Source Of CP Research Articles

Triplet scalar flavored leptogenesis with spontaneous CP violation

The inclusion of two triplet scalars in the Standard Model (SM) enables to accommodate neutrino mass generation as well as baryogenesis through leptogenesis. One of theessential ingredients of leptogenesis is the violation ofcharge conjugation and parity (CP) symmetry in lepton number violating decays of the triplet scalars. We work on the promising sector of spontaneous CP violation (SCPV) which is manifested by the involvement of one scalar singlet and two scalar fields, added to the SM. The predictiveaspect of the model is accomplished by imposing A 4 × Z 4 symmetry which results in the traditional tribimaximal mixing pattern. With updated data on neutrino oscillation, we study the parameter space of the model.The phase of the complex vacuum expectation value (VEV) of the singlet scalar acts as the common source ofCP violation in both low and high energy sectors.Due to the flavor symmetry of the model, required baryon asymmetry cannot be accomplished via unflavored leptogenesis. In the temperature regime, [109, 1012] GeV when flavor effects become important in the study of leptogenesis, it is shown that baryogenesis is achievable. The rich flavor interplay is explored through the study of the density matrix equations. We also study the interplay of hierarchical branching ratios of the decay of the triplet scalars and SCPV phase to accommodate the required CP asymmetry to account for the final baryon asymmetry in the observational range. Considering all possible mass hierarchies among the triplet scalars, the flavor structure of the triplet Yukawa couplings results in different scales of leptogenesis.

On the effect of pressure coefficient source on the energy demand of an isolated cross-ventilated building

Natural ventilation is a simple and effective measure to both reduce the cooling demand of buildings and improve the indoor air quality. In the prediction of heating and cooling demands by means of building energy simulations (BES), the use of pressure coefficients (Cp) from databases as input for the airflow network model is the common approach. Cp values for the same building typology may differ according to the adopted database and are generally unavailable for buildings with complex geometry. Employed Cp values may lead to differences in BES results. This manuscript presents a comparison, for different wind directions, between the Cp distributions and mean values on the facades of a detached building obtained with full-scale CFD – Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and large eddy simulation (LES) – simulations, from a database and from wind-tunnel experiments. The obtained pressure coefficients are used in the BES of a naturally ventilated building and the energy demand difference between the four approaches is quantified. Four climate zones (tropical, dry/desertic, temperate, continental) are considered. Although, in terms of accuracy of Cp prediction, LES outperforms RANS for all the wind directions considered, annual cooling energy demand is found to be relatively insensitive to the source of Cp for the current case study, while predicted peak cooling values differ up to 10.8%. On the other hand, the prediction of annual heating energy demand in cold climates varies up to 3% depending on the Cp source employed for BES simulations.

Hempseed meal as a feedstuff in the diet of growing meat rabbits

Though currently not approved in the USA as an agricultural animal feed ingredient, our objective was to determine the effects of hempseed meal replace- ment of traditional CP sources in the diet of growing meat rabbits on intake, growth performance, and visceral organ weights. Pelleted rations were formu- lated in which hempseed meal replaced alfalfa meal and soybean meal at 4 levels (CON, LOW, MED, and HIGH, representing 0, 25, 50, or 75% of the ration CP, respec- tively). Weaned Californian rabbits (n = 64) were pen fed (4 rabbits per pen, 2 pens per treatment) in each of 2 periods for 35 d. After feeding, rabbits were slaughtered via cervical dislocation. Dry matter intake was great- est (P < 0.05) from LOW, followed by MED and then CON, and was least (P < 0.05) from HIGH. Similarly, total weight gain and ADG were greatest (P < 0.05) from LOW (1,230 g and 35.1 g/d, respectively), followed by MED (1,163 g and 33.2 g/d, respectively) and then CON (1,067 g and 30.5 g/d, respectively), and were least (P < 0.05) from HIGH (725 g and 20.7 g/d, respectively). There was a quadratic response (P = 0.03) of treatment for DM digestibility, whereby DM digestibility decreased by 10% from CON to LOW before increasing by 14% with HIGH. Results suggest that hempseed meal may be included in the ration of growing meat rabbits (once legally approved) at low concentrations (25% of dietary CP) for enhanced production.

Investigation of the effectiveness of tomato pulp on the in vitro fermentation of working horse diets

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of dried tomato pulp, as a soluble dietary fibre source, using [0 (control group), 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0% (experimental groups) as dry matter-DM] in horse total mixed ration (TMR) on the in vitro fermentation parameters. The in vitro total gas production (TGP), methane emission, gas yield (GY24), metabolic energy (ME), in vitro true dry matter disappearance (T-DMd), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) molarities, partial factor (PF24), microbial crude protein production (MCP), and pH value at 24 h of fermentation in horse TMR’s were determined. In the study, in vitro TGP, GY24, PF24, ME, MCP, SCFA, and methane emission of horse TMR’s were not changed by 2.5 and 5.0% tomato pulp supplementation (P > 0.05). The in vitro TGP (73.6 vs. 85.6 and 105.9 mL/g DM), GY24 (189.4 vs. 210.8 and 286.3 mL for g T-DMd), PF24 (5.9 vs. 5.2 and 4.2 mg/mL for GY24) ME (5.3 vs. 5.6 and 6.1 MJ/kg DM), MCP (270.1 vs. 258.2 and 215.1 mg/g DM), SCFA (0.32 vs. 0.37 and 0.46 mmol/0.2 g), and methane emission (0.28 vs. 0.33 and 0.48 ml/g DM) of horse TMR’s positively affected by 10 and 20% tomato pulp supplementation (P < 0.05). The in vitro T-DMd values of TMRs and pH value of in vitro digestion fluid were similar for both control and experimental groups (P > 0.05). As a result, it was demonstrated that tomato pulp, which uses as dietary fibre and CP source, did not affect negatively the digestion values of the working horse diet. However, it has been considered that tomato pulp using at 10 and 20% ratios increased the in vitro digestion values of the working horse diet. Determining the in vitro digestion levels of tomato pulp, which is a source of soluble dietary fibre, for horses will guide future in vitro and in vivo studies.

Productive performance, lipid profile, immunity, and antioxidant parameters of quail breeders fed low protein diets supplemented with different zinc sources

The current study was conducted to study the impact of low-CP protein diets with different sources of zinc (zinc oxide-ZnO and zinc methionine-Zn-Met) on performance, lipid profile, immune and antioxidant parameters of quail breeders. A total number of 216 Japanese quail at 8 weeks of age were randomly distributed into nine (3 × 3) groups, with four replicates, each of six quails (four females and two males). Quails were fed three levels of CP (16, 18, and 20%) and three sources of Zn (0, 0.1 g ZnO, and 0.1 g Zn-Met/kg diets). No significant differences in daily feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and egg mass are due to the main effect of protein levels or zinc sources at all ages. Dietary CP (16 and 20%) in growing quail diets increased SOD and GSH, while IgG levels were improved by 18%. Finally, it can be recommended that 16% CP and zinc source (Zn-Met or ZnO) can maintain egg mass, as well as lipid profile, immunological and antioxidant parameters in Japanese quails breeders. This level (16% CP) is enough during the production stage and a valuable way for mitigating ammonia pollution and reducing feeding costs.

Utilization of biscuit waste in the ration of growing goat bucks

A feeding trial of 106 days was conducted to assess the impact of incorporating biscuit waste in the iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric TMRs on the in vitro nutrient utilization and on the performance of growing goat bucks. The biscuit waste is an excellent source of EE (13.70%), starch (44.23%) and moderate source of CP (7.99%). The in vitro gas production studies revealed that the NGP, total and individual VFAs concentration improved significantly in TMR in which concentrate mixture contained biscuit waste. The DM intake, digestibility of the nutrients and N-retention was improved significantly in growing bucks fed TMR containing biscuit waste. The rumen studies revealed that bacterial and total protozoal population decreased, while fungal population in the rumen increased significantly in the bucks fed diet containing biscuit waste. The bacterial, fungal and total protozoal population was higher in the strained rumen liquor before feeding as compared to after feeding. The total and individual VFAs concentration was comparable in both the TMRs. The results conclusivelyrevealed that biscuit waste a rich source of nutrients can be incorporated in the concentrate mixture at 30% on DM basis without affecting palatability, nutrient utilization and body weight gain in growing goat bucks.

Metabolic and endocrine responses to short-term nutrient imbalances in the feed ration of mid-lactation dairy cows

Short-term imbalances of dietary nutrients occur during natural fluctuations in roughage quality (e.g. on pasture) or temporal shortages of supplementary feed components. In contrast to a deficiency, macronutrients (i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids) beyond the adequate supply with other nutrients may, for instance, alter milk composition, increase BW or result in a greater excretion of nitrogen. Especially dairy cows with a moderate performance, in mid- or late lactation, or in extensive farming systems may be exposed to imbalanced rations. A better understanding of metabolic and endocrine responses depending on macronutrient supply may help to precisely feed dairy cows. The present study investigated short-term metabolic and endocrine responses to different levels of concentrates formulated to particularly provide one major macronutrient source (carbohydrates, proteins or lipids). Based on parity number, lactational stage, milk yield and BW, nine mid-lactating cows (211 ± 19 days in milk) were grouped into three blocks of three animals each. Concentrates (aminogenic: rich in CP and nitrogen sources; glucogenic: high content of carbohydrates and glucogenic precursors; lipogenic: high lipid content) were fed in addition to hay in a factorial arrangement at increasing levels from 2.5 to 7.5 kg/d during 9 d. Milk yield, BW and feed intake were recorded daily. Blood and milk were sampled every 3 d at the end of each concentrate level. Milk fat, protein, lactose and urea contents were determined. In blood, concentrations of various metabolites, endocrine factors and enzyme activities (e.g. glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), β-hydroxybutyrate, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, glucagon, aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and glutamate dehydrogenase activity (GLDH)) were measured. Milk yield, milk composition and BW were not affected by type and level of concentrates. Feed intake increased in cows with greater amounts of the aminogenic and lipogenic concentrate compared with the glucogenic concentrate. Milk and plasma urea concentrations were elevated in the aminogenic and to a lesser extent in the lipogenic treatment compared with the glucogenic treatment. Glucose concentrations in plasma were not affected by treatments, whereas insulin and glucagon increased, and NEFA concentrations decreased only in cows fed 7.5 kg/d aminogenic concentrate compared with the glucogenic and lipogenic treatment. Activities of ASAT, GGT and GLDH as well as the total antioxidant capacity were not affected by diets. In conclusion, immediate metabolic and endocrine responses were observed due to the short-term dietary changes. Particularly, a surplus of nitrogen supply via the aminogenic diet affected metabolic responses and stimulated insulin and glucagon secretion.

218 Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids Is Greater in Sunflower Expellers Than in Sunflower Meal When Fed to Growing Pigs

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the null hypothesis that country of origin and oil extraction method does not affect the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in sunflower co-products. Six sources of sunflower meal (SFM) and one source of sunflower expeller (SFE) were obtained from Ukraine, Hungary, Italy, and the United States. Eight barrows (initial BW: 28.5 ± 2.4 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were housed individually and allotted to an 8 × 8 Latin square design with 8 diets and eight 7-d periods. Each source of SFM or SFE was included in one diet as the only source of CP and AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also used. Data for SFM were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with the fixed effect of ingredient and the random effects of animal and period. A contrast statement was used to compare results for SFM and SFE. Pig was the experimental unit and an alpha value of 0.05 was used. Results indicated that the SID of most AA in SFM sources 2 and 6 were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than in source 4, but the SID of Lys, Met, and Trp were not different among the 6 sources of sunflower meal (Table 1). The SID of all AA, except Trp, was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in SFE compared with SFM. In conclusion, differences in the SID of all AA except Lys, Met, and Trp in SFM sourced from Ukraine, Hungary, Italy, or the United States were observed, but the SID of all AA, except Trp, was greater in SFE than in SFM indicating that country of origin or site of production as well as oil extraction method influence SID of AA.

EFFECTS OF SOURCE AND LEVEL OF NITROGEN ON THE UTILIZATION OF SORGHUM STOVER BY YANKASA RAMS

The effects of cotton seed cake (CSC) or urea in supplying either 12% or 16% crude protein on sorghum stover utilization by Yankasa rams was studied for twelve weeks, using a 2 x 2 factorially designed experiment. Nutrient intake, digestibility, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were monitored. In vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH,-N) concentrations were also determined. The result of the study indicated that the source and/or level of nitrogen (or crude protein) significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected crude protein intake (CPI), digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) and in vitro NH,-N concentration. Total feed intake, live weight gain (LWG), FCR and DCPI were significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected by source x level interaction. Acid detergent fibre (A DF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intakes, CP, ADF and NDF digestibilities, digestible ADF and NDF intakes, stover intake and in vitro VFA concentration were not significantly (P&gt;0.05) affected by either main effects of CP source and level or their interaction. The rams on the 16% CSC and 12% urea ration gained more weight and had lower FCR than those on the 12% CSC and 16% urea. The 16% CSC ration gave the best result in terms of sorghum stover supplementation. The 12% urea treatment which also had a good result in terms of weight gain and FCR could also be recommended for use.

63 Ileal digestibility of amino acids in a new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to test if standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in a new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles (HP-DDGS) is greater than in conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-CV). Nine barrows (initial BW: 67.2 ± 6.4 kg) with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to a triplicate 3 × 3 Latin Square design with 3 diets and 3 periods. Two diets included HP-DDGS or DDGS-CV as the sole source of CP and AA. A nitrogen-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The statistical model included ingredient as fixed effect and square, period, and animal as random effects. Results indicated that that HP-DDGS contained more CP and AA compared with DDGS-CV (Table 1). The SID of all AA in HP-DDGS were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.001) compared with DDGS-CV with the exception that the SID of Pro was not different between the 2 sources of DDGS. The greater concentrations of AA and values for SID of AA in HP-DDGS indicate that this new DDGS source has a very high quality and may be a great source of digestible AA in diets fed to pigs.

Effects of kafirins and tannins concentrations in sorghum on the ileal digestibility of amino acids and starch, and on the glucose and plasma urea nitrogen levels in growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sorghum kafirins and tannins concentrations on the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility (AID and SID, respectively) of protein, amino acids, and starch; as well as on the glucose and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) response in growing pigs. Two hybrids of sorghum, 82G93 and 81G67 that were low and high in tannins (LT and HT), respectively, were evaluated. Each hybrid had low or high levels of kafirins (LK and HK, respectively). Pigs were fed 4 experimental diets that were formulated with sorghum as the sole source of CP and AAs: LT-LK, LT-HK, HT-LK, and HT-HK. In experiment 1, ileal cannulation was performed in 4 pigs weighing 25 ± 0.60 kg to determine protein, amino acids, and starch digestibility. In experiment 2, internal jugular venous catheterization was performed in 4 pigs weighing 26 ± 0.52 kg to determine glucose and PUN response. Experiment 1 results revealed that starch digestibility was not affected (P > 0.05) by kafirins neither tannins. Kafirins levels negatively affected (P < 0.05) the AID of glutamic acid and histidine; and tended to reduce (P < 0.10) alanine, aspartic acid, and valine AID. A higher level of tannins negatively affected (P < 0.001) the AID of dry matter, energy, lysine, (P < 0.01) cystine, histidine, methionine, (P < 0.05) crude protein, aspartic acid, leucine, and threonine. There was kafirins × tannin interaction effect which decreased (P < 0.05) the AID of glutamic acid and lysine; the AID of glycine and proline were negative in all diets. The SID of alanine, glutamic acid, histidine, and valine showed a tendency (P < 0.10) to be lower in high kafirins sorghums. Tannins level negatively affected the SID of (P < 0.001) lysine, (P < 0.01) cystine, histidine, (P < 0.05) protein, aspartic acid, leucine, methionine, serine, threonine, and valine digestibility. Experiment 2 results revealed that kafirins levels did not affect the glycemia until 300 min postprandial when a tendency (P = 0.08) to increase the glucose response was observed in pigs fed HK sorghums. Tannins level showed a tendency (P < 0.10) to decrease glycemia at 150 and 360 min postprandial. At 300 min postprandial HT sorghums diminished (P = 0.02) glycemia. The PUN level was not affected (P > 0.05) by kafirins but was reduced (P < 0.001) by the HT sorghums. The findings of the present study indicated that kafirins had a minimal but significant effect on the criteria studied; however, sorghum tannins reduced amino acid digestibility, glucose and PUN response in growing pigs.

\u03f5K and \u03f5\u2032/\u03f5 in a diquark model

Based on the calculations using the lattice QCD by the RBC-UKQCD collaboration and a large Nc dual QCD, the resulting ϵ′/ϵ, which is less than the experimental data by more than a 2σ in the standard model (SM), suggests the necessity of a new physics effect. In order to complement the insufficient ϵ′/ϵ, we study the extension of the SM with a colored scalar in a diquark model. In addition to the pure diquark box diagrams, it is found that the box diagrams with one W-boson and one diquark, ignored in the literature, play an important role in the ΔS = 2 process. The mass difference between KL and KS in the diquark model is well below the current data, whereas the Kaon indirect CP violation ϵK gives a strict constraint on the new parameters. Three mechanisms are classified in the study of ϵ′/ϵ. They include a tree-level diagram, QCD and electroweak (EW) penguins, and chromomagnetic operators (CMOs). Taking the Kobayashi-Maskawa phase as the unique CP source, we analyze each contribution of the three mechanisms in detail and conclude that with the exception of QCD and EW penguins, the tree and CMO effects can singly enhance ϵ′/ϵ to be of mathcal{O} (10−3), depending on the values of the free parameters, when the bound from ϵK is satisfied.

Pemanfaatan Jerami Kedelai pada Pakan Induk Sapi Silangan Simmental-Peranakan Ongole

The onset of first postpartum estrous is an indicator in the beef cattle reproduction efficiency. Soybean straw is a local feed ingredients that contain phytoestrogen compounds. The present experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the use of soybean straw as a source of phytoestrogen to accelerate the onset of the first postpartum estrous of Simmental – Ongole crossbred cows. This research applies by completely randomized design (CRD) consisted three treatments and each treatment is repeated five times. Treatment consist of : P0: control (standar feed), P1: control + 5 g of phytoestrogen (1.8 kg of soybean straw), and P2: control + 10 of g phytoestrogen (3.6 kg of soybean straw). The result showed that the use of soybean straw as a source of phytoestrogen increase consumption CP (P&lt;0,05), whereas DM and TDN comsumption increased only slighthy (P&gt;0,05). Supplementation of soybean straw as a source phytoestrogen are also likely to accelerate the first postpartum estrous. Â

Ileal digestibility of amino acids in selected feed ingredients fed to young growing pigs.

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in brewers rice, full-fat rice bran (FFRB), defatted rice bran (DFRB), peanut meal, sesame meal, rapeseed meal, rapeseed expellers, soybean expellers, cassava meal, and bakery meal fed to young growing pigs. Twenty-two barrows (initial BW: 14.09 ± 1.48 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and randomly allotted to a replicated 11 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 11 diets and four 7-d periods in each square. Eleven experimental diets were prepared and test ingredients were the sole source of CP and AA in 10 diets and the eleventh diet was a N-free diet used to measure basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.4%) was included in all diets as an indigestible marker and ileal digesta were collected on day 6 and 7 of each period. Results indicated that the SID of CP and AA was greatest (P < 0.05) in brewers rice and sesame meal and least (P < 0.05) in cassava meal. The SID of indispensable AA was greater (P < 0.05) in sesame meal compared with all other ingredients except brewers rice. Full-fat rice bran had greater (P < 0.05) SID of Arg, Ile, Leu, Lys, and Met compared with DFRB. The SID of CP and most AA was not different among rapeseed meal, rapeseed expellers, and soybean expellers. Bakery meal had the least (P < 0.05) SID of most AA compared with all other ingredients, with the exception of cassava meal. The concentration of standardized ileal digestible CP was greater (P < 0.05) in sesame meal and peanut meal (482.32 and 452.44 g/kg DM, respectively) than in all other ingredients. Soybean expellers had the greatest (P < 0.05) concentration of standardized ileal digestible Lys (22.98 g/kg DM) followed by rapeseed meal (16.11 g/kg DM) and rapeseed expellers (16.17 g/kg DM). Cassava meal and bakery meal had the least (P < 0.05) concentration of standardized ileal digestible CP and most AA compared with the other ingredients. Concentrations of standardized ileal digestible CP and AA in brewers rice, FFRB, and DFRB were less (P < 0.05) than in rapeseed meal, rapeseed expellers, and soybean expellers. In conclusion, peanut meal and sesame meal have greater concentrations of standardized ileal digestible CP and most AA, with the exception of Lys, than other ingredients. Rapeseed meal, rapeseed expellers, and soybean expellers have the greatest concentrations of standardized ileal digestible Lys.

High-protein distillers dried grains with solubles produced using a novel front-end-back-end fractionation technology has greater nutritional value than conventional distillers dried grains with solubles when fed to growing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, and DE and ME in conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-CV) and in a novel source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-HP) produced by Lincolnway Energy (Nevada, IA). In Exp. 1, 18 barrows (initial BW: 72.47 ± 9.16 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a completely randomized design with 3 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet. A nitrogen-free diet and 2 diets that contained cornstarch and DDGS-CV or DDGS-HPLincolnway as the sole source of CP and AA were formulated. Diets were fed to pigs for 7 d, and ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7 of each period. The SID for Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, and Glu was greater (P < 0.05) in DDGS-HPLincolnway than in DDGS-CV, and the SID of Ile, Val, and total indispensable AA, as well as the SID of Tyr, tended to be greater (P < 0.10) in DDGS-HPLincolnway than in DDGS-CV. No difference between DDGS-CV and DDGS-HPLincolnway was observed for the SID of CP and all other AA. In Exp. 2, 24 barrows (initial BW: 52.80 ± 2.55 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 diets. A corn-based basal diet (97.25% corn) and 2 diets that contained corn and DDGS-CV or corn and DDGS-HPLincolnway were formulated. Each diet was fed to 8 pigs. Feces and urine were collected using the marker to marker approach with 7-d adaptation and 5-d collection periods. The DE and ME in DDGS-CV and DDGS-HPLincolnway were calculated using the difference procedure. The DE and ME in DDGS-HPLincolnway on an as-fed basis were greater (P < 0.05) than in corn and DDGS-CV, but the ATTD of GE in DDGS-HPLincolnway and DDGS-CV was less (P < 0.01) than in corn. In conclusion, the SID of some AA and the DE and ME in DDGS-HPLincolnway were greater than in DDGS-CV.

072 Insect larvae fed mycotoxin-contaminated wheat – A possible safe, sustainable protein source for animal feed?

Demand for increased food production, particularly protein, is increasing with the world's growing population. Alternative and sustainable sources of animal protein will be required to reduce environmental impacts of conventional livestock production. Historically, insects have been typical dietary components within eastern countries, and their nutritional value is proportionally comparable to that of conventional meat. The yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) is an edible insect, rich in CP and crude fat. Moreover, there is evidence that mealworms are able to use mycotoxin-contaminated wheat as a food source without accumulating the mycotoxins, thus providing a value for low-grade wheat along with a more sustainable and cheaper source of CP for animal feed. The aim of this study was to measure production traits and survivability and to determine whether mealworms can detoxify mycotoxins (specifically deoxynivalenol [DON]) when fed Fusarium-damaged, high-mycotoxin wheat. To achieve these objectives, naturally contaminated grain was sorted to obtain 4 levels of DON: control (0.2 ppm), low (2 ppm), medium (10 ppm), and high (12 ppm). These levels were fed to larvae (seventh to ninth instar) per replicate for feeding (n = 300) and breeding (n = 200) trials. Each treatment was replicated 5 times and the endpoint for both experiments was when 2 pupae where observed (mean = 32.8 ± 3.2 d). Larvae were fasted for 24 h and frozen prior to mycotoxin analysis by HPLC/mass spectrometry. Fusarium graminearum was culture isolated from highly chalky damaged kernels. Survival rate tended to be higher in the high diet treatment than the other treatments (P = 0.0534) when using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS. Mean ADG was estimated as 604.9542 mg/d per replicate (300 larvae), and there was no significant difference between treatments (P = 0.1489). Nevertheless, the feed conversion ratio was significantly higher for the low mycotoxin diet (mean = 84.6141, P = 0.0001) when compared with other treatments. Conversely, DON was measurable within the mealworms across all replicates with a mean of 0.1291 ppm and a range of 0.0977 to 0.1902 ppm with 6.3, 1.2, and 1.1% of ingested DON detected in dry bodies from low, medium, and high mycotoxin diets, respectively. Notably, DON concentrations were not significantly different between diets (P = 0.8828) and are far below the regulatory limits for food or feed. From our research, Tenebrio molitor does not appear to accumulate harmful mycotoxins when fed highly contaminated grain and, with further research, could conceivably be used as a sustainable, safe protein source in animal feed.

Amino acid digestibility by weanling pigs of processed ingredients originating from soybeans, 00-rapeseeds, or a fermented mixture of plant ingredients.

An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in 4 sources of processed soybean products, in conventional dehulled soybean meal (SBM-CV), in conventional 00-rapeseed expellers (RSE), and in a fermented coproduct mixture (FCM) that contained rapeseed meal, wheat, soy molasses, and potato peel fed to weanling pigs. The 4 processed soybean products included 2 sources of enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM-1 and ESBM-2), extruded soybean meal, and soy protein concentrate (SPC). Twenty-seven weanling barrows (9.29 ± 0.58 kg initial BW) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Pigs were randomly allotted to three 9 × 5 Youden squares with 9 pigs and five 7-d periods in each square. Seven cornstarch-based diets were prepared using each of the protein sources as the sole source of CP and AA. A N-free diet was prepared to calculate basal endogenous losses of CP and AA, and this diet was fed to 2 groups of pigs, which resulted in a total of 9 dietary treatments. Results indicate that the SID of CP was greater ( < 0.05) in ESBM-1 than in SPC, RSE, or FCM. The SID of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Met, and Phe were greater ( < 0.05) in ESBM-1 than in SPC, and the SID of Lys was greater ( < 0.05) in SBM-CV than in ESBM-2. The SID of Thr, Trp, Val, and total indispensable AA were not different among the soybean products, but the SID of total dispensable AA in ESBM-1 was greater ( < 0.05) than in SPC. Therefore, the SID of total AA was greater ( < 0.05) in ESBM-1 than in SPC, but no other differences were observed among soybean meal (SBM) products. The SID of most AA in RSE and the SID of all AA in FCM were less ( < 0.05) than in all the SBM products, but the SID of all AA in RSE were greater ( < 0.05) than in FCM. Results of this research indicate that although processing of SBM results in increased concentration of CP, processing may also reduce the digestibility of AA, which is likely due to heat damage during processing. There are, however, differences among processed soy products, with some products having greater SID of AA than others. Results also indicate that fermentation of a mixture of rapeseed meal, wheat, and relatively low quality coproducts does not result in SID values that are similar to those of unfermented 00-rapeseed expellers or soybean products.

Variations in the chemical composition and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in eight genotypes of triticale fed to growing pigs.

The study was conducted to determine the chemical composition, physical characteristics, and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA of 8 currently available genotypes of triticale fed to growing pigs. The genotypes included Grenado, Cando, Agostino, Massimo, Tarzan, HYT Prime, SW Talentro, and Cultivo. Eight barrows with an initial BW of 31 ± 2 kg were fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum and allotted to an 8 × 8 Latin square design with 8 periods of 7 d each and 8 assay diets. The N-free method was used to determine basal ileal endogenous CP and AA losses. The 8 assay diets contained 1 of 8 triticale genotypes as the sole source of CP and AA. The triticale genotypes were grown under identical environmental conditions on the same site. Among the 8 genotypes, contents of CP ranged from 104.7 to 118.1 g/kg (as-fed basis). The content of total nonstarch polysaccharides and NDF ranged, on an as-fed basis, from 84.6 to 99.5 g/kg and from 88.4 to 149.0 g/kg, respectively. Among the 8 genotypes, SID of CP ranged from 81% in Grenado to 85% in Massimo and Tarzan. The SID of CP and AA did not differ among triticale genotypes except for SID of Arg, Glu, and Gly ( < 0.05). The mean SID of CP, Lys, Met, and Trp was 4, 4, 4, and 1 percantage units less and SID of Trp was 5 percantage units greater compared with values in current feed tables. Among the 8 triticale genotypes, standardized ileal digestible content (cSID) of CP followed total CP content and ranged from 84.8 to 98.7 g/kg (as-fed basis), with the lowest ( < 0.001) values for Grenado and the greatest ( < 0.001) values for SW Talentro and Cultivo. For CP and most AA, cSID linearly decreased as the content of total, soluble, and insoluble β-glucans increased ( < 0.05) in the 8 genotypes of triticale. There was a positive correlation between thousand seed weight and cSID of CP and most AA ( < 0.01). These variables may help to predict cSID in triticale batches, whereas other nutrients are not suitable due to their low variation among the 8 genotypes. The present study provides data on chemical composition, physical characteristics, and SID of CP and AA of 8 triticale genotypes grown under similar conditions. However, as most of the present SID values are less than those in feed tables, future research is warranted to elaborate whether these differences are caused by experimental conditions or reflect a consistent decrease that needs to be accounted for in feed tables.

The nutritive value of marula (Sclerocarya birrea) seed cake for broiler chickens: nutritional composition, performance, carcass characteristics and oxidative and mycotoxin status

This study was aimed at investigating the nutritive value of marula seed cake (MSC) as an alternative protein source for broilers. In a completely randomised design involving six replicate pens of five chickens assigned to each of five treatments, body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and carcass characteristics were measured in an experiment in which 150 28-day-old broilers were fed maize-based diets containing, respectively, 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% MSC at finisher phase. The results showed MSC to be remarkably high in CP (470.0 g/kg DM) and EE (343.5 g/kg DM), with moderate CF (58.2 g/kg DM), ash (54.3 g/kg DM), Ca (1.1 g/kg DM) and P (11.0 g/kg DM). Whilst very poor in lysine, MSC was found to be rich in methionine, cyst(e)ine, arginine and glutamic acid; it also contains good levels of valine, glycine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine, phenylalanine, serine, proline and alanine. Also, it contained 85.24% oleic (OA), 9.65% palmitic and 5.11% stearic acids, with a high peroxide value and low levels of mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin. BWG, FI and FCE of broiler chickens significantly decreased (P < 0.001) as the dietary level of MSC increased. Further, dietary MSC significantly decreased bird live weight at slaughter (P < 0.001), plucked weight (P < 0.001), dressed weight (P < 0.001) and weights of the liver (P < 0.001) and neck (P < 0.05). The results therefore demonstrate MSC to be a good source of CP, fat, Ca, P, amino acids (except lysine) and OA that can replace soya bean meal (SBM) in broiler diets. However, its use is currently limited by lipid peroxidation and presence of mycotoxins.

James Watson Cronin

James Watson Cronin