CR-39 Nuclear Track Detectors Research Articles

Effect of thermal annealing on the maximal apparent etched track lengths of alpha particles in a CR-39 nuclear track detector

Effect of thermal annealing on the maximal apparent etched track lengths of alpha particles in a CR-39 nuclear track detector

Determination of Radon Concentrations in Selected Soil Samples from the City of Mosul Using Nuclear Track Detector CR-39

Determination of Radon Concentrations in Selected Soil Samples from the City of Mosul Using Nuclear Track Detector CR-39

The Effect of Two Etching Solutions NaOH and KOH on Registration Properties and Etching of Polymer CR-39 Detectors

The solid – state nuclear track detector (SSNTDs) CR-39 can be used to study the different factors for alpha particle. Alpha particle is very dangerous inside the human body so the study its very important. In this article, we investigated the impact of two different etching solutions (NaOH and KOH)) on registrations properties, diameter D, track Diameter growth velocity VD, number of tracks and removal layer thickness of CR-39 nuclear track detector. The two types NaOH and KOH were dissolved in water with varied normality (3,5,7,9,11)N under a temperature of (70±1)°C to create the solution. During the experiment, a source of (α-particles) with a 4MeV energy was used to bombard all detectors (30 Sec). It was found the values of the diameter, number of tracks, removal layer thickness, track Diameter growth velocity VD by using the etching solution (NaOH +water) Solution greater than the values in (KOH + water) solution. the results showed excellent agreement with the outcomes of others who utilized different normalities.

Estimate the Relationship Between Track Density and Radon Concentration: Hazard Effects in Euphrates River of Karbala-Iraq

Due to the population's health risk, radon has emerged as a major worldwide health problem. 50% of the total eugenic radiation dose is caused by radon and its progenies; therefore, pollution of river water with minerals and radon that cause serious harm to human health. Through the practical results obtained, the theoretical results were linear and a high correlation coefficient. Radon concentrations were measured with CR-39 nuclear track detectors (NTDs). Radon gas concentration and annual effective dose were below the recommended limits. This indicates that the water of the Euphrates River is safe for aquatic life.

The Effect of Ultraviolet Ray on the Detection Properties of the CR-39 Nuclear Track Detector.

The Effect of Ultraviolet Ray on the Detection Properties of the CR-39 Nuclear Track Detector.

Radon gas in indoor air of primary schools of Al-Najaf city, Iraq

The indoor radon concentration of 100 primary schools in Al-Najaf province, Iraq, was measured to determine students’ and staff's safety in these schools using a CR-39 nuclear track detector based on the sealed can improve technique. The results of indoor radon concentration for all schools vary from (7.47 to 44.84) Bq / m3 with an arithmetic mean (AM) of 22.26 Bq /, while the geometric mean (GM) was 20.67 Bq / m3. The concentration of 222Rn was lower than the worldwide level. Some radiological parameters like annual effective dose (AED), potential alpha energy (PAEC), exposure to radon progeny (EP), and lung cancer cases per year per million people (CPPP) were also determined. The results of these parameters point toward normal levels in the primary schools, according to ICRP, UNCER, and NCRP data.

The EURADOS CR-39 Quality task for the optimisation and harmonisation of personal neutron dosimetry with CR-39 (PADC).

CR-39 (PADC) nuclear track detectors are among the most widespread devices used for personal neutron dosimetry; however, some issues related to the variable material quality of the CR-39 polymer hinder the performance of CR-39-based dosemeters. For this reason, the Working Group 2 (WG2) of the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) has recently launched the CR-39 Quality task, a project aimed at improving and harmonising personal neutron dosimetry with CR-39 in Europe. Whitin this task, a close collaboration among researchers, individual monitoring services and dosemeter grade CR-39 manufacturers is achieved, thus facilitating the direct dialog between producer and consumer to reach an optimised material for personal neutron dosimetry applications.

Measurement of Radon Concentration in Drink and Well Water Samples for Selected Regions in Baghdad City

The concentration of radon gas in the samples for drinking water and wells in the same place from selected homes in which wells were built in the Hay-al-Bayaa region of Baghdad was measured, by using a CR-39 nuclear track detector. It turns out that the maximum value of the concentration of radon in drinking water was 3.83 Bq/L, and the lowest was 2.30 Bq/L. As for the estimation of radon gas concentration in well water samples, the highest value was 5.6 Bq/L, while the lowest one was 3.1 Bq/L. In order to assess the committed effective dose received by the public due to the inhalation of radon gas. The highest value of the annual effective dose in drinking water was recorded in Al-Bayaa region, which is equal to 14.30 μSv/y, while the minimum was recorded at 8.40 μSv/y. As it turns out, the annual effective dose in well water samples was 20.4 μSv/y, while the lower one was 11.57 μSv/y. All values for the radon concentration and the annual effective dose in the drinking and well water samples were below the World Health Organization's recommended levels. The results showed that drinking water and wells were free of radioactive contamination in the studied area.

Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation and Alpha-particles on Nuclear Track Detector CR-39

Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation and Alpha-particles on Nuclear Track Detector CR-39

The Impact of the Normality of Two Types of Chemical Solutions on the Etching Rates of Nuclear Track detector CR-39

The Impact of the Normality of Two Types of Chemical Solutions on the Etching Rates of Nuclear Track detector CR-39

Radiation Detection and Heavy Metals Measurements in Powdered Blood Sample of Leukemia Patients

This research examines the measurements of radiation detection and heavy metals in blood samples of leukemia and health groups using CR-39 nuclear track detectors and X-ray fluorescence. The results show that the minimum and maximum values of uranium contents found in leukemia blood samples of male (18 years) and female (55 years) patients, respectively. The concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Ni) and radium contents is higher in leukemia blood samples, as compared with their concentration in healthy blood samples.

Nature of radon, radium, exhalation and uranium concentration from construction materials used in Al Jouf city, Saudi Arabia

This study aims to assess seven group samples used as building materials in the Saudi Arabian market in Al Jouf city had their radon concentration, exhalation rate, radium activity, as well as the risk of death due to cancer in excess of the natural background risk due to exposure to carcinogens over a period of a lifetime (Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk), and uranium content measured. The ‘Can technique’ was employed, which is based on the use of Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs) CR-39. The average level of radon concentrations (Bq/m3) for the materials under investigation are as follows: 99.40 ± 10.26 (Soil), 146.92 ± 12.49 (Cement), 115.68 ± 11.13 (Gypsum), 132.28 ± 11.89 (Ceramic), 223.24 ± 14.8 (Marble), 210.85 ± 14.72 (Bricks), and 241.71 ± 15.65(Gravel) at Bq. m-3. The results indicate that radon levels in Soil, Cement, Gypsum, and Ceramics are below the allowed limit of exposure to radon for humans, set at 200 Bq. m−3, while in the cases of Marble, Bricks and Gravels, have been higher than the allowed limit. Results for Annual Effective Dose came in as follows: Soil = 2.09 mSv/y; Cement = 3.09 mSv/y; Gypsum = 2.43 mSv/y; Ceramic = 2.78 mSv/y; Marble = 4.69 mSv/y; Bricks = 4.43 mSv/y and finally, Gravel = 5.08 mSv/y. These measurements were higher than the global average (1 mSv/y). The average annual cancer risk of the samples measured, were as follows: 8.05 (Soil); 11.89 (Cement); 9.36 (Gypsum); 10.71 (Ceramic); 18.07 (Marble); 17.07 (Bricks) and finally, 19.56 (Gravel). The average mass exhalation rates and surface exhalation for the materials under investigation are as follows: (0.08 Bq kg−1h−1 – 3.95 Bq m−2 d−1) for (Soil), (0.18 Bq kg−1h−1 – 5.85 Bq m−2 d−1) for Cement, (0.20 Bq kg−1h−1– 4.60 Bq m−2 d−1) for Gypsum, (0.08 Bq kg−1h−1– 4.26 Bq m−2 d−1) for Ceramic, (0.19 Bq kg−1h−1– 8.88 Bq m−2 d−1) for Marble, (0.18 Bq kg−1h−1– 8.39 Bq m−2 d−1) for Bricks and (0.18 Bq kg−1h−1– 9.62 Bq m−2 d−1) for Gravel. The mean estimated values for the radium activity were 30.6 ± 3.18 Bqkg−1 (Soil); 67.6 ± 5.66 Bqkg−1 (Cement); 73.9 ± 6.99 Bqkg−1 (Gypsum); 47.8 ± 4.20 Bqkg−1 (Ceramic); 70.1 ± 4.57 Bqkg−1 (Marble); 66.8 ± 4.7 Bqkg−1 (Bricks) and 67.4 ± 4.40 Bqkg−1 (Gravel). From a health hazard viewpoint, the results showed that the samples under review are safe and are not life-threatening. The mean estimated values for the uranium content are as follows: 1.35 ppm (Soil); 2.98 ppm (Cement); 3.26 ppm (Gypsum); 2.11 ppm (Ceramic); 3.09 ppm (Marble); 2.94 ppm (Bricks) and 2.97 ppm (Gravel).

Assessment of Radon Concentration in Blood Samples of Different Kinds of Cancer by Using CR-39 Nuclear Track Detectors

The goal of this work to measure the radon concentrations in twenty blood samples taken from a cancer patient and a healthy group of Erbil governorates, by using CR-39 NTD. The results obtained the average concentrations of radon in blood samples for cancer patients and the healthy group were 19.318 ±3.86 Bq/m3 and 8.5077 ±1.84 Bq/m3 respectively. The mean value of radon concentration of the cancer group is higher than the healthy group. The variation in concentrations of radon in different locations may be caused due to the variation in the nature of blood samples and nuclei content in these samples. also depending on the allergic reaction of the body to radiation. This increase could be caused by pollution of environment with radioactive materials including uranium since cancer can be caused by ionization radiation results showed that the all of concentration of radon in blood samples for cancer and healthy group were less than the global permissibility limiting of exhibition to radon 200 Bq.m−3 (IAEA, 2010.)This work owes its importance to the fact that it aims at knowing and measuring the radon concentrations in the blood samples and impact it on the cancer in particular.

Calculation of Radon Gas Concentration in the Buildings of College of Women Education - Tikrit University using the Nuclear Track Detector CR-39

This study analyses the radon gas content in (17) samples taken from buildings of the College of Women's Education - Tikrit University. Using a long-term measuring approach and a nuclear effect detector, the effects of radon's alpha particles were measured (CR-39). Radon concentrations were discovered to fluctuate, with the greatest levels being found in computer lab buildings (1).it reaching (72.7 Bq.m-3), while the lowest value was in a Department of Psychological Sciences if it reaches (15.8 Bq.m-3) compared to the radioactive background of (39.0 Bq.m-3) There is no risk to the College's workforce, including workers and students, and there was no exposure to excessive levels of radiation or environmental pollution. This provided the College with an advantage in that it was not subjected to harmful amounts of radiation or contamination.

Determined the bulk etch rate VB by different methods for nuclear track detector CR-39

In this study, the bulk etch rate (VB) was measured by three different methods forCR-39 with a thickness of 200µm and an area of (1 × 1 cm2), where CR_39 was irradiated through from Am241source with energy of alpha particles is 2.6MeV and at an angle of fall perpendicular to the surface of the CR-39 detector, the detector etching with (NaOH) at a concentration of 6.25N and (70 ± 1°C) and showing the effects formed on the surface of the detector with time periods ranging from (0.25h) and the formed effects were photographed In the detector at different eching times using an optical microscope of the type (XSZ-H Series Biological Microscope) equipped with a digital camera of the type (MADC_5A) connected to a personal computer, in order to find the length, thickness and diameters of the track formed on the surface of the detector.VB determind by methods are: Removed thickness method, the second method, the saturation track method, and the diameter-length method (D_L method), as the first method does not require irradiation of the detector, but the other two methods require irradiation of the detector and measurement of lengths and diameters And the time of proving the effect, and we found that the values of VB rate for the three methods, the removed thickness method, the saturation track method, and the diameter-length of the effect ((D_L method) respectively are:, (1.206, 1.204, 1.271 (µm/h) and compare the results between the mentioned methods, as we found that they are close.

Variation of the Bulk Etch Rate of Nuclear Track Detector CR-39 With the Chemical Etchant Solution Normality

The variation of the bulk etch rate (VB) of nuclear track detector CR-39 with the normality of the chemical etchant were studied. The removal thickness measurement method is used to determine the bulk etch rate. the detectors were etched by an aqueous solution of NaOH with normalities (4, 5, 6, 7) N at temperature (70±1) oC. It was found that the bulk etch rate is exponentially increasing with the normality of the solution and its values are (0.687, 1.421, 0.954, 2.082) µm/h at normalities (4, 5, 6, 7) N respectively. the relation between the bulk etch rate and the etchant normality was an exponential relation and the results showed good agreement with the results of the others used other normalities and another measurement method. 

Evaluation of Radon Concentrations in some Samples of Dwellings of Lung Cancer Patients and Healthy Using CR-39 in Iraq

Lung cancer is considered a disease that is completely happened by smoking; therefore, it is preventable perfectly. Yet, a small percentage of cases is there, possibly as many as 5 to 15%, in which there are other reasons. The risk factors acknowledged for the other groups comprise passive smoking, family history of cancer, occupational expo sure to certain chemicals and ionizing radiation, and diet. Moreover, a fifty samples from the dwelling of lung cancer patients were compared with twenty healthy volunteers. The study aims at identifying the dangers of radon gas in the dwelling of infected patients and the control group, clarifying how it contributes to increasing the risk of lung cancer. To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher used nuclear track detectors CR-39 , baguettes and TASLIMAGE System . Keywords: Lung cancer, CR-39 Detector, Radon gas for dwellings, Iraq.

Electrostatic accelerator facilities and their applications at Peking University

<p indent="0mm">Electrostatic accelerators are powerful tools in many research fields, such as nuclear physics, materials science, and archaeology. Three electrostatic accelerators, the 1.7 MV tandem, the single stage Van de Graaff with a terminal voltage of 4.5 MV, and the EN tandem with a terminal voltage of 6 MV, were installed in 1980s and have been put into operation since the early 1990s at Peking University. The 1.7 MV tandem accelerator is equipped with a radio frequency charge exchange negative ion source and a cesium sputtering negative ion source, which can produce most of the ions from H to Au. It accelerates the ions to energies from several hundreds of keV to several MeV. The accelerator is used for ion irradiation, ion beam modification of materials, as well as ion beam analysis (IBA), such as Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and channeling. Many significant achievements have been made by using the ion irradiation beamline, especially in the research of nuclear materials. The superlattice steel containing a high density of B2-ordered Ni(Al, Fe) superlattice nanoprecipitates (NPs) was irradiated with <sc>6 MeV</sc> Au ions at different high temperatures. The superlattice steel exhibits extraordinary radiation tolerance, namely, zero void swelling at 400–600°C under an average radiation damage of up to <sc>2350 dpa,</sc> outperforming most of the other steels studied to date. This paper demonstrates a counterintuitive strategy to enhance the radiation resistance of metallic materials by simply ordered superlattice NPs. For the 4.5 MV electrostatic accelerator, the isotope ions of hydrogen or helium can be produced in the energy range of <sc>0.7–3.8 MeV,</sc> and continuous or pulsed quasi-monoenergetic neutron fields <sc>(0.03–7 MeV,</sc> <sc>14–19 MeV)</sc> can be generated by ion beam bombarding targets. The neutron fields have applied it to measure (n, α) reaction cross section. Based on the 4.5 MV electrostatic accelerator, a total-IBA system has been established. Total-IBA can obtain self-consistency results through analyzing spectra of different emission particles, without massive modification of equipment. RBS-nuclear reaction analysis (NRA)-particle-induced X-ray emission analysis (PIXE) integrated IBA experiment was carried out to study a Fe-based alloy. The incident particle is ³He⁺ under <sc>3.0 MeV.</sc> The integrated charge is obtained by fitting the RBS spectrum. The content and depth distribution of C element can be determined by analyzing the NRA spectrum. The signal of O element can also be observed in the NRA spectrum, and its depth distribution can be obtained by fitting RBS. More than ten trace elements are analyzed by PIXE, and P has the lowest content, which is <sc>158.2 ppm.</sc> The 6 MV EN tandem accelerator, which has supported much basic and application research at Peking University, was transferred from Oxford University, UK. It is suitable for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), ion irradiation and ion beam analysis. The accelerator can also be applied for detector calibration. CR-39 nuclear track detectors were irradiated by <sc>3–8 MeV</sc> mono-energetic protons and <sc>6–30 MeV</sc> mono-energetic carbon ions, which were produced by the 6 MV tandem accelerator. The relationships between particle energy and orbital diameter in CR-39 detectors are established. These data on CR-39 detectors will be useful for identifying reaction products in laser-plasma experiments with complex conditions. With the technique development such as modern ion beam analysis technology and multi-beam to one target, more attractive applications are expected.

Estimation of Indoor Radon Concentration in Some Houses in Al-Shatra District, Dhi-Qar Governorate, Iraq

Radon is present in houses and everywhere and causes lung cancer, heart problems, and respiratory infections in those who breathe it. Indoor Radon levels were tested for two months in 65 houses in the Al-Shatra, Dhi-Qar Governorate, Iraq, using solid-state nuclear track detectors CR-39. The results obtained indicate that the concentration rates varied clearly, as the lowest concentration was 20.805 Bq/m3 in Al-Moalmen, while the highest concentration was 114.431Bq/m3 in AL-Shaala, with an average of 63.391±22.73Bq/m3. The annual effective inhalation has varied between 0.524 mSv/y and 2.886 mSv/y with a mean of 1.598 mSv/y. On the other hand, the average lung dose was 2.529 nGy/ h. All the results indicate the radon gas levels are within the permissible limits compared to the recommended by American Environmental Protection Agency EPA, which are set at 148Bq/m3, and the inhalation dosage is less than ICRP recommended action limit of 3 mSv/y.

Total and partial charge changing cross-sections of 300 A MeV Fe26+ ion beam in different target media

In the present study, the total and partial charge changing cross-sections of 300 A MeV Fe26+ ion beam in CR39 and in combined medium of Al and CR39 were measured. The CR39 nuclear track detectors were used to identify the incident charged particles and their fragments using an automated image analyzing system. The total charge changing cross-section as calculated is (1220 ± 132) mb in CR39 target and (1472 ± 170) mb in combined target of Al and CR39. The total charge changing cross-section was fitted to the Bradt-Peters geometrical cross-section and compared with earlier results. For calculating the partial charge changing cross-sections for ΔZ = -1, −2, −3,….…,–23, the number of events corresponding to each fragment were determined from multiple Gaussian fitting of the diameter distributions within ±2σ confidence levels and the number of incident and survived beam ions were counted within ±3σ confidence levels. Some beam contaminated events were observed and presented.