Quality Of Cow Milk Research Articles

Machine Learning-Based Cow Milk Quality Classification using Recursive Feature Elimination Cross-Validation

<p>Milk quality is of paramount importance as it directly impacts consumer health and well-being. High-quality milk is rich in essential nutrients such as calcium, protein, and vitamins, contributing to overall nutrition. Moreover, ensuring milk quality is vital for preventing the transmission of diseases and contaminants through dairy products. Therefore, research in this field is essential to guaranteeing the safety and nutritional value of milk consumed by individuals of all ages. In this paper, the design of machine learning-based grade measuring devices with recursive feature elimination with cross-validation (RFECV) is carried out as a guide in the design of a milk grade detection system. The milk is rated as low, medium, or high based on these criteria. The sensors will gather this information from the milk with the aid of the microcontroller. The algorithms utilized in this study and the results obtained from K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) combined with the RFECV algorithm have a higher accuracy value: 17,20% better than the support vector machine (SVM) model, 25.37% better than the single K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and 26.37% better than the random forest (RF) model trained without RFECV. Using seven input features (pH, temperature, taste, odor, fat, turbidity, and color), the proposed model produces 96.27% accuracy.</p>

MiR-206 Suppresses Triacylglycerol Accumulation via Fatty Acid Elongase 6 in Dairy Cow Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Cow milk possesses high nutritional value due to its rich array of beneficial fatty acids. It is important to understand the mechanisms involved in lipid metabolism in dairy cows. These mechanisms are driven by a complex molecular regulatory network. In addition, there are many regulatory factors involved in the process of fatty acid metabolism, including transcription factors and non-coding RNAs, amongst others. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can regulate the expression of target genes and modulate various biological processes, including lipid metabolism. Specifically, miR-206 has been reported to impair lipid accumulation in nonruminant hepatocytes. However, the effects and regulatory mechanisms of miR-206 on lipid metabolism in bovine mammary cells remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of miR-206 on lipid-related genes and TAG accumulation. The direct downstream gene of miR-206 was subsequently determined via a dual-luciferase assay. Finally, the fatty acid content of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) upon ELOVL6 inhibition was examined. The results revealed that miR-206 overexpression significantly decreased triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration and abundances of the following: acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alpha (ACACA); fatty acid synthase (FASN); sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1); diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1); 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 6 (AGPAT6); lipin 1 (LPIN1); and fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6). Overexpression of miR-206 was also associated with an increase in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 2 (PNPLA2), while inhibition of miR-206 promoted milk fat metabolism in vitro. In addition, we found that ELOVL6 is a direct target gene of miR-206 through mutation of the binding site. Furthermore, ELOVL6 intervention significantly decreased the TAG levels and elongation indexes of C16:0 and C16:1n-7 in BMECs. Finally, ELOVL6 siRNA partially alleviated the increased TAG accumulation caused by miR-206 inhibition. In summary, we found that miR-206 inhibits milk fatty acid synthesis and lipid accumulation by targeting ELOVL6 in BMECs. The results presented in this paper may contribute to the development of strategies for enhancing the quality of cow milk and its beneficial fatty acids, from the perspective of miRNA-mRNA networks.

Enhancement of Dairy Cow Milk Quality with Probiotic and Inorganic Selenium Supplementation

Enhancement of Dairy Cow Milk Quality with Probiotic and Inorganic Selenium Supplementation

THE INFLUENCE OF THE FATHER'S GENETYPE ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS AND THE PROBABILITY OF THEIR MASTITIS UNDER DIFFERENT HOUSING

Introduction. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of genetic factors on the productivity of cows and the probability of their disease with mastitis under different housing technologies.
 Materials and methods of research. The work was carried out according to the data of two breeding plants for the breeding of the Ukrainian black and white dairy breed with free and stall housing. The data of more than 16,000 milk samples over the past six years were analyzed. Heritability of the average indicators of the quantity and quality of milk of cows according to the data of control milkings, yield for 305 days of lactation and the number of cases of diagnosis of mastitis using correlation analysis. Variability of milk quality of cows was monitored depending on the technology of housing. The research determined the influence of breeding bulls and their line on milk yield and milk quality indicators. To determine the influence of these factors, dispersion analysis was used. Processing of the obtained data was carried out according to basic statistical techniques using computer programs.
 Research results. According to the research results, it was established that the variability of daily milk yield during free housing was higher by 6.1%, fat content by 7% compared to stall housing, and protein content, the number of somatic cells and their evaluation was lower. The strength of the influence of housing on the parameters of daily milk yield was: on the daily yield – 1.8%, on the fat content – 22.8%, on the protein content – 0.8%, on the number of somatic cells – 1.6%, on their evaluation – 4.1%, on the reliability of cows for 305 days of lactation – 4.1%, on milk fat output – 13.6%, on milk protein output – 6.3%, on the frequency of mastitis diagnosis – 4.5%. The coefficients of heritability of daily milk yield under stall housing were 2.2 times higher, fat content – 3.5 times, protein content – 1.8 times, number of somatic cells – 2.7 times, estimates of the number of somatic cells – 2 times, milk yield for 305 days of lactation – 2.4 times, the amount of milk protein – 1.6 times, and the number of cases of mastitis diagnosis – 1.7 times. The influence of bulls on indicators of the quantity and quality of cow milk was significantly higher than on daily milk yield. The strength of the influence of this factor on indicators of daily milk yield during free housing was: the milk yield – 5.5%, the fat content – 2.5%, the protein content – 2.7%, the number of somatic cells – 2.5%, the estimation of the number of somatic cells – 2.8%, and for stall housing – 4.3%, 6.7%, 6.7%, 2.9%, 7.3%, respectively. The strength of the influence on productivity indicators per lactation was as follows: for free housing on milk yield – 13.4%, on the amount of milk fat – 20.1%, on the amount of milk protein – 13.5% and on the number of cases of mastitis diagnosis – 12.7%, and for stall housing 19.1%, 13.6%, 18.0% and 35.2%, respectively (Р < 0.001). The influence of the factor "bull" was higher than the "bull line" factor on indicators of physical and chemical properties of milk and the frequency of cases diagnosis of mastitis in their daughters.
 Conclusions. The housing technology has a significant impact on the productive indicators of dairy cows, their variability and heredity. For free housing of cows, the genetic conditioning of indicators of productivity and milk quality of cows, the probability of their mastitis disease was lower in comparison with stall housing.

Bacteriological and Physicochemical Study of Retailed Cow Milk collected from Different Locations in Birnin Kebbi

Abstract
 Milk is an excellent source of both major and minor components needed to meet the nutritional requirements of the human body. The current study was conducted to evaluate the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of cow milk collected from various locations in Birnin Kebbi. A total of twenty-four (24) milk samples (six from each location) were purchased. All samples were subjected to bacteriological analysis using total plate count, and physicochemical composition analysis, which included PH, moisture content, fat content, protein content, and mineral determination (calcium, sodium, and potassium). The mean range for Total Plate Count is 1.83x106-3.42x106 CFU/ML. Furthermore, bacteria isolated and identified from milk samples include Streptococcus spp, Shigella spp, Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus spp. The physicochemical analysis results indicated that the mean range is PH (4.87±0.04-5.52±0.05) Moisture content (82.22±0.60-87.50±2.16), Fat content (0.56±0.02-1.84±0.01), Protein content (11.27±4.4-12.55±4.99), Calcium (173.83±4.43-475.67±22.24), Sodium (11.83±4.26- 111±12.44) and Potassium (131±9.12-596±6.16) respectively. The study's findings highlight the poor bacteriological quality of milk, as evidenced by a higher Total Plate Count. Moreover, the presence of pathogenic microbes in milk, such as Bacillus spp, Shigella spp, and Escherichia coli, is likely to pose a serious public health risk. As a result, it is recommended that proper hygiene practices be implemented, as well as the incorporation of effective monitoring throughout the production to delivery chain.

Evaluation of raw milk quality from multipurpose cow in Jos, Nigeria

This study aimed to access the milk yield and quality of White Fulani and Sokoto Gudali cows in Jos North and South Local Government Areas of Plateau State Nigeria. A total of one hundred (100) respondents were interviewed and subsequently milk samples were collected for laboratory analysis, microbial quality assessment and milk composition. The results showed majority of the respondent were males of varying ages with 34% attaining secondary education. Moisture content, fat and nitrogen-free extracts were significant (P<0.05) between the two breeds while the other parameters were not significant (P>0.05). Total bacterial count (TBC) and Total coliform count (TCC) of White Fulani were higher in Jos North than south (3.8x 105 and 2.9x105) while Sokoto Gudali breeds had higher values of total bacterial counts in Jos North than Jos South. Bacillus spp, Escherichia and Webseilla aerogenes are the most dominant bacteria in White Fulani and Sokoto Gudali cows’ milk. This study concludes that poor quality of cow milk results from unhygienic practices and animal husbandry at farm level which predispose famers, consumers and the public to the risk of contracting milk borne zoonotic infection and associated bacterial resistance.

Some Variation Factors of Freezing Point in Camel Milk.

The freezing point degree of milk (FPD) is a classical indicator of cow milk quality. In camel milk, few references are available in the literature regarding the main factors of variation. In the present paper, two methods of FPD determination were used: the Reference method (RM) (using Cryostar) and the Express method (EM), using a milk analyzer (Milkoscan-FT1). The RM was used to determine FPD in 680 bulk raw or pasteurized camel milk samples. Regarding EM, 736 individual milk samples, 1323 bulk samples, 635 samples of pasteurized milk and 812 samples of raw milk used for cheese making were available. The variability of FPD was investigated according to month, lactation stage, milk composition, milk production and microbiological status. Correlations between methods were explored. FPD was highly correlated with most of the milk components and tended to decrease in cases of high contamination by coliforms or high total flora count. However, the weak significant correlations between the two methods indicated the necessity to specifically calibrate an automatic milk analyzer for camel milk.

Cow Milk Quality Grading using Machine Learning Methods

Milk is considered as complete food as it contains rich set of proteins and vitamins. Therefore determining quality of cow milk plays an important role in today’s research. In this paper four methods are implemented to check quality of cow milk using dataset consists of 1059 milk samples taken from various cows. Three grades of milk grade A, B, C are considered based on different features of cow milk. Various machine learning methods K Nearest neighbors, Logistic regression, Support Vector machine and ANN are implemented. Accuracy of these methods is then compared. It has been observed that the results of KNN (n=3) is more accurate amongst all four methods implemented in the proposed research work.

Effect of Adulterants on Quality and Safety of Cow Milk: A Review

Cow milk adulteration is the act of intentionally decreasing the quality of milk offered for sale either the admixture or substitution of substance or removing of some valuable ingredient. Milk has a high food value, since it comprised of a variety of nutrients. Scientific evidence supports, the consumption of cow’s milk and dairy products as part of a balanced diet and it is perfect and complete food. Therefore, milk and its derivatives contribute essential micro and macronutrients to the diet, when consumed according to appropriate national guidelines. However, different adulterants are added, to increase its quantity and done for financial gain. The common adulterants used in cow milk adulteration are water, starch, flour, urea, formalin, sodium hydro oxide and cane sugar. Water is the most common adulterant. These adulterants have effect on the nutritional quality of cow milk by decreasing the concentration of ingredients found and wholesomeness of the milk. To dilute milk, cheaper materials will be added. Almost all commercially available milk comes from cow and major milk adulteration occurs with cow’s milk and its products. These, adulteration of milk can pose serious risk to human health. The composition of milk varies with the breed of cow, stage of lactation; feed, season of the year. Therefore, both intentional and incidental milk adulterations affect nutritional quality and safety of milk. This review aims to review the effect of adulterants on safety and quality of cow milk. Even while financial gain is one of the main drivers of cow milk adulteration.

Annual and seasonal trends in cow's milk quality determined by FT-MIR spectroscopy in Hungary between 2011 and 2020.

We analysed and monitored the major chemical composition of cow's bulk milk by Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy over a 10-year period in the whole territory of Hungary. In addition, the two most important key parameters for milk quality assessment, total bacterial count (TBC) and somatic cell count (SCC) were also followed. Production parameters showed significant seasonal and yearly changes. The overall mean fat, protein, lactose and solids-non-fat (SNF) contents of cow's milk were 3.81%, 3.32%, 4.74% and 8.76%, respectively. A circannual variation was observed in the chemical composition and yield of milk components of samples examined between 2011 and 2020. Concerning milk fat, milk protein and SNF, the values were the lowest in summer and the highest in winter. In the case of lactose, the minimum values were measured in autumn and the maximum values in spring. An obvious trend of long-term elevation of lactose and SNF was found in the raw cow milk samples over the observed period. The overall mean TBC and SCC of cow's milk were 52 × 103 CFU ml-1 and 270 × 103 cells/ml, respectively. Although there were differences in the monthly average values, no seasonal cyclicality was observed.

Occurrence of foodborne pathogens in Italian soft artisanal cheeses displaying different intra- and inter-batch variability of physicochemical and microbiological parameters.

Artisanal cheeses are produced in small-scale production plants, where the lack of full automation and control of environmental and processing parameters suggests a potential risk of microbial contamination. The aim of this study was to perform a longitudinal survey in an Italian artisanal factory producing a spreadable soft cheese with no rind to evaluate the inter- and intra-batch variability of physicochemical and microbial parameters on a total of 720 environmental and cheese samples. Specifically on cheese samples, the evaluation was additionally performed on physicochemical parameters. Cheese samples were additionally collected during 15 days of storage at constant temperatures of 2 and 8°C, as well as a dynamic profile of 2°C for 5 days and 8°C for 10 days. Furthermore, Enterobacteriaceae isolates were identified at species level to have a better knowledge of the environmental and cheese microbiota potentially harboring human pathogens. High inter-batch variability was observed for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and total bacteria count (TBC) in cheese at the end of production but not for pH and water activity. A temperature of 8°C was associated with a significantly higher load of Enterobacteriaceae in cheeses belonging to batch 6 at the end of storage, and this temperature also corresponded with the highest increase in LAB and TBC loads over cheese shelf life. Results from generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) indicated that drains in the warm room and the packaging area were associated with higher levels of TBC and Enterobacteriaceae in cheese. Regarding foodborne pathogens, no sample was positive for verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) or Listeria monocytogenes, whereas six Staphylococcus aureus and one Salmonella pullorum isolates were collected in cheese samples during storage and processing, respectively. Regarding Enterobacteriaceae, 166 isolates were identified at species level from all batches, with most isolates belonging to Klebsiella oxytoca and pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Hafnia alvei, and Citrobacter freundii evidencing the need to focus on standardizing the microbial quality of cow milk and on hygienic procedures for cleaning and disinfection especially in warm and maturation rooms. Further studies should be performed to investigate the potential pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance of the identified Enterobacteriaceae species in artisanal cheeses.

Determination of Heavy Metal Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Raw Cow Milk in Guelma Region, Algeria.

During the recent decades, adverse effects of unexpected contaminants, such as heavy metals on raw cow milk quality, have threatened human health. The objective of this study was to determine heavy metal levels in raw milk collected from autochthonous bovine breeds in the eastern region of Algeria. Eighty-eight pooled milk samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry for Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Fe, and Zn, and dietary risks were estimated for infants, children, and adults with minimum, average, and maximum milk consumption scenarios. Results revealed that Pb (0.94 ± 0.49mg/kg), Cd (0.03 ± 0.01mg/kg), and Cu (0.14 ± 0.08mg/kg) levels in all analyzed samples were higher than their corresponding maximum residue levels (MRLs). The task hazard quotient (THQ) values suggest potential risk for infants in the three scenarios from Pb, Cd, and Cr; for children in the three scenarios from Pb and in the high scenario from Cr; and for adults in the medium and high scenarios from Pb. The hazard index (HI) values were higher than 1, and the contributions of each metal to the overall HI followed a descending order of Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Fe with values of 68.19%, 15.39%, 6.91%, 4.94%, 3.42%, 0.88%, and 0.28%, respectively. Our results indicated that there may be a potential risk of heavy metals, especially Pb, for infants through raw cow milk consumption. Moreover, data actualization and continuous monitoring are necessary and recommended to evaluate heavy metal effects in future studies.

Silages from legume–cereal mixtures as a factor of dairy cow milk quality

Currently, the prices of dairy cows feed with protein concentrates are rising and the climate change is also manifesting itself with a growing drought in animal production. These are the reasons why there is an increasing interest in growing silage from legume–cereal mixtures (L-C-M) and in increasing their share in feed rations for dairy cows. Furthermore, the L-C-Ms improve the soil fertility during the crop rotation. The effect of these feeds on milk quality was evaluated by adding L-C-M silages into feeding rations. Czech Fleckvieh and Holstein breed dairy cows (8 herds; feeding periods without and with L-C-M silages) were included in the evaluation for 3 years. There were used 126 L-C-M (experimental) and 463 control (without L-C-M) bulk tank milk samples in this dairy analysis. Lactose content, solids non fat content and total count of mesophilic bacteria in milk of L-C-M group was increased as compared to control (zero hypothesis probability varied from P ≤ 0.05 to P ≤ 0.001). On the contrary, as new knowledge, milk freezing point depression and somatic cell counts were decreased in L-C-M group as compared to control (P ≤ 0.001 and P ≤ 0.05). Other milk indicators such as contents of fat, crude protein, milk urea and thermostability (P > 0.05) were not affected by evaluated factor. The residues of inhibitory substances in bulk tank milk in the L-C-M group were not indicated, but one case was in the control group. Feeding of dairy cows with an increased proportion of L-C-M silage in the roughage component a part of the feeding ration is a safe way to replace part of the protein concentrates in animal feeding, regarding milk quality. Keywords: breed, protein, milk freezing point depression, milk thermostability, hygienic milk indicators

The prolonged effect of GLUTAM 1M biologically active preparation on dairy productivity and milk quality of cows

We have studied the effect of biologically active preparation of metabolic-neurotropic action “Glutam 1M” on milk productivity of cows and quality indicators of raw milk. This preparation was used for dry cows in the last trimester of pregnancy. Studies were performed in the private agricultural enterprise “Savertsi” of Popilnyansky district of Zhytomyr region on cows of Holstein breed. The biologically active preparation “Glutam 1M” has been administered to the cows of the experimental groups under the skin behind the shoulder blade in an amount of 20 ml, starting from 270 and 265 days of gestation, once a day for three consecutive days. Cows of control groups were injected with saline in the same dose. Using the biologically active preparation “Glutam 1M”, a milk yield decreased slightly by 2% (91.9 kg). The milk yield increased by 2.9% (141.5 kg) in the control group. 305-days milk yield in the control group of cows was almost the same as in the previous lactation period. During the experiment, the experimental group of cows – has decreased by 2.9% (136.5 kg). A similar situation has been observed during the biologically active preparation “Glutam 1M” on the 270 – 272th days of pregnancy. Milk yield in the experimental group of animals for the previous lactation and after the use of preparation remained almost at the same level in the control group – decreased by 4.7% (207.1 kg). 305-days milk yield in the control group of cows for the previous and post-lactation experiment period was almost the same. In the experimental group of animals, there was an increase in this indicator by 2.7% (128.7 kg). The use of the “Glutam 1M” preparation did not affect milk quality, namely the mass fraction of fat and protein; fluctuations of the above indicators stayed within the error.

Effect of increasing tannic acid addition to the diet on milk quality in the semiarid region

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding tannic acid to the diet on the milk quality of cows. The five primiparous crossbred cows (Holstein x Zebu) were used, with about four years old, the average body weight of 420 ± 30 kg, 100 days of lactation initial average production of 18 ± 4 kg of milk/cow/day. The treatments consisted of increasing tannic acid (0; 1.3; 2.6; 3.9 and 5.2%) to replace corn bran in the diet, based on dry matter. The sensory attributes of odor had a significant effect (P < 0.05) of the inclusion of tannic acid in the diet. The odor attributes showed a lower average for the control treatment, and these attributes also showed orthogonal contrast, except the characteristic cow, that is, the control group differed from the treatments as the tannin was introduced, the attribute value became higher compared to the control group. The inclusion of 5.2% tannic acid in dairy cows’ diet promoted a slight variation in the taste of milk. However, it did not alter the quality or acceptance of this milk by consumers.

Исследование влияния «Промевита», витаминно-минеральной добавки, на производство молока и репродуктивные показатели молочных коров

At the present time vitamin-mineral and energy cows' feed additives made from natural components gain more and more popularity. The work considers the influence of the complex feeding additive "Promevit" on the indices of raw milk quality of cows and also milk productivity and indices of reproduction of animals. At adding the feed additive to the basic diet an increase in haemoglobin level of experimental cows by 21.4%, an increase in erythrocytes by 14.5%, a moderate increase in white blood cells, a slight increase (by 5.2%) in protein content in the blood of experimental cows and an increase by 6, 6% of albumin level, relatively initial indicators, increase of urea content by 23,1% within reference values, decrease of aspartataminotransferase, as well as glutamate dehydrogenase, that shows restoration of hepatobiliary system work. The milk yield of the experimental group cows was 285 kg higher than that of the control group and the percentage of milk fat was 1.3 times higher. On average the mass fraction of fat in milk of the cows from the experimental group was 3.32%, which was 4.2% higher than in the control group. There was a 10.9% increase in the amount of milk protein in raw milk compared to the initial data. The milk fat yield increased by 19.5 kg relative to the control group as well as the protein yield increased by 13.9 kg. With the use of the dietary supplement no complicated forms of hyperkeratosis were recorded in the experimental group cows, while in the control group cows' number increased by 20.7%. The number of teats with uncomplicated forms of hyperkeratosis also increased by 20% relative to baseline data. In the experimental group cows had a reduction of udder quarters with signs of clinical mastitis, the level of latent mastitis remained practically unchanged. A positive effect of the feed additive on the course of the parturition and postpartum period in cows was also noted.

Effect of dietary tannin supplementation on cow milk quality in two different grazing seasons

Extensive farming systems are characterized by seasons with different diet quality along the year, as pasture availability is strictly depending on climatic conditions. A number of problems for cattle may occur in each season. Tannins are natural polyphenolic compounds that can be integrated in cows’ diet to overcome these seasonal problems, but little is known about their effect on milk quality according to the season. This study was designed to assess the effects of 150 g/head × day of tannin extract supplementation on proximate composition, urea, colour, cheesemaking aptitude, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acid (FA) profile of cow milk, measured during the wet season (WS) and the dry season (DS) of Mediterranean climate. In WS, dietary tannins had marginal effect on milk quality. Conversely, in DS, the milk from cows eating tannins showed 10% lower urea and slight improvement in antioxidant capacity, measured with FRAP and TEAC assays. Also, tannin extract supplementation in DS reduced branched-chain FA concentration, C18:1 t10 to C18:1 t11 ratio and rumenic to linoleic acid ratio. Tannins effect on rumen metabolism was enhanced in the season in which green herbage was not available, probably because of the low protein content, and high acid detergent fibre and lignin contents in diet. Thus, the integration of tannin in the diet should be adapted to the season. This could have practical implications for a more conscious use of tannin-rich extracts, and other tannin sources such as agro-industrial by-products and forages.

Treated Cow Milk Quality Analysis in High-Temperature Short Time (HTST) Thermal Treatment using F-Value and Methylene Blue Reduction Test (MBRT)

This study was conducted to evaluate raw and pasteurized cow milk regarding physical properties, microbiological quality, and lethality value ofMycobacterium Paratuberculosis(MAP)at different temperature and time combinations of the pasteurization process.Cow milk samples were pasteurized at high-temperature (70°C, 75°C, and 81°C) and short-time (15s and 25s) high temperature and short time (HTST) combinations. Raw and pasteurized (HTST) cow milk was analyzed, while commercial cow milk that undergo proses (HTST) was used as control. High-temperature short time (HTST) pasteurization showed a significant effect on the colour of raw and pasteurized cow milk (p&lt;0.05) at every temperature. In addition, cow milk also indicated an increase in lightness and yellowness after HTST pasteurization.The microbiological quality of raw, pasteurized, and commercial cow milk is evaluated using the Methylene Blue Reduction (MBRT) test, a common, rapid, simple, and inexpensive method for microbiological quality evaluation.The MBRT on raw milk samples revealed that it was of poor quality. On the other hand, all pasteurized samples were good quality, and the commercial sample was excellent.Based on the evaluated F-values, the most suitable temperature and time combinationsin this study was 70°C and 25s.

Effect of feeding of chelating agent to reduce risk of aflatoxicosis on blood characteristics and milk quality of cows

Effect of feeding of chelating agent to reduce risk of aflatoxicosis on blood characteristics and milk quality of cows

THE IMPACT OF INTENSIVE RAISING OF AUSTRALIAN HOLSTEIN HEIFERS ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COW MILK

Background: The study of growth, development and productivity features of imported cattle from Australia to the Krasnodar Territory is of great scientific and practical interest, which is topical. Since the productive features of the imported genotypes have not been studied sufficiently, not only in the farms of the Krasnodar Territory but also in other regions of Russia, they require further, more in-depth study and improvement under the new conditions of feeding and housing. Aim: The research aimed to study the influence of intensive rearing of replacement heifers of the Holstein breed of Australian selection on cow milk quality indicators. Methods: The studies were conducted at Artex-Agro LLC, Kushchevsky District of the Krasnodar Territory, concerning the descendants of the imported Australian Holstein cattle. Sixty-four heifers were selected for the study. The experimental replacement heifers were raised using the enhanced milk feeding rates and the Cellobacterin probiotic product. They were raised intensively and inseminated when they were 14 months old. The milk productivity of cows and the physicochemical properties of milk were studied during three lactations after calving. Results and Discussion: The milk productivity of the cows from the experimental groups has exceeded one of their herd mates from the control group by 450 – 1,360 kg. The best indicators of the physicochemical properties of milk have been determined in the milk of the cows raised from the heifers fed with 450 kg of the whole milk during the first 50 days until they were six months old. Conclusions: The authors believe that intensive rearing of replacement heifers positively affected the degree of development of their gastrointestinal tract and improved the level of milk yield and its physicochemical parameters.