COVID-19 Pandemic Mitigation Research Articles

Application of Regression Analyses and Marginal Analyses for Assessing the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Pandemic Mitigation Measures in Bulgaria

Application of Regression Analyses and Marginal Analyses for Assessing the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Pandemic Mitigation Measures in Bulgaria

Navigating the Nexus: Insights from the COVID-19 Pandemic for Climate Change Mitigation

This study explores the intricate interplay between global warming, climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic, air pollution, and climate change mitigation. Drawing on lessons learned from the pandemic, we delve into the complex web of environmental challenges and policy responses. The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the importance of early and determined action, broad public support, equitable policies, global cooperation, and transparent decision-making. While short-term emissions reductions have been observed, addressing climate change requires sustained, transformative change on a global scale. Our analysis underscores the urgency of applying the pandemic’s insights to combat climate change, recognising the interconnectedness of environmental, economic, and public health challenges.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic mitigation strategies on cancer treatment trials: A meta-analysis of industry and NCI studies.

11021 Background: ASCO and Friends of Cancer Research established a task force to evaluate trial mitigation strategies allowed by US regulators during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the use of telemedicine and remote monitoring. We report the results of a meta-analysis quantifying the impact of these strategies on quality metrics and the recovery time to pre-COVID levels. Methods: We invited 41 sponsors with active US cancer treatment trials from January 2015-May 2022 to contribute deidentified trial-level aggregate data on major protocol deviations (PDs), dropouts, severe or worse toxicity (CTCAE Grade 3-5), and enrollment. We examined outcomes as proportions of participants at-risk during the pre-COVID, initial wave (IW), initial recovery (IR), and secondary recovery (SR) assessment times (Table). Multi-level beta-regression analyses were adjusted for trial phase (“early”, phases I, II, or I/II, vs. “late”, phase III) with study and sponsor as random effects. Indicator variables were used for post-COVID time periods with pre-COVID as the reference. Results: Ten sponsors (9 industry and 1 NCI Cooperative Group) contributed 82 evaluable studies: 63 early and 19 late phase trials. Among the 15,679 participants, enrollment odds decreased 64% in the IW and 45% in the IR but recovered to approximately pre-COVID levels by the SR (Table). Major PDs, dropouts, and severe or worse toxicity all had lower incidence in the IW compared to pre-COVID; these outcomes were also less frequent in IR (p<.05 for each), but not in the SR (p>.05 for each) compared to pre-COVID. Conclusions: Large declines in enrollment rates during the IW rebounded to pre-COVID levels by 2021-2022. We found steep reductions in the rates of reported occurrence of major PDs, dropouts, and severe or worse toxicity during the initial outbreak, which also recovered to pre-COVID levels by 2021-2022. Findings suggest pandemic-related procedural flexibility did not lead to increased reporting of PDs or dropouts and highlight how use of mitigation strategies likely corresponded with the temporary disruption to trial conduct during the pandemic’s peak. Sponsors could consider broader adaptation of trial flexibilities moving forward. [Table: see text]

Characterizing the antigenic evolution of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 from 2009 to 2023.

The H1N1pdm09 virus has been a persistent threat to public health since the 2009 pandemic. Particularly, since the relaxation of COVID-19 pandemic mitigation measures, the influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 have been concurrently prevalent worldwide. To determine the antigenic evolution pattern of H1N1pdm09 and develop preventive countermeasures, we collected influenza sequence data and immunological data to establish a new antigenic evolution analysis framework. A machine learning model (XGBoost, accuracy = 0.86, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.89) was constructed using epitopes, physicochemical properties, receptor binding sites, and glycosylation sites as features to predict the antigenic similarity relationships between influenza strains. An antigenic correlation network was constructed, and the Markov clustering algorithm was used to identify antigenic clusters. Subsequently, the antigenic evolution pattern of H1N1pdm09 was analyzed at the global and regional scales across three continents. We found that H1N1pdm09 evolved into around five antigenic clusters between 2009 and 2023 and that their antigenic evolution trajectories were characterized by cocirculation of multiple clusters, low-level persistence of former dominant clusters, and local heterogeneity of cluster circulations. Furthermore, compared with the seasonal H1N1 virus, the potential cluster-transition determining sites of H1N1pdm09 were restricted to epitopes Sa and Sb. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of machine learning methods for characterizing antigenic evolution of viruses, developed a specific model to rapidly identify H1N1pdm09 antigenic variants, and elucidated their evolutionary patterns. Our findings may provide valuable support for the implementation of effective surveillance strategies and targeted prevention efforts to mitigate the impact of H1N1pdm09.

Antiviral Coating for Mitigation of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review on the Role of Nanomaterial for Safer Surface against COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic the world has been facing is caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. The virus can remain on certain surfaces for an extended period. As a consequence, contact with the surfaces can cause a healthy human to contract the disease. Although certain household items work against contaminated surfaces, none of the disinfectants can be used for a considerable amount of time. Therefore, the assessment and use of non-corrosive and non-toxic disinfectants are critical to stop the infection from spreading. Copper, along with its compounds and polymers, CPEs and OPEs, and Carbon Nanomaterials have demonstrated effective antibacterial and antiviral activity against bacteria such as E. Coli, S. Aureus, and viruses such as Influenza A virus. This review investigates the potential of using these substances as a surface coating to render the SARS-CoV-2 virus inactive. In addition, the review summarizes helpful information regarding the antimicrobial and antiviral activity and mechanism of polymers, copper, and carbon nanostructures. It also discusses the efficacy of these functional coatings in deactivating the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Application of Regression Analyses and Marginal Analyses for Assessing the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Pandemic Mitigation Measures in Bulgaria

Application of Regression Analyses and Marginal Analyses for Assessing the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Pandemic Mitigation Measures in Bulgaria

Analytical insights of the effects of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on SRAS-CoV-2 Dynamic with Application to West African Data

The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by the rapid spread of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) worldwide. COVID-19 pandemic mitigation measures caused significant social and economic disruption, especially in regions with weak economic and fragile healthcare systems like West Africa. Therefore, accurate knowledge of the impact of these measures on its dynamics is important in decision-making. In this study, we formulated and used a deterministic compartmental model, considering two sub-classes of susceptible individuals (S1 and S2), where S1 is the population living around the epicenter of the epidemic and S2 is the population living far from the epicenter of the epidemic. The aim was to (i) theoretically assess the impact of measures reducing the transmission rate of the disease (ψ) on the epidemic dynamics and (ii) analyze the impact of measures reducing the probability of contact between infected and susceptible individuals (detection and isolation rates, θap, θs) on the epidemic dynamics. We determined the expressions of the basic and control reproduction numbers and studied the sensitivity and elasticity of the control reproduction number with respect to ψ, θap, θs, and heterogeneity factor, k(S1/S2). Application to the COVID-19 first-wave data from West Africa revealed that the basic reproduction number was 1.85. Moreover, the results indicated that a 50% reduction in the transmission rate of COVID-19 or the detection and isolation of 10% of infected individuals per day should help to reach the peak of the epidemic. Furthermore, a 100% increase in the heterogeneity factor induces a 16% increase in the control reproduction number when θap = 0.15 and a 14% increase in the control reproduction number when θap = 0.6. These conclusions could help design control measures to curtail future epidemics.

Integration of SARS-CoV-2 testing and genomic sequencing into influenza sentinel surveillance in Uganda, January to December 2022.

Respiratory pathogens cause high rates of morbidity and mortality globally and have high pandemic potential. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, influenza surveillance was significantly interrupted because of resources being diverted to SARS-CoV-2 testing and sequencing. Based on recommendations from the World Health Organization, the Uganda Virus Research Institute, National Influenza Center laboratory integrated SARS-CoV-2 testing and genomic sequencing into the influenza surveillance program. We describe the results of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 testing of samples collected from 16 sentinel surveillance sites located throughout Uganda as well as SARS-CoV-2 testing and sequencing in other health centers. The surveillance system showed that both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza can be monitored in communities at the national level. The integration of SARS-CoV-2 detection and genomic surveillance into the influenza surveillance program will help facilitate the timely release of SARS-CoV-2 information for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation and provide important information regarding the persistent threat of influenza.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine HIV care and cervical cancer screening in North-Central Nigeria

IntroductionCervical cancer is the fourth most diagnosed cancer among women globally, with much of the burden being carried by women in limited-resource settings often worsened by the high prevalence of HIV. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted organized screening efforts and HIV management regimens worldwide, and the impact of these disruptions have not been examined in these settings. The purpose of this paper is to describe whether uptake of cervical cancer screening and HIV management changed before, during, and since the COVID-19 pandemic in North-Central Nigeria.MethodsLongitudinal healthcare administration data for women who obtained care between January 2018 and December 2021 were abstracted from the AIDS Prevention Initiative Nigeria (APIN) clinic at Jos University Teaching Hospital. Patient demographics, pap smear outcomes, and HIV management indicators such as viral load and treatment regimen were abstracted and assessed using descriptive and regression analyses. All analyses were conducted comparing two years prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the four quarters in 2020, and the year following COVID-19 restrictions.ResultsWe included 2304 women in the study, most of whom were between 44 and 47 years of age, were married, and had completed secondary education. About 85% of women were treated with first line highly active retroviral therapy (HAART). Additionally, 84% of women screened using pap smear had normal results. The average age of women who sought care at APIN was significantly lower in Quarter 3, 2020 (p = 0.015) compared to the other periods examined in this study. Conversely, the average viral load for women who sought care during that period was significantly higher in adjusted models (p < 0.0001). Finally, we determined that the average viral load at each clinic visit was significantly associated with the period in which women sought care.ConclusionsOverall, we found that COVID-19 pandemic mitigation efforts significantly influenced women’s ability to obtain cervical cancer screening and routine HIV management at APIN clinic. This study buttresses the challenges in accessing routine and preventive care during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in low-resource settings. Further research is needed to determine how these disruptions to care may influence long-term health in this and similar at-risk populations.

Loss of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Antibody Functions During the Peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic Mitigation Measures.

Studies have linked RSV antibody-mediated phagocytosis and complement deposition to severe RSV infection. We show waning of these functions in women of childbearing age during 2020-2021 and implementation of COVID-19 mitigation measures and RSV hiatus. These functions may be explored as immune correlates of protection against RSV.

Decentralized graph-based multi-agent reinforcement learning using reward machines

In multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), it is challenging for a collection of agents to learn complex temporally extended tasks. The difficulties lie in computational complexity and how to learn the high-level ideas behind reward functions. We study the graph-based Markov Decision Process (MDP), where the dynamics of neighboring agents are coupled. To learn complex temporally extended tasks, we use a reward machine (RM) to encode each agent’s task and expose reward function internal structures. RM has the capacity to describe high-level knowledge and encode non-Markovian reward functions. We propose a decentralized learning algorithm to tackle computational complexity, called decentralized graph-based reinforcement learning using reward machines (DGRM), that equips each agent with a localized policy, allowing agents to make decisions independently based on the information available to the agents. DGRM uses the actor-critic structure, and we introduce the tabular Q-function for discrete state problems. We show that the dependency of the Q-function on other agents decreases exponentially as the distance between them increases. To further improve efficiency, we also propose the deep DGRM algorithm, using deep neural networks to approximate the Q-function and policy function to solve large-scale or continuous state problems. The effectiveness of the proposed DGRM algorithm is evaluated by three case studies, two wireless communication case studies with independent and dependent reward functions, respectively, and COVID-19 pandemic mitigation. Experimental results show that local information is sufficient for DGRM and agents can accomplish complex tasks with the help of RM. DGRM improves the global accumulated reward by 119% compared to the baseline in the case of COVID-19 pandemic mitigation.

Using social media to prevent ‘melt’ in the virtual era

The COVID-19 pandemic and associated closures and mitigation processes changed the structure of higher education. Temporary decisions to move classes online became, in some cases, permanent, and an increasing number of students, including those enrolled in residential universities, availed themselves of remote learning opportunities. This new frontier has challenged university communications teams to rethink classic strategies for student connection; such connection has been shown to build excitement for classes and college life, ensuring that students ‘show up’ for virtual learning and maintain enrolment until graduation. This paper presents a case study on the successful social media tactics used by one school-level communications team at a private US residential university to forge deeper connections to students and prevent ‘melt’ in the virtual era.

Changes in emergency department use in British Columbia, Canada, during the first 3 years of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Previous studies have shown reductions in the volume of emergency department visits early in the COVID-19 pandemic, but few have evaluated the pandemic's impact over time or stratified analyses by reason for visits. We aimed to quantify such changes in British Columbia, Canada, cumulatively and during prominent nadirs, and by reason for visit, age and acuity. We included data from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System for 30 emergency departments across BC from January 2016 to December 2022. We fitted generalized additive models, accounting for seasonal and annual trends, to the monthly number of visits to estimate changes throughout the pandemic, compared with the expected number of visits in the absence of the pandemic. We determined absolute and relative differences at various times during the study period, and cumulatively since the start of the pandemic until the overall volume of emergency department visits returned to expected levels. Over the first 16 months of the pandemic, the volume of emergency department visits was reduced by about 322 300 visits, or 15% (95% confidence interval 12%-18%), compared with the expected volume. A sharp drop in pediatric visits accounted for nearly one-third of the reduction. The timing of the return to baseline volume of visits differed by subgroup. The largest and most sustained decreases were in respiratory-related emergency department visits, visits among children, visits among oldest adults and non-urgent visits. Later in the pandemic, we observed increased volumes of highest-urgency visits, visits among children and visits related to ear, nose and throat. We have extended evidence that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated mitigation strategies on emergency department visits in Canada was substantial. Both our findings and methods are relevant in public health surveillance and capacity planning for emergency departments in pandemic and nonpandemic times.

Public Open Space Arrangement Model In Summarecon Bekasi Residential Area Based On Covid-19 Pandemic Mitigation

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19), a highly contagious respiratory virus, has spread to more than 200 countries and regions. The high number of Covid-19 cases has led to various regulations regarding social restrictions. Some of the changes that occurred due to the Covid-19 pandemic changed the socio-spatial structure and affected physical and psychological well-being and overall quality of life. The impact of Covid-19 has also occurred in the Summarecon Bekasi settlement, which provides facilities, a commercial center, and various public open spaces that the people of Bekasi City widely use to become more restricted. Researchers used a qualitative approach and descriptive qualitative analysis techniques with interview observations and documentation as the data sources. Research on public open spaces in Summarecon Bekasi, including downtown walk, waterfront, pedestrian paths, and bus stop shuttle bus, shows that these public spaces cannot fulfill all variable indicators of public open space readiness in dealing with post-pandemic conditions Covid-19. The results obtained are based on the weighting of values from the results of observational studies and interviews on each variable indicator of public open spaces. The empirical mean value of public open spaces in Summarecon Bekasi is 89, which is still below the hypothetical mean value of 110 and is at the lower limit of the category 'Not Enough .'Thus, to overcome the condition of public open spaces that are not yet adaptive to Covid-19, a structuring model is designed for public open spaces in Summarecon Bekasi. This structuring model is expected to reduce the percentage probability of social disasters such as the Covid-19 pandemic or other similar things.

Experiences of resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study among high and low socio-economic status individuals in the Netherlands

Resilience to adverse events is increasingly recognized as important for human health. Socio-economic status (SES) is also frequently identified as a predictor of resilience. However, it is not well-understood how people define resilience in their everyday lives, and whether individuals have different experiences of resilience based on their SES. This study sought to fill these gaps, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and pandemic mitigation policies in the Netherlands.We interviewed high (n = 38) and low (n = 37) SES participants about their understanding and experiences of resilience during this period. Participants took part in individual interviews and focus groups in September 2021. Transcripts were analyzed thematically.A key theme was coping with adversity, in line with commonly-used definitions of resilience. However, we found that resilience was often defined more broadly. Resilience also encompassed aspects of self-reflection and improvement, and faith in oneself, the community and the nation. There were also key differences by SES background: elaborate and optimistic definitions and experiences of resilience were more often described by high SES individuals. For instance, high SES participants more frequently defined resilience as growing and improving. In contrast, low SES participants more commonly experienced resilience as enduring until better times arrived.Having a higher SES seemed to support resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. This indicates that adverse events may exacerbate pre-existing financial and material difficulties among low SES individuals. This finding underscores the importance of addressing financial precarity prior to adverse events.

Dissolution of transactional sex relationships during COVID-19: a qualitative study of Ugandan men’s experiences during COVID-19 lockdowns

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent mitigation measures led to social disruption and negative economic shocks for a large proportion of Uganda’s population. The social and economic consequences of COVID-19 on Ugandan men’s sexual behaviours, including transactional sex relationships, are unclear. We conducted in-depth interviews between November 2021–February 2022 with 26 men in a high HIV prevalence region of Uganda. Data were analysed thematically to understand how sexual relationships, including transactional sex, were impacted by COVID-19. We found that COVID-19 mitigation measures had far-reaching social and economic impacts on most respondents, particularly those employed in the informal economy. Men described experiencing job loss, food insecurity and restricted mobility, which limited opportunities to provide for and meet with transactional sex partners. Inability to provide financial resources meant that men could not form new transactional sex relationships and men who could no longer provide for their existing transactional sex partners consistently reported relationship dissolution. Men who reported stable employment during the pandemic described few changes in transactional sex relationships. Similarly, men in non-transactional relationships did not report relationship dissolution despite decreased financial provision. Further research should assess the potential short- and long-term impacts of COVID-19 mitigation measures on transactional sex relationships.

Women in Pandemics and Sustainability of African Rural Communities

Covid-19 pandemic mitigation measures in the global South, particularly African developing countries like Nigeria were inadequate to alleviate socioeconomic effects of the pandemic on the livelihood and survival of rural communities. Rural women dominate the informal sector and have been active in agriculture, food security, health, nutrition, home management, traditional elderly care, and micro and small-scale enterprises. Whilst the effects of the pandemic on Nigerian rural women have been measured, the contribution of rural women to the sustainability of agrarian rural communities in the country have not been studied. This paper explored the role of women in supporting their families and communities for the sustainability of rural communities and challenges they faced as they serve as buffers for the survival of their families and sustenance of livelihood in rural communities during the pandemic. The paper adopted qualitative phenomenological research design. A sample of 30 rural women were drawn from Gbara Village, an agrarian rural community in Sagamu Local Government, Ogun State, Nigeria through convenience sampling and purposive sampling techniques. Semi-structured Interviews, focus group meetings, and documents were used as data sources and descriptive analysis was used to analyses the demographic characteristics of the respondents. The qualitative results were analyzed through content analysis and eight themes emerged. There were responses on contributions of rural women to the sustainability of Gbara Village during the pandemic in agriculture and food security value chain, health and nutrition, home management, traditional elderly care, and rural entrepreneurship. The paper also found that rural women were confronted with socio-economic challenges of gender inequalities, illiteracy, and limited access to technology to enhance their role as change agents in rural communities during the pandemic. The study suggested that the government, organized private sector, development agencies, non-governmental organizations, research institutions, and civil society organizations should priorities and fast-track the attainment of gender equality and women education to empower rural women and increase their capacity for socio-economic transformation of rural communities in Nigeria.

Risk, Emotional Support, Child Abuse Potential, and Parenting During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic and associated mitigation efforts created stress that threatened parent and child well-being. Conditions that increase stress within families heighten the likelihood of child abuse, but social support can mitigate the impact. This short-term investigation considered whether cumulative risk, COVID-19 specific risk, and emotional support (one aspect of social support), were associated with child abuse potential during the pandemic. Additionally, we investigated whether emotional support moderated the association between COVID-19 specific risk and child abuse potential, and associations between child abuse potential and emotionally positive and emotionally negative parenting. Participants included 89 parents, from a metropolitan area with a large number of economically distressed families, who completed online questionnaires. COVID-19 specific risk and emotional support each explained additional variance in child abuse potential beyond cumulative risk, but emotional support did not moderate the association between COVID-19 specific risk and child abuse potential. Consistent with expectations, child abuse potential was negatively associated with emotionally positive parenting and positively associated with emotionally negative parenting practices. Results highlight the importance of addressing both risks and supports at multiple levels for parents during times of stress.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic mitigation strategies on industry and NCI cancer treatment trials.

1565 Background: The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in major disruptions in enrollment and conduct of cancer clinical trials. In response, regulators allowed modifications to traditional trial processes to enable clinical research and care to continue. The American Society of Clinical Oncology and Friends of Cancer Research established a task force to evaluate how sponsors perceived the impact of these mitigation strategies on data quality and overall trial conduct. Methods: The study used a survey and live interviews of industry and National Cancer Institute (NCI) cooperative group sponsors of cancer treatment trials. Sponsors with trials active in the United States from January 2015-May 2022 were eligible. We assessed perceived impacts of the pandemic on protocol deviations, types of mitigation strategies, trial closures, dropouts, adverse events (AEs), and data integrity. Descriptive statistics were used for survey data summaries. Key findings from semi-structured interviews were described by theme. Results: Of forty-one eligible sponsors, 20 (49%; 15/36 industry and 5/5 cooperative group) completed the survey; eleven (55%; 7/15 industry and 4/5 cooperative group) were interviewed. Sixty percent of sponsors reported large portfolios (&gt;10 trials) of phase II and/or phase III trials. The most widely adopted mitigation strategies were remote distribution of oral anticancer therapies (70%), remote consenting (65%), and remote symptom monitoring for AEs (65%). The proportion of sponsors reporting a “substantial” increase in protocol deviations compared to the pre-pandemic period dropped from 42% in the initial wave (March-April 2020) to 16% thereafter. Sponsors primarily reported “no change” in trial drop-out rates (77%), the number of trials closed due to low accrual (90%), or rates of AEs (81%) at any point during the pandemic. Overall, most (83%) respondents reported the pandemic had “minimal” (14) or “no” impact (1) on data integrity. In interviews, many sponsors reported persistent time delays in data entry related to labor shortages at sites. Conclusions: This study represents the first systematic evaluation of clinical trial sponsors about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the conduct of cancer clinical trials. Remote clinical trial conduct mitigation strategies were broadly adopted. Despite an observed increase in protocol deviations, most sponsors reported the pandemic had minimal or no impact on data integrity. The COVID-19 pandemic impacted how cancer clinical trials were performed and has likely accelerated a trend towards greater flexibility in trial conduct that was already emerging, with potential benefits of reduced burden and improved access for patients and sites . Future work is planned to further quantify the impact of the pandemic and trial mitigation strategies on the quality of trial data both overall and for historically underrepresented patient groups.

Ramifications of Covid-19 pandemic mitigation measures on sexual reproductive health services utilization among women and adolescent girls in Kenya

Background: Women and the adolescents girls in low-middle income countries continue to be the most vulnerable individuals in times of disasters such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic with emphasis on their Sexual Reproductive Health (SRH); yet hardly many studies choose to identify gaps that could improve and bring about well-informed interventions during crisis that do not affect other essential services. Hence, this study aimed to identify the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic mitigation measures on access and utilization of sexual reproductive health services and its related SRH outcomes among women and female adolescents in Kenya. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed to collate findings on the given study using 8 databases. Total of 1352 presumably pertinent publication were retrieved of which 20 studies met the study’s inclusion criteria which included studies with quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods study designs in full text and in English without duplicates. Using a data extraction table, thematic analysis was carried out to yield the study findings. Results: Two themes were identified including; service access related outcomes with the sub-themes of maternal health services and HIV/AIDS services and pandemic specific stressors with the sub-themes of Covid-19 mitigation stressors and socio-economic stressors. The findings implied that, women of reproductive age SRH access and utilization was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic’s mitigation responses with adverse SRH adverse health outcomes. Conclusion: In conclusion, the Covid-19 pandemic adversely affected sexual reproductive health services among women and female adolescents in Kenya. The given main findings indicated and recognized the existence of improper set policies and mitigative measures during crisis management, affecting essential services such as SRH.