Treatment Of COVID-19 Pandemic Research Articles

Corticosteroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head is increased in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic.

Corticosteroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head is increased in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic.

Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract The most fascinating product of honeybee is propolis. It has an immense role in dentistry, dermatology, and otorhinolaryngology. The increased popularity of propolis as an important remedy is due to its constituents, which have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antihepatotoxic, anti-cancerous, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiviral activities. The diverse biological and pharmacological activities of propolis have piqued the interest of many scientists. Many techniques like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, chromatography, and spectroscopy are being used to identify different propolis constituents. Flavonoids, phenolic acids, and their esters are the most pharmacologically active molecules of propolis and are known to disrupt the replication machinery of the virus corroborating the anti-coronavirus activity of propolis. The main aim of this article is to provide an insight of the increasing theragnostic uses of propolis and its nanoparticles, including their chemical analysis, diverse biological activities, and the necessity for chemical standardization. In this review, we have focused at the promising effects of propolis, its optimization, and its liposomal formulation as a therapeutic intervention for COVID-19 and its accompanying comorbidities.

The Deadly Nature of the Virus Depression: Iranian Medical Staff Battling COVID-19

Background: COVID-19, which began in December 2019 in China, can have a broader impact on individuals' mental dimensions. Meanwhile, the medical staff battling this epidemic are more at risk of mental and emotional problems. This study aimed to examine the level of stress, anxiety, and depression and their relationship with the level of knowledge of medical staff battling in COVID-19 pandemic treatment. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 641 medical staff using an online platform to design the questionnaire, and its link was placed in different groups of social networks all over the country in which the medical staff battling COVID 19 were members. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 25 and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, independent samples t-test, independent one-way analysis of variance, and chi-square. Results: Higher knowledge about COVID-19 was associated with younger age, clinicians, and nurses. Moreover, females were more knowledgeable in terms of support; while males were more reliable in washing hands and disinfecting wet places. Based on the categorical version of psychological factors, the majority of cases had severe stress ( 39.80 % ), normal depression ( 48.50 % ), and normal anxiety ( 57.30 % ). Finally, it was found that married participants had more knowledge about COVID-19, but knew less about its fatality. Conclusion: Studies have shown negative psychological experiences caused by COVID-19 in nurses, including negative emotions, such as fatigue, discomfort, helplessness due to high-intensity work, anxiety, and worry about family members.

DEXAMETHASONE USE IN MANAGEMENT OF COVID19: A REVIEW

The lack of active 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic treatment creates a challenge for researchers and scientists to find the most appropriate treatment for this disease. Dexamethasone, according to the findings of the RECOVERY clinical trial, declared mid-June 2020 in print media was one of those therapies. Although the results from retrospective studies are not strongly supportive of corticosteroid routine use in COVID-19 despite the signals for some benefits, the dedicated RECOVERY trial found a significant reduction in death with dexamethasone only in severe cases on a ventilator or moderate cases on supplemental oxygen therapy nevertheless, no benefit observed in mild to moderate cases requiring no oxygen. More studies are still necessary to substantiate conclusive use with dexamethasone in COVID-19. This narrative review attempts to summarize all available shreds of evidence from previously published research articles on the use of dexamethasone in COVID-19 pandemic treatment.

Aspects of Epidemiology, Pathology, Virology, Immunology, Transmission, Prevention, Prognosis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review.

Undoubtedly, COVID-19 pandemic is one of the largest pandemics and one of the biggest international challenges for health-care system of various countries in the world. This is a narrative review study based on the studies published related with different aspects of COVID-19. The highest numbers of active cases are in the USA, Brazil, India, Russia, South Africa, as well as Colombia and the disease surveillance system must operate more quickly, timely, effectively, and sensitively in these countries. What is clear is that the SARS-CoV-2 basic reproduction number is significantly higher than one and its transmission power is extremely high. In general, it can be stated that mortality and fatality risk due to COVID-19 in men, age increase, severity of disease, systemic disease, as well as inadequate access to the sufficient health-care services will increase. There is currently no specific treatment and effective vaccine for COVID-19. The novel coronavirus pandemic is more consistent with the epidemiological triangle model, which emphasizes that the disease is the result of the interaction of three factors of host, agent, and environment. Therefore, prevention and treatment activities should focus on cutting the virus transmission chain. The main way to deal with viral epidemics is prevention. The emerging of this ruthless virus has once again reminded us that communicable diseases should never be underestimated and forgotten. Considering the rapid transmission of COVID-19, the health-care authorities and workers should consider timely detection and safeguards to prevent the transmission to healthy individuals.

Recent Development in Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 Pandemic

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a transmissible disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The primary clinical expression of COVID-19 is an acute respiratory illness with interstitial and alveolar pneumonia. The virus originated in late 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The infectious agent, based upon genetic studies is of zoonotic origin and spread in the local population possibly through community spread by persons shopping at wet animal market, where live wild game is sold. The rapid spread of COVID-19 led it to be declared a global pandemic by the WHO. As of September 21, 2020, 30,675,675 cummulative cases of COVID-19 have been reported worldwide with 954,417 cumulative deaths. The diagnosis of COVID-19 is based primarily on epidemiological factors, clinical symptoms, and laboratory testing techniques such as hemography, chest computed tomography, and virologic examination. To date, there are no clinically approved vaccines or antiviral drugs available for use against COVID-19. Nevertheless, in clinical trials, a few broad-spectrum antiviral drugs as well as repurposed drugs approved for other indications have been assessed against COVID-19. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology, symptoms, transmission, pathogenesis of the COVID-19, with emphasis on current progress in rapid diagnosis and treatment options.

COVID-19: Pathogenesis and Pharmacological Basis for Use of Passive Antibody Therapy

Background: Coronaviruses (CoVs), having enveloped RNA of positive strand, are mainly responsible for enzootic infections in mammals. The mortality of CoVs has been proved as they can cross the species barrier very easily and infect humans. Most recently, the outbreak of coronavirus induced COVID-19 emerged in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province of China and became the third highly pathogenic coronavirus infecting nearly 230 countries. Objective: To review the literature available about pathogenic Coronavirures with emphasis on pathogenesis of COVID-19, and passive antibody therapy prospective. Methods: This study reviewed relevant published literature to provide (1) structural similarities between coronaviruses and therapeutic methodologies used on SARS-CoV, MERS treatment which might help scientists in understanding novel COVID-19 infection, (2) understanding COVID-19 pathogenesis that may help in identification of appropriate therapeutic targets to develop specific and effective anti-viral drugs as well as immunizing agents against this novel emerging pathogen and (3) to discuss existing knowledge on the passive immune therapy against similar coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV with emphasis on COVID-19 pandemic treatment. Conclusion: COVID 19 coronavirus has shown resemblance to viral infections like SARS-CoV, MERS infection. Historically, it has been proved that the prevention of disease, when exposed to a biological system, is mainly a function of the immune response of that infected individual. To fight against these infections, passive antibody therapy is the only available countermeasure that could provide immediate immunity against infection. Passive antibody results in protection irrespective of the immune status of the host. This therapy can be advantageous in countering the biological attack, post exposure preventions, low toxicity and peculiar activity.

Contribution of Nanotechnology in the Fight Against COVID-19

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease caused by a newly discovered virus strain, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov-2). This pandemic spread quickly across nations with a high mortality rate in immunocompromised patients. This contagious disease posed a serious threat to health systems. It impacted the continents of the earth in a way that could not have been predicted. Therefore, many leading funding agencies announced the call for proposal to diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 pandemic using advanced technology-based methods, including nanotechnology. The researchers coming from the nanotechnology community can contribute their efforts to cope with COVID-19. As a community member of nanotechnology, we suggest some new research targets that can be designed and improved, optimized, and developed the existing/new materials in the sub-field of diagnostics and healthcare of nanotechnology. The potential research targets to fight against COVID-19 includes Point-of-care diagnostics (POCD), surveillance and monitoring, novel therapeutics, vaccine development, research, and development, repurposing existing drugs with potential therapeutic applications, development of antiviral nanocoating/antimicrobial spray-based coating for PPE, magnetic nanoparticles and viral RNA and rapid detection kits.

Determination of an optimal control strategy for vaccine administration in COVID-19 pandemic treatment

Background and objectiveFor decades, mathematical models have been used to predict the behavior of physical and biological systems, as well as to define strategies aiming at the minimization of the effects regarding different types of diseases. In the present days, the development of mathematical models to simulate the dynamic behavior of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is considered an important theme due to the quantity of infected people worldwide. In this work, the objective is to determine an optimal control strategy for vaccine administration in COVID-19 pandemic treatment considering real data from China. Two optimal control problems (mono- and multi-objective) to determine a strategy for vaccine administration in COVID-19 pandemic treatment are proposed. The first consists of minimizing the quantity of infected individuals during the treatment. The second considers minimizing together the quantity of infected individuals and the prescribed vaccine concentration during the treatment. MethodsAn inverse problem is formulated and solved in order to determine the parameters of the compartmental Susceptible-Infectious-Removed model. The solutions for both optimal control problems proposed are obtained by using Differential Evolution and Multi-objective Optimization Differential Evolution algorithms. ResultsA comparative analysis on the influence related to the inclusion of a control strategy in the population subject to the epidemic is carried out, in terms of the compartmental model and its control parameters. The results regarding the proposed optimal control problems provide information from which an optimal strategy for vaccine administration can be defined. ConclusionsThe solution of the optimal control problem can provide information about the effect of vaccination of a population in the face of an epidemic, as well as essential elements for decision making in the economic and governmental spheres.