Cow Manure Slurry Research Articles

دراسة إنتاج الغاز الحيوي من مخلفات الطعام باستخدام الهضم الالهوائي

The primary goal of this research is to look at the feasibility of food waste biomass (fruits and vegetables) to produce biogas by anaerobic digestion. This study demonstrated the possibility of utilizing sludge and cow manure in energy production rather than being a source of pollution and treating it in natural ways. This study compares inoculums (tap water, 1:1 cows’ manure, tap water slurry, and sewage sludge) for the best methane yield with weight ratios 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 food waste: inoculum. Temperature varied from room temperature to 55⸰C to determine the best operating conditions for methane production. The volatility of fatty acids (VFAs) and pH were measured during the experimental work. The results concluded that the cows’ manure slurry and the sludge were more effective in increasing the pH than tap water, which ranged from 6.15 to 6.47 and from 5.53 to 6.47 for cow manure and sludge respectively. At the same time, Tap water neither increase the pH more than 5.7 nor produce any gas. The highest amount of methane (4.44%) was obtained by mixing food waste and cow manure slurry at a ratio of 1:1 and maintaining a temperature of 42⸰C. To further increase the methane concentration, improving the operating conditions such as using a semi-batch reactor and controlling the pH and other parameters is necessary.

Persistence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Varies with Particle Size and Substrate Conditions in Recirculating Streams.

Antibiotic resistance (AR) determinants are enriched in animal manures, a significant portion of which is land-applied as a soil amendment or as fertilizer, leading to potential AR runoff and microbial pollution in adjacent surface waters. To effectively inform AR monitoring and mitigation efforts, a thorough understanding and description of the persistence and transport of manure-derived AR in flowing waters are needed. We used experimental recirculating mesocosms to assess water-column removal rates of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) originating from a cow manure slurry collected from a dairy farm. We quantified the effect of three benthic (i.e., bottom) substrate variations and particle sizes of manure slurry on water column removal rates. Overall, we observed variation in ARG behavior across substrate treatments and particle sizes. For ARGs associated with small particles, removal rates were higher in mesocosms with a substrate. tetW was typically removed at the highest rates across particle size and treatment, followed by ermB and blaTEM. Our data suggests that both substrate character and particle size exert control on the fate and transport of ARGs in surface waters, laying the foundation for future research in this area to establish a predictive framework for AR persistence and fate in flowing waters.

乳牛ふん尿スラリー施用による土壌団粒形成メカニズム : スラリーの物理性と腐植物質組成が有機・無機複合体の形成に及ぼす影響

乳牛ふん尿スラリー施用による土壌団粒形成メカニズム : スラリーの物理性と腐植物質組成が有機・無機複合体の形成に及ぼす影響

Simplified Mathematical Model for Quantitative Analysis of Biogas Production Rate in a Continuous Digester

Experiments were conducted in a horizontal continuous biodigester constructed of 12 ID PVC pipe of 4m, 5m, and 6m length to produce biogas from cow manure slurry. Mathematical models were developed based on a simplified mechanism of anaerobic digestion. The purpose of this attempt was to analyze the digestion phenomena quantitatively and objectively in order to make quick decisions in the optimization of the installed biodigesters in the field. The data from field measurements were used to fit the mathematical model for predicting the rate of biogas production and the selectivity of methane production over carbon dioxide formation. The mathematical models described in this paper were reasonably good to fit the experimental data. Simulation using the model led to more systematic field trials to improve the biodigester performance. The analysis resulted in two useful hints for the practical improvement of the biodigesters. Firstly, the selectivity of methane over carbon dioxide was significantly affected by the ratio of water and manure in the slurry. Secondly, the conversion of the organic matters into biogas could be increased by recycling a portion of the biodigester effluent.

Bacterial community dynamics in aerated cow manure slurry at different aeration intensities

This study aimed to characterize microbial community dynamics in aerated cow manure slurry at different aeration intensities. Batch aerobic treatments were set up in 5-l jar fermentor, each containing 3 l of manure slurry; the slurries were subjected to low, medium and high (50, 150 and 250 ml min(-1), respectively) aeration for 9 days. Microbial community composition was determined using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and a clone library targeting 16S rRNA genes. High and medium aeration accelerated organic carbon degradation in parallel with the degree of aeration intensity; however, 90% of the initial total organic carbon was retained during low-aeration treatment. During the active stages of organic carbon decomposition, clones belonging to the class Bacilli accumulated. Moreover, Bacilli accumulation occurred earlier under high aeration than under medium aeration. Organic matter degradation was mainly governed by a common microbial assemblage consisting of many lineages belonging to the class Bacilli. The timing of community development differed depending on aeration intensity. This study reports on changes in several environmentally important parameters and the principal microbial assemblage during the pollution-reducing phase of cattle manure aeration treatment.

PENGARUH BEBAN TEKAN TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN EKSTRAKSI MASSA CAIR SLURRY OLEH “ALAT PEMISAH FASES-URINE SAPI” YANG DIOPERASIKAN SECARA MANUAL

Cow manure can be used as a source of energy and as a solid or liquid fertilizer. An adult cow can produce fases (solid manure) to 23 kg/day and urine (liquid manure) 9 kg/day. Three or four cow is capable to fullfill the dayly needs of cooking fuel for one rural household. Cow manure slurry can also be convert as fertilizer, that is liquid fertilizer which is derived from urine and solid fertilizer originating from the solids. Solid and liquid from cow manure is usually mixed, therefore to make the liquid and solid fertilizer, the liquid and solid masses need to be separated first. Recent separators of fases and urine are are electrical energy driven, so that those kind of device could not be used in the rural areas where the electric grid supply were not available. So that a model of a faces-urine separator of cow manure slurry is utilize which was constructed for manual pressing force. Moreover, through this research It have had created a manual fases-urine separator which only requires one operator. The separator consists of main parts including; lever press, chamber press, fases-urine separation mechanism, the mechanism of loading-unloading, and ajustment mechanism for pressing pressure. This design is capable of performing the separation in a wide range of pressing force and it only requires one operator. Results Show That the model is capable to separate liquid from the slurry as much as 13.9% at a pressing force of 14 kg the which is applied for 18 seconds.

The effects of repeated applications of the molluscicide metaldehyde and the biocontrol nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita on molluscs, earthworms, nematodes, acarids and collembolans: a two-year study in north-west Spain.

Over two years, six consecutive field experiments were done in which the chemical molluscicide metaldehyde and the nematode biocontrol agent Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Schneider) were applied at the standard field rates to replicated mini-plots successively planted with lettuce, Brussels sprouts, leaf beet and cabbage, to compare the effectiveness of different treatments in reducing slug damage to the crops. Soil samples from each plot were taken prior to the start of the experiments, and then monthly, to assess the populations of slugs, snails, earthworms, nematodes, acarids and collembolans. The experiments were done on the same site and each plot received the same treatment in the six experiments. The six treatments were: (1) untreated controls, (2) metaldehyde pellets, (3 and 4) nematodes applied to the planted area 3 days prior to planting without or with previous application of cow manure slurry, (5) nematodes applied to the area surrounding the planted area 3 days prior to planting, and (6) nematodes applied to the planted area once (only in the first of the six consecutive experiments). Only the metaldehyde treatment and the nematodes applied to the planted area at the beginning of each experiment without previous application of manure significantly reduced slug damage to the plants, and only metaldehyde reduced the number of slugs contaminating the harvested plants. The numbers of slugs, snails and earthworms in soil samples were compared among the six treatments tested: with respect to the untreated controls, the numbers of Deroceras reticulatum (Müller) were significantly affected only in the metaldehyde plots, and the numbers of Arion ater L only in the plots treated with nematodes applied to the planted area 3 days prior to planting without previous application of manure; numbers of snails (Ponentina ponentina (Morelet) and Oxychilus helveticus (Blum)) were not affected by the treatment. The total numbers of all earthworm species and of Lumbricus spp were unaffected by the treatment, but Dendrobaena spp increased significantly in the plots treated with manure. The numbers of nematodes, acarids and collembolans in soil samples were compared between the untreated controls and the treatments with nematodes applied 3 days prior to planting to the planted area or to the surrounding area, without previous application of manure: the treatment had a significant effect on the number of nematodes in soil samples, but acarids and collembolans were unaffected.

Nitrogen and phosphorus content of flow from drains fertilized with cow manure slurry

The rate of flow and nitrate and phosphorus content of the water from four drained sandy and clayey plots of size 12×60 m cropped to continuous corn were determined following two annual applications of different rates (0, 260, 390 and 520 kg N/ha) of cow manure slurry. The drain flow was directly related to the rainfall and was greatly influenced by soil texture. The N losses were greater in 1972 (7.8 to 19.1 kg N/ha) than in 1971 (0.4 to 7.8 kg N/ha) because of more summer rainfall. Nitrogen and phosphorus losses were larger from the sandy plots than from the clayey plots. The manure application rates had no apparent effect on nitrogen losses in the drain water.

Changes in the Rhizosphere Effect of Millet Associated with Sprinkler Irrigation with Animal Wastes

AbstractThe microbial population changes in Scranton fine sand and adjacent millet rhizospheres resulting from sprinkler irrigation with cow manure slurry were investigated. Increasing the rate of irrigation with manure slurry resulted in a decline in the R/S ratio of ureolytic, proteolytic, amylolytic, and lipolytic microorganisms. A nutritional grouping study of the predominant bacteria indicated a significant increase in incidence of bacteria requiring amino acids and a decrease in incidence of bacteria requiring soil extract within non‐rhizosphere soil receiving manure applications. These findings, in addition to observed declines in the R/S ratio of microorganisms within soil receiving waste, are taken as evidence that the microbial environment created by irrigating Scranton fine sand with animal waste slurry may become similar to the microbial environment created by the roots of millet.

The Influence of Manure Slurry Irrigation on the Survival of Fecal Organisms in Scranton Fine Sand

AbstractSamples of Scranton fine sand obtained from established fields of millet (Pennisetum typhoides) receiving 0, 1.27, 2.54, and 5.08 cm of cow manure slurry irrigation per week were inoculated with either a culture of Salmonella enteritidis serotype Enteritidis or fresh slurry containing fecal coliforms. The numbers of viable enteric organisms per gram of soil (dry weight) were determined at various times after inoculation. An inverse relationship was observed between death rates of the fecal organisms and the previous rate of slurry irrigation. Salmonella and fecal coliforms had a higher death rate in soil samples which had previously received 0 or 1.27 cm of slurry irrigation per week than in soil samples which had previously received higher irrigation rates.