospital from January 6, 2021, to July 7, 2023. In these patients, the questioning and clinical examination revealed ocular lesions linked to trauma. The parameters studied were socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, origin, educational status), reason for consultation, ophthalmological history and etiological factors (circumstances of occurrence, vulnerating agent and mechanism of occurrence). Data analysis was carried out using epi-info 7.0 software. Findings: The average age of the patients was 8.45 ± 4.62 years with a range of 1 to 19 years. Boys were the most affected (71%) and this male predominance was found in all age groups. The 5-9-year-old age group was the most represented (31%). Children in primary school were the most numerous (40%), followed by those in secondary school (26%) and those not in school (25%). Almost all the children came from urban areas (75%). Ocular trauma was the main reason for consultation (75%) and the most common ophthalmological history (80%). The circumstances of occurrence were dominated by gaming accidents (48.50%), domestic accidents (19.50%) and brawls (15.50%). The most common damaging agent found was metallic (25%) followed by the stone used as a projectile (18.50%) and the punch (17%). The mechanism of trauma was dominated by the reception of a moving object or liquid on the eye (96%). Conclusion: Given the high proportion of school boys who are victims of eye trauma, school programs should include raising awareness among children at school about the risks of accidents and in particular eye trauma and the means of preventing them. Action should also be taken in rural areas and through the Chamber of Trades of Côte d’Ivoire with a view to preventing eye trauma in children and adolescents in farming activities and in craft workshops where those are often in apprenticeship.

Изображения рыб на поливной византийской керамике XII–XIII веков. Стилистические группы

Introduction. The study of zoomorphic ornamental motifs on specific types of glazed ceramics is an important direction of Byzantine archeology. In this case, we will be interested in the images of fish that are found on some types of Byzantine glazed ceramics of the second half of 12th – second half of 13th century. Since the ceramic production of this group of vessels was a separate area, both the material and spiritual culture of the Byzantines, especially in the specified chronological period, it was chosen as the subject of research. The source base of the work is made up of all published and available materials of archaeological research, both Constantinople and the cities of the Byzantine provinces. Particular attention is paid to the correspondence of each of the highlighted images on a specific type of glazed ware to finds on the territory of medieval Taurica. Despite the publication of the material used, including the Crimean, these findings were not analyzed in the complex. Methods and materials. Standard methods of comparative stylistic analysis were used. Analysis. The use of a large number of sources allows for the first time to raise the question of the existence of several stylistic groups of fish within the same craft workshops. Results. The findings make it possible to distinguish five stylistic image groups and match them with two large groups of Byzantine glazed ceramics of Middle Byzantine Production, primarily Fine Sgraffito Ware and Incised Sgraffito or Aegean Ware. Images of fish on Cypriot ceramics are also briefly analyzed. The image of fish on the vessels of Italian workshops is a separate area of research and is not considered in the work.

The Avant-Garde Phenomenon in the Ukrainian Textile Art of the XX Century

The early XX th century is a bright phenomenon in the history of decorative art in Ukraine. This is a period of active cooperation between famous avant-garde artists and folk-art masters. The article examines a unique creative experiment of professional and folk artists implemented in the A. Semigradova`s craft workshops in the village of Skoptsy and N. Davydova`s craft workshops in the village of Verbovka. It was these workshops that had differences in their artistic orientation. The art of the famous folk craftswomen G. Sobachko, P. Vlasenko, G. Tsybulyova, who came from there, is analyzed in the article. The works of the professional artists A. Ekster, K. Malevich, L. Popova, O. Rozanova, N. Genke-Meller also are being studied. The folk craftsmen embroidered artistic works based on their sketches and performed ideas of suprematism in this way. Professional artists paid attention to embroidery as the most expressive type of decorative art. It is indicated that the artistic style of decorative panels, carpets, as well as interior decoration and costume items was a new word in the art and brought Ukrainian embroidery to the highest level of development. Such cooperation contributed to the mutual enrichment of the works of folk-art masters and avant-garde artists. Joint innovative research proves the fact that the Ukrainian embroidery of the early XX century, developed in the context of artistic trends at that time, was a synthesis of decorative and fine arts.

Тетюшское-II городище — поселение городского типа эпохи раннего средневековья

The article deals with the issues related to the problem of the existence of urban-type settlements in the Early Middle Ages in the Volga-Kama. On the example of the materials of TetiushiII hillfort located on the right bank of the Volga, the author gives arguments confirming this thesis. Having been studied for six seasons since 2007, Tetiushi-II hillfort has a unique stratigraphy which made it possible to identify the chronological stages of its existence, as well as to determine the peak of its functioning — the second half of the 6th — first half of the 7th centuries. The hillfort, as well as the settlement adjacent to it from the side facing the enemy, belongs to the Imen’kovo culture. A clear layout of the hillfort was recorded: an industrial site with furnaces and melting pits in the northern part of this settlement, an area of craft workshops and residential estates in the southern part of the site near the rampart. The population of the hillfort was engaged in crafts, trade, and had a developed system of cults and was multi-ethnic.

Социально-экономическое развитие Аргентины в первой половине XIX в.

This article examines formation of socioeconomic structure of Argenti-na after the War of independence. The author focuses on the main fea-tures of a new social order: land boom, estancia expansion, ranching export, expansion of foreign capital. After the War of Independence, large land ownership, latifundists became dominant in the country. Creole merchants, while maintaining their positions in the export-import trade, began to create large estancias. The high profitability of cattle breeding, in comparison with agriculture, led to the transfor-mation of cattle breeding into the main sphere of capital application. Along with the oligarchy, foreign capital became the most important component of the emerging structure. English capital appeared in Ar-gentina as a trading capital, but began to invest in estancias and saladeros – cattle processing enterprises. Argentine industry – manufactories and craft workshops in Buenos Aires and rural industry in the interior provinces – could not compete with foreign goods. Argentina has become an economic colony: the export of cattle products in exchange for the import of manufactured goods.

Cultural public relations approach to angklung bamboo musical instrument craft workshop activities

Background: In preserving cultural sustainability, one needed to be done is to maintain cultural resilience. Saung Angklung Udjo (SAU) producing bamboo craft workshop activities in order to do so. The workshop is part of a Public Relations event that is carried out on an ongoing basis. However, there is a need of strategy to have that workshop run optimally. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the design of a public relations event program in the form of a bamboo craft workshop at SAU. Methods: Six informants were involved and determined purposively, including workshop organizers, presenters, and workshop participants. Results: The results of this study show the existence of workshop stages relevant to the IPPAR model (Insight, Program Strategic, Program Implementation, Action, and Reputation). Insight is the initial preparation stage or situation analysis. Program strategy is the planning stage in the form of a program strategy. Program implementation is the implementation stage, and action and reputation is a public assessment as feedback from activities implementation. Conclusion: Public relations events are needed to manage the image and reputation of Angklung’s cultural values. Implications: The results of this study are expected to impact local government policies in managing cultural arts events. The results of this study can also be used as a development of public relations event studies in the context of culture or cultural public relations.

Penyusunan Laporan Keuangan Dalam Rangka Pelaksanaan Program Kerja KKN Tematik MBKM di Desa Laweyan Probolinggo

In realizing the role of students as agents of change, Kuliah Kerja Nyata Tematik Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (KKNT MBKM) program was held. The KKNT MBKM program is expected to be able to solve problems and advance the community by developing an area and increasing income, through programs that have been created by KKNT group 60 students. This service journal aims to find out the budget needed in each work program carried out by KKNT MBKM UPN Veteran East Java students in Laweyan Probolinggo Village. From the results of the cash receipt and expenditure report, it proves that there is no cash left and shows that the amount of expenditure for work programs is less than the amount of expenditure for the agenda, which is 41 59% with details of 24% for the UMKM ramadhan bazaar, 1% for NIB, 31% for bamboo craft workshops and 3% for branding UMKM products.

PENGEMBANGAN EKONOMI KREATIF PENGRAJIN BAMBU MELALUI WORKSHOP KERAJINAN BAMBU DESA LAWEYAN KABUPATEN PROBOLINGGO

Laweyan Village, Sumberasih District, Probolinggo has a good geographical location with bamboo potential. So it is necessary to utilize the potential of bamboo so that it can develop optimally and has a beneficial value to the people of Laweyan Village. Through creative economic development related to bamboo crafts, bamboo craftsmen can create new innovations and creativity in bamboo crafts. This research aims to develop the potential of bamboo crafts and re-generation of Laweyan Village bamboo craftsmen through bamboo craft workshops. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis, by collecting data through observation, survey, and interviews of the object of research. By using a direct approach to the object of research. With bamboo craft workshop activities will open the insight and knowledge of bamboo craftsmen regarding the creative economy related to bamboo crafts. Through bamboo craft workshops will develop innovation and creativity so that it can help improve the economy of the Laweyan Village community.

Getting Multicultural Concepts from Malaysian Modern Pewter Craftwork

Traditional pewter craft in Malaysia has a development history of more than 100 years and achieved success in the modern market, compared to the recession in the original countries of traditional pewter manufacturing such as China and Euro-American countries. This article is a study of the multicultural features contained in the design of pewter craft works, which is one of the main factors for the success. The evaluation method is based on judgmental or purposive sampling on part of a large collection of pewter craft works from major Malaysian companies and local pewter craft workshops. The analysis of this study reveals a regulation of the multicultural features in Malaysian modern pewter craft works, and provides a way how artisans and designers get multicultural design awareness. A set of practical steps about the way of designers combine the production of traditional craftwork with different cultural elements, which is effectively beneficial to develop a traditional cultural craft in contemporary time. The findings of this study are expected to be useful in culture-based design, expanding the cultural vision of contemporary artists and designers based on the way of thinking and rules of the internal evolution of a country's culture.

Public Relations Event Analisis Pada Kegiatan Workshop Kerajinan Bambu Saung Angklung Udjo

In preserving culture, of course, there must be activities that can be done to maintain cultural resilience. As was done by Saung Angklung Udjo (SAU), which made a bamboo craft workshop which was part of the Public Relations event. The workshop activity is an effort to preserve culture carried out by Saung Angklung Udjo (SAU). The purpose of this study was to determine the design of the bamboo craft workshop program, which would regenerate the seeds of prospective angklung artists. This research uses qualitative research with PR ethnographic study. This study aims to determine the PR communication behavior carried out by the organizers of the workshop activities, namely workshop managers and presenters with visitors or workshop participants. The results of this study indicate that there are stages of the workshop activity program, starting from the preparation analysis stage, strategy stage, implementation, community support, to building reputation. This study uses a relevant model, namely the IPPAR model (Insight, Strategic Program, Program Implementation, Action and Reputation). In carrying out its activities and building its reputation, SAU has basic principles or values, namely UDJO stands for Tenacious, Disciplined, Honest, and Optimistic. In addition, by providing the best possible service so that loyalty and reputation are maintained.

Typological tree of the development of nonformal education institutions' architecture

The article presents a final analysis of the development of nonformal education institutions (NFEI) and their architecture. The time limits of the research were analysed, established, and substantiated by the author of the article, both from the side of the branches related to the research and from the side of the development of the architecture of institutions that are similar in function to the NFEI. The development of their architecture and typology is schematically presented in Fig. 1.
 In the first stage—the second half of the 19th century — and the beginning of the 20th century, there was a period of formation and definition of the NFEI. The period had a compensatory and educational, and sometimes preventive and curative, character. Educational centres attached to churches are of great importance here. Seasonal institutions are taking shape: summer colonies and camps. Children's clubs and adult education centres, community centres, and new forms of education for adults are being created, including summer sessions that take place on the grounds of educational institutions and corporate schools. At the same time, non-academic, non-formal types of education are emerging on the basis of public associations, clubs, bureaus, publishing houses, libraries, etc.— a combined NFEI.
 The second stage is from 1917 through 1930, those years being the period of development and formation of the NFEI and its architecture. The nature of functioning remains compensatory and enlightening. 1918 was the year of the birth of out-of-school education in Ukraine, which was included in the general system of public education. A typological series of institutions of this period are folk houses and schools, clubs of various types, houses and palaces of culture, libraries, seasonal children's camps, children's theatres and cinemas, and sports and music schools, etc.
 The third stage is from 1941 through 1956, a period of intensive development and branching that already had a systematic educational character. On the territory of Ukraine, the role of folk houses is gradually lost, and their educational functions are finally transferred to clubs, cultural centres, houses and palaces of culture, cultural and leisure facilities, etc. In Great Britain, Canada, Australia, and other countries, the network of educational institutions for adults is expanding.
 The fourth stage (1957–1991) was the period during which educational concepts and models were developed. Significant changes were taking place both in the interpretation of nonformal education as a phenomenon and in the organisation of architectural objects in this direction. Universities of the Third Age were founded as a component of adult education and the concept of "lifelong education". Concepts of out-of-school education (development and care) were being formed. The activity of nonformal educational institutions expanded: circles, clubs, palaces, and houses of pioneers; stations of young technicians; naturalists; youth associations, clubs, scientific societies of students, and small academies of sciences, etc.
 Stage V: From 1992 to the present, there has been a period of ideological changes and educational reforms. The concept of "out-of-school education" is combined with the concept of "nonformal education". The nature of education is becoming much more extensive and competency-based. Youth and adults can acquire informal education in universities, clubs, educational and educational centres, public associations and unions, cultural centres, museums, libraries, studios, clubs, schools, craft workshops, etc. Adult education centres that operate as independent institutions as well as structural subdivisions of educational institutions, government agencies, and other organisations are becoming more common. Away from Ukraine, namely in the Netherlands, Germany, England, and Finland, "extended schools" are rapidly spreading. The education system tends to integrate school institutions with institutions of non-formal education and enlightenment in various directions with the involvement of a social and caring component, creating public centres.
 The author sees the prognostic directions of the development of NFEI architecture and typology in the creation of certain typological educational links for different age categories of visitors, which can be integrated into public buildings of various types. Seasonal institutions of non-formal education, institutions profiled according to educational levels, and cultural and leisure institutions (libraries, theatres, museums) will remain distinct typological series as long as non-formal educational centres are established in them. Public centres, as an architectural and typological link, will gain more popularity due to the combination of educational and various public functions. Also, there is an assumption that "extended schools" will develop rapidly, in view of the decentralisation reform and with the aim of providing various educational products to territorial communities.
 If we generalise the main prognostic directions of the development of the architectural and typological series of the NFEI, the main directions can be the cooperation of resources, on the one hand, and the integration of various centres of the NFEI into buildings belonging to other typological links.

THE RECONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE CRAFT WORKSHOP IN RELATION TO «ARTS AND SCIENCES»

The well-established formula of «sciences and arts» contained the main principle of the knowledge structure of the eighteenth century, i.e. the combination of science and practice, science and technology, which meant a special place for the craft workshop as an experimental production space. At the same time, craft workshops, i.e. art chambers at the Academy of Sciences, turned into experimental laboratories of their time, where experimental science took shape. It marked the beginning of the industrial revolution, where fundamental (theory) and applied (practice) science in the development of industry and the entire economy played a decisive role. Peter I started a trend that is clearly visible today, which aimed to promote scientific achievements for the sphere of industry, using the creative potential of scientists, “artists”, artisans, and those referred to as technologists and engineers today. The study employs the methods of social topology.