Cracking Of Residue Research Articles

Transformations of Asphaltenes A1 and A2 During Atmospheric Residue Cracking

Transformations of Asphaltenes A1 and A2 During Atmospheric Residue Cracking

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SUPERCRITICAL WATER ON SOLID PRODUCTS OBTAINED AFTER CRACKING

One of the possible applications of supercritical water is the conversion of heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks with a high content of resins and asphaltenes. The use of supercritical water makes it possible to reduce the yield of solid products and increase the yield of light fractions. In this work, a comparative analysis of the cracking processes of petroleum residue, asphaltenes and resins isolated from it was carried out in an environment of supercritical water and without water. The experiments were carried out in an autoclave at a temperature of 450 °С and a pressure of up to 47 MPa. Cracking duration – 60 min. Cracking of petroleum residue, as well as its individual components - resins and asphaltenes, in a supercritical water environment - showed a positive effect on conversion; in all experiments, the yield of solid products decreased and the yield of maltenes increased. Solid products were studied using X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Using X-ray diffraction analysis, the influence of supercritical water on the parameters of the macrostructure was studied. It was determined that cracking with water affects the increase in the distance between saturated fragments of molecules (dr) in the structure of solid cracking products in comparison with products obtained without water. Using scanning electron microscopy, the surface of particles of insoluble cracking products was characterized. Solid products obtained in a supercritical water environment have a porous surface. According to thermal analysis data, it is shown that solid products obtained by cracking in water are characterized by more intense dynamics of sample weight loss and a smaller residue at the final temperature. For citation: Nalgieva Kh.V., Kopytov M.A. Study of the effect of supercritical water on solid products obtained after cracking. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 8. P. 113-120. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246708.14t.

Utilizing Kaolin-Based Geopolymer Catalysts for Improved Doura Vacuum Residue Cracking

Utilizing Kaolin-Based Geopolymer Catalysts for Improved Doura Vacuum Residue Cracking

Transformations of Asphaltenes A1 and A2 in the Course of Atmospheric Residue Cracking

Transformations of Asphaltenes A1 and A2 in the Course of Atmospheric Residue Cracking

Co-cracking of atmospheric residue and plastic waste

The processing of residual fractions after the distillation of oil and waste plastics into fuels is an important aspect from environmental, energetic and economic points of view. However, current methods of their processing are not effective enough for widespread implementation. In this work the effect of the addition of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) to the atmospheric residue on the composition of final products of subsequent cracking is investigated. It has been established that addition of PET to the atmospheric residue has a positive effect on the yield of light fractions and the destruction of resin-asphaltene substances (RAS) in comparison with cracking of atmospheric residue (AR) only. After cracking with the PET additive, the additional yield of light fractions is 4.8 wt%. It has been shown that PET affects the amount and structure of coke resulted from the cracking of atmospheric residue. A positive effect of the PP additive on the destruction of RAS is also revealed. In particular, the content of asphaltenes is lowered by a factor equal to 9.8 compared to that in the liquid products after fuel oil cracking. It has been also found out that polypropylene 1.7 times more than PET and 1.5 times more than PE enhances additional coke formation. It is shown that LDPE has the least positive effect from co-cracking with AR compared to the case with PET and PP. A hypothetical mechanism is presented for the interaction of PET, LDPE, and PP with AR during co-cracking.

Comparative study on thermal cracking of atmospheric residue from Tamsagbulag and Tsagaan Els’ crude oils of Mongolia

In this study, we have compared the physio-chemical parameters, elemental and group composition of oil and atmospheric residue from Tamsagbulag (TB) and Tsagaan Els (TsE) deposits in Mongolia, and have studied the possibility of increasing the yield of fuel fractions via thermal cracking. The atmospheric residue for oil TB is 53.8%, and for oil TsE, it's 73.63%. Both oils and their atmospheric residues are paraffinic, have medium density, and are high in saturates+aromatics but low in asphaltene-resin compounds. Atmospheric residues were loaded into a 50 ml steel reactor and subjected to a thermal cracking process at 450°C and 4 atm nitrogen pressure for 60 and 120 minutes. As a result of the thermal cracking of atmospheric residues of Tamsagabulag and Tsagaan Els, 88.6% and 56.33% of liquid products were formed, respectively, along with the formation of by-product gas and solidresidues. The liquid product from the thermal cracking Tamsagbulag atmospheric residue comprises 11.93-12.02% gasoline and 22.57-27.61% diesel, while that from the Tsagaan els consists of 13.52-18.19% gasoline and 19.47-20.69% diesel fraction. Based on the composition of the produced liquid products and chromatographic results of alkane hydrocarbons it was evident that high molecular-weight hydrocarbons and long-chain alkane hydrocarbons decompose into hydrocarbons of smaller molecular size. These results show that atmospheric residue from highly paraffinic oil can be liquefied by thermal cracking to boost the gasoline and diesel yields. Монгол орны Тамсагбулаг, Цагаан-Элсний ордуудын нефтийн атмосфер үлдэгдлийн дулааны крекингийн харьцуулсан судалгаа Хураангуй: Манай орны Тамсагбулаг (ТБ-XIX), Цагаан-Элсний (ЦЭ-XIV) ордын нефть, тэдгээрийн атмосфер үлдэгдлийн физик-химийн үзүүлэлтүүд, элементийн болон бүлгийн бүрэлдэхүүнийг харьцуулан судалж, улмаар дулааны крекинг процессд оруулан шингэрүүлж, түлшний фракцын гарцыг нэмэгдүүлэх боломжийг судалсан. Эдгээр нефть болон атмосфер үлдэгдлүүд нь өтгөн царцамтгай, дундаж нягттай, найрлагадаа асфальтен-давирхайлаг нэгдлүүдийн агуулга харьцангуй бага, маслын агуулга өндөртэй бөгөөд ТБ-ийн нефть нь 53.8%, ЦЭ-ний нефть 73.63%-ийн атмосфер үлдэгдлийн агуулгатай байна. Нефтийн үлдэгдлийг 50 мл-ын багтаамжтай ган реакторт хийж 450oС-ийн температурт 4 атм азотын даралтын орчинд 60 болон 120 минутын турш дулааны крекингийн процессд оруулсан.ТБ-ийн нефтийн үлдэгдлийн дулааны крекингийн дүнд 88.6%, ЦЭ-ний үлдэгдлээс 56.33%-ийн шингэн бүтээгдэхүүн үүссэнээс гадна дагалдах хий болон хатуу үлдэгдэл үүссэн. ТБ-ийн нефтийн атмосфер үлдэгдлийн дулааны крекингийн дүнд үүссэн шингэн бүтээгдэхүүн нь 11.93-12.02% бензин, 22.57-27.61%-ийн дизель, ЦЭ-ний нефтийн хувьд 13.52-18.19%-ийн бензин, 19.47-20.69%-ийн дизелийн фракцын агуулгатай байна. Үүссэн шингэн бүтээгдэхүүний бүлгийн бүрэлдэхүүн, алканы НУ-дийн хроматограммын дүнгээс харахад өндөр молекулт НУ-чид болон урт гинжин хэлхээтэй алканы нүүрсустөрөгчид задарч бага молекулт нүүрсустөрөгчид үүсч байна. Энэхүү судалгааны дүнд хөнгөн фракцын гарц багатай, өндөр парафинт нефтийн атмосфер үлдэгдлийг дулааны крекинг процессд оруулан шингэрүүлж, бензин, дизелийн фракцын гарцыг нэмэгдүүлэх, үлдэгдлийг гүн боловсруулах боломжтойг судлан тогтоов. Түлхүүр үг: нефть, крекинг, атмосфер үлдэгдэл, нүүрсустөрөгчид

In-situ Formation of Sulphur-Trapped Petroleum Coke via Thermal Cracking of Vacuum Residue: A Practical Approach to Reduce Environmental Pollution

Environmental regulations restrict the use of high-sulphur petroleum coke as a solid fuel due to the emission of a substantial amount of sulphur oxides (SOx) upon combustion. Therefore, the free sulphur present in petroleum coke needs to be reduced to achieve lower SOx emissions. This paper describes a novel and efficient method for the trapping of free sulphur in petroleum coke during its formation from vacuum residue in the presence of an additive. Among the various additives tested, calcium oxide (10 wt%) was found to be most effective for maximum trapping of free sulphur in petroleum coke. This sulphur-trapped petroleum coke reduces SO2 emissions by 67% upon combustion; hence, it can be used as a better fuel than regular high-sulphur petroleum coke. Thus, by replacing regular petroleum coke with this newly developed sulphur-trapped petroleum coke, environmental pollution can be reduced significantly.

The mechanism of H2O in the superheated steam affecting pyrolysis of the kaolinite-associated kerogen

In this work, ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was adopted to investigate the effect of superheated steam on the conversion of the kaolinite-associated Barkol kerogen (BLK) and reveal the corresponding mechanism. The ReaxFF simulated weight loss rate (DTG) and release tendency of H2O, H2 and CO2 for BLK and the kaolinite-associated BLK agreed well with the results of Py-MS experiments. H-rich rate, double bond equivalents (DBEs), and hydrocarbon content were adopted to assess the quality of C5-C40, and configurations of C40+ were extracted to investigate the characteristics of residues. And the H2Osteam- and kaolinite-involved (steam refers to the superheated steam) reactions were analyzed. The results indicate that B- and L-acid sites of kaolinite co-catalyzed decomposition of BLK into heavy oil and shale gas in the kaolinite-pyrolysis system, and in steam/kaolinite-pyrolysis system, H2Osteam further promoted decomposition of BLK into higher quality shale oil, especially for C5-C13 components, remaining higher aromatic and porous residues. And this enhanced effect of H2Osteam is attributed to kaolinite and the induced decomposition of H2Osteam molecules and their participation as reactants in reactions in two aspects: i) interaction between kaolinite and H2Osteam, on one hand, inhibited formation of L-acids and facilitated generation of B-acids to catalyze carbocation ion reactions process, further weakened dehydrogenation of organics catalyzed by L-acid sites, and enhanced cracking of residues catalyzed by B-acaid sites, on the other hand, promoted decomposition of H2Osteam molecules to form H-rich environment and further weakened dehydrogenation of organics; ii) attacking Car directly, H2Osteam promoted shedding of alkyl side chains and ring-opening of aromatics to increase the –CH2– content in shale oil. This paper provides theoretical guidance for further understanding mechanism of H2Osteam on pyrolysis of kaolinite-associated kerogen and corresponding catalyst development and preparation.

Economic feasibility of catalytic cracking of polymer waste for fuel production

Plastic waste represents a major environmental concern, as it does not degrade in the environment and is constantly discarded. The types of polymers most used in the world are polyethylene and polypropylene, mainly for the production of packaging and, therefore, are the most discarded plastic waste in the environment. Some efforts are being applied to mitigate this situation, such as mechanical recycling, which transforms plastic waste into other products. But polymer cracking processes are promising alternatives, converting waste into lightweight materials that can be turned into commercial fuels. However, to be viable, these processes must consume as little resources as possible and, for this, feasibility experiments must be carried out to prove their application on a large scale and in small transformation units. This work presents a methodology for assembling a low-cost pyrolysis reactor to carry out the cracking of polymeric residues, and experiments were carried out with it, whose results showed the technical and economic viability of the described process, obtaining a rate of conversion of plastic into fuels of up to 96%, so it can be widely applied to reduce impacts caused by plastic disposal.

EXPERIENCE IN OBTAINING PRODUCTS OF THE DELAYED COKING PROCESS USING VISBREAKING RESIDUE AND CATALYTIC CRACKING HEAVY GAS OIL AS FEEDSTOCK

The authors have analyzed the literature data on delayed coking process. There have been considered the following: feedstock bases for petroleum coke production; implementation and development of delayed coking process; the types of products obtained. It has been revealed, that the main feedstocks for the process are heavy fractions of oil: fuel oil, semihudron, tar, various heavy oil residues, etc.In order to expand the feedstock base, the authors conducted laboratory studies concerning the use of visbreaking residue and catalytic cracking heavy gas oil in the coking process. During the research: raw materials (visbreaking residue and catalytic cracking heavy gas oil) were analyzed; the coking process was carried out; the results of obtaining petroleum coke from visbreaking residue and catalytic cracking heavy gas oil were compared.It has been proved that visbreaking residue and catalytic cracking heavy gas oil can be involved in the process of delayed coking. It has been revealed that the best option for obtaining coking products is precisely catalytic cracking heavy gas oil.

Upgrading the atmospheric distillation residue of Al- Samawah refinery utilizing thermal cracking process

Thermal cracking of heavy oil residues has gained the attention of oil refineries due to the increasing need for light oil fractions, as well as its lower value compared to light oil fractions. In this paper, the thermal cracking process of the residual crude oil that product from atmospheric distillation towers in the Samawah Refinery was studied in order to convert the heavy oil into a lighter oil. API gravity and conversion ratio for the result from the cracking process has been adopted as indicators of the accuracy and efficiency of the thermal cracking process for AR (atmospheric residue), where the API gravity for AR is equal to 15.5 .The response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted in the design of experiments to reach the best variables of operational conditions , which were in a range of temperatures (350-450 degrees Celsius) and time (30-60 minutes), through which we obtain the best results for the conversion ratio and API gravity for the liquid resulting from the thermal cracking process of AR, where the conversion ratio was 53.4% and API gravity equals 34.4 with a time of 45 minutes and temperature 386 0C.

Thermal decomposition characteristics of the tire pyrolysis oil derived from a twin-auger reactor: Study of kinetics and evolved gases

This study presents the characterization of the thermal decomposition (oxidation and pyrolysis) behavior of the oil (TPO) derived from the pyrolysis of End-of-Life Tires (ELT) in a twin-auger pyrolyzer, by means of thermogravimetric and calorimetric analyses, coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG–FTIR). TPO oxidation and pyrolysis were conducted using air and N2, respectively, at three different heating rates (5, 10, and 20 °C/min) in a temperature range between 30 and 700 °C. Along the temperature program, the evolved gases were directed to the FTIR cell, where the functional groups within species present were measured. A global kinetic analysis was performed for the TPO oxidation, using four isoconversional methods, as well as the distributed activation energy model (DAEM) developed by Miura and Maki. The results obtained suggest that the oxidation process of TPO can be divided into three different reaction stages, namely: low-temperature oxidation (LTO) (<400 °C), fuel decomposition (400–500 °C), and high-temperature oxidation (HTO) (500–700 °C). Within the LTO stage, oxygen addition reaction to produce hydroperoxides were considered dominant in the initial stages, while the decomposition of the formed hydroperoxides was more significant at the later stage. Due to the characteristics of TPO, e.g., the presence of highly volatile compounds, the evaporation of hydrocarbons played an important role within the LTO stage. In the fuel decomposition stage, the formation of coke by the oxidative cracking of LTO residue and oxygen addition were believed to be the main reactions leading to gaseous products such as CO, CO2, H2O. Finally, in the HTO stage, the oxidation of coke was considered as the main reaction, exhibiting an evident exothermic activity. The activation energy distribution shows a similar pattern among the isoconversional methods and DAEM, with fluctuations between 40 and 200 kJ/mol. The analysis presented in this work sheds new light on the thermal decomposition of oil derived from the pyrolysis of ELT, which is relevant for its use in combustion systems.

Experimental investigation of sulfur distribution and yields of liquid fuel and petroleum coke produced by thermal cracking of vacuum residues

In the present work, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the sulfur distribution in the products during thermal degradation of vacuum residues at different operating conditions. In this regard, three vacuum residues with different sulfur contents were selected. The effects of main operating conditions such as pressure and temperature on products yields and properties were studied. The results show that for sulfur distribution, which is indicated as the ratio of the amount of sulfur in each product to the initial mass of sulfur in the feed, increasing temperature will be followed by increased sulfur distribution in liquid fuel and reduced sulfur distribution in petroleum coke. Furthermore, effects of reaction temperature on yields of light coker gasoil (150–350 °C) as well as heavy coker gasoil (350–500 °C), as the dominant fractions of thermal cracking products, were evaluated using simulated distillation method.

Upgrading of hydrothermal liquefaction biocrudes from mono- and co-liquefaction of cow manure and wheat straw through hydrotreating and distillation

Liquid hydrocarbons from agricultural wet wastes can serve as a strategy to greatly reduce CO2 emissions. This study presents the upgrading via catalytic hydrotreatment of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) biocrudes derived from cow manure, wheat straw and their combined liquefaction (co-HTL). Four different temperatures were tested (340, 360, 380 and 400 °C) at constant hydrogen and biocrude flowrate. The co-HTL biocrude contained more recalcitrant nitrogen-containing molecules towards hydrotreatment, which caused decreased hydrogen consumption and overall lower quality of upgraded products. Generally, upgraded products were obtained with >80 wt% carbon yields based on biocrude input. Products of hydrotreatment at 400 °C were distilled into four cuts. Increased hydrotreatment temperature improved physicochemical properties of upgraded products, leading to generally higher yields of gasoline and kerosene through significant cracking of bottom residues. Bottom residues derived from single feedstock HTL biocrudes were totally miscible with fossil-derived vacuum gas oil at room temperature, while the co-HTL derived one required increased temperature for total solubility. We show that the co-HTL approach leads to a higher production of the diesel and bottom residue fractions. Overall, single feedstock HTL resulted in a carbon yield from biomass to upgraded oils of 34 and 38 % respectively for wheat straw and cow manure, while the co-HTL approach increased this value to 43 %. The combination of agribusiness waste for HTL processing is shown here to be an attractive solution for wet waste processing and carbon recovery towards advanced biofuels.

Improved shape stability and ceramifiable properties of ceramifiable polyethylene composites by crystallization reaction

Wollastonite fiber (WF) was added to further improve shape stability and ceramifiable properties of polyethylene (PE)/ mica/ phosphate glass frits (PGF) composites. To evaluate shape stability property, the surface cracking of ceramic-like residues obtained by calcining at different temperatures were observed, and dimensional variation and self-supporting properties of the residues were measured. The ceramifiable properties (flexural strength and apparent porosity) of the PE composites were also investigated. Results showed that the addition of WF reduced surface cracking effectively, improved dimensional stability and self-supporting properties. Furthermore, at high temperatures, the flexural strength of the PE composites was enhanced by incorporation of WF, accompanying with the reduction of porosity. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to analyze the effect of WF on the performance of the PE composites. Results showed that there was a novel crystalline phase hydroxyapatite (HAP) was formed within the residues. During the heat treatment process, WF acted as the promoter to participate in a crystallization reaction with molten phosphate glassy phase by the way of ion diffusion to generate the HAP. The crystallization thermodynamics demonstrated that the reaction could occur spontaneously above 873 K. Crystallization reaction improved the crystallinity, which was beneficial to enhance the flexural strength. Moreover, crystallization kinetic analysis was investigated. The results indicated that the growth of crystal HAP was promoted with the increase of temperature and the flow of glassy phase was limited, which improved the shape stability. Therefore, it was inferred that crystallization reaction played an important role in the improvement of the shape stability and ceramifiable properties of PE composite simultaneously.

Catalytic processing of the acid tars

Acid tars are wastes from the processing of coal, petroleum, and petrochemicals (oil refining, benzene refining and petroleum fractions refining and alkylation of isobutane with butenes). Acid tar compositions include resinous substances, organic matter, and polymerization products of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The presence of free sulfuric acid in acid tars often reaches 70 % by weight. Almost all metals from oil are concentrated in tars, and the content of vanadium and nickel can reach 0.046 and 0.014 %, respectively. A lot of countries keep acid tar in the open air in spent quarries, storage ponds, barns, lagoons or near landfills. It poses a risk or even potential threat to people and to the environment nearby due to soil, water, and air pollution. Thus, disposal of the acid tars is a very important ecological and industrial task. In this study, we have researched catalytic cracking and distillation as the utilization methods for acid tar. Anhydrous AlCl3 was used as a catalyst during the cracking of petroleum residues to obtain volatile gasoline fractions due to its catalytic activity in many organic reactions. The catalyst ratios (0.15 g/g of tar or 0.1 g/g of tar) had a very significant influence on the number of volatile fractions and boiling temperature in the acid tar cracking process. According to the results of 1H NMR research, the main components of volatile fractions in the case of catalytic cracking were alkanes CH3-(CH2)n-CH3. The compositions of these fractions were similar to the compositions of gasoline and diesel fuel. A series of distillation experiments (distillation of previously deacidified and centrifuged tar, acid tar without deacidification and centrifugation, and previously deacidified tar without centrifu-gation) gave different results for each type of material. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were the main components of volatile fractions (~ 80, ~ 60 and ~ 90 %, respectively) and the contents of aliphatic S-organic compounds were also significant (~ 10, ~ 30 and ~ 8 %). Thus, both for catalytic cracking and for tar distillation, aliphatic hydrocarbons were the main component of volatile fractions. Deacidification of tar increased the yield of aliphatic hydrocarbons during tar distillation and decreased production of S-organic compounds due to its reactions with calcium carbonate. It is perspective in the context of fuel production.

Study on the formation of olefinic-bond-containing asphaltenes during thermal cracking of vacuum residue

In this study, the occurrence of olefinic bonds in asphaltenes separated from vacuum residue (VR) during thermal cracking was explored. Also, the effect of various thermal cracking conditions on the nature of olefinic bonds was discussed. The results showed that olefinic bonds were formed in asphaltenes during VR thermal cracking. The olefinic structure of asphaltenes detected by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy was mainly in the type of R–CH = CH–R′. An in-depth investigation revealed that increasing the severity of thermal cracking promoted the formation of more olefinic-bond-containing asphaltenes; the percentage of olefinic hydrogen in asphaltenes peaked at cracking under 420 °C for 40 min, was 2.7%. Meanwhile, the olefinic-bond-containing asphaltenes of high concentration consequently became precursors for the formation of coke by increasing the instability of the liquid system. Consequently, further prolongation of the cracking time led to a drastic decline of olefins content accompanying a sharp leap of coke yield. Finally, the hypothetical average molecular structures of the olefinic-bond-containing asphaltenes during VR thermal cracking were proposed based on the modified Brown-Ladner empirical formulas with improvement. They serve as intuitive insights into the existing olefinic bonds in asphaltenes.

Investigation of thorium separation from rare-earth extraction residue via electrosorption with carbon based electrode toward reducing waste volume

Rare-earth (RE) industries generate a massive amount of radioactive residue containing high thorium concentrations. Due to the fact that thorium is considered a non-economic element, large volume of these RE processed residues are commonly disposed of without treatment. It is essential to study an appropriate treatment that could reduce the volume of waste for final disposition. To this end, this research investigates the applicability of carbon-based adsorbent in separating thorium from aqueous phase sulphate is obtained from the cracking and leaching process of solid rare-earth by-product residue. Adsorption of thorium from the aqueous phase sulphate by carbon-based electrodes was investigated through electrosorption experiments conducted at a duration of 180 minutes with a positive potential variable range of +0.2V to +0.6V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Through this research, the specific capacity obtained was equivalent to 1.0 to 5.14 mg-Th/g-Carbon. Furthermore, electrosorption of thorium ions from aqueous phase sulphate is found to be most favorable at a higher positive potential of +0.6V (vs. Ag/AgCl). This study's findings elucidate the removal of thorium from the rare-earth residue by carbon-based electrodes and simultaneously its potential to reduce disposal waste of untreated residue.

Development of semi-synthetic catalyst based on clay and their use in catalytic cracking of petroleum residue

Two semi-synthetic clay-based catalysts were prepared. These catalysts were obtained by incorporating lanthanum oxide (Cat1) and chromium oxide (Cat2). They were then tested for catalytic cracking of a heavy petroleum residue (fuel). The two formulations were carried out in the presence of silica to improve their acidity then underwent an acid activation. The catalysts obtained were characterized by various methods (XRD, FTIR, ICP-OES, SEM). The results showed that the incorporation of oxides and the addition of silica improves the structural characteristics of the final products. The support used was a kaolinite rich clay, having a specific surface area of 15.26 m2/g and acidity of 14 meq/g. These values increase, respectively, to 456.14 m2/g and 50 meq/g for Cat1 and to 475.12 m2/g and 57 meq/g for Cat2. The influence of the type of oxide incorporated, the specific surface area, the porosity and the acidity of the catalysts on their catalytic activity was studied. The nature of the oxide used proved to be decisive on the quality of the catalyst. Thus Cat1, prepared with lanthanum oxide, showed the best performance in cracking the petroleum residue achieving a conversion rate of 74.13% compared to 66.53% for cat2.

Catalytic processing of distillate fractions of a resin in the presence of finely dispersed catalysts

The article describes the catalytic cracking of heavy oil residue in the presence of a finely dispersed catalyst. It was determined that in the processing of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, catalysts are effective, which are uniformly distributed in the volume of raw materials and are introduced into the technological process in the form of small particles. Coke tar mainly consists of 27.00 wt.% asphaltenes, 60.00 wt.% of polyaromatic hydrocarbons that have been studied and identified as a potential source of raw materials to produce motor fuels in the future.