Covert Practice Research Articles

Covert and overt retrieval practice in the classroom.

Covert and overt retrieval practice in the classroom.

Discrimination in the rental housing market in the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana

ABSTRACT Regardless of the anti-discrimination policies in place, discrimination is still prevalent within the rental housing market. This poses some considerable challenges to potential accommodation seekers. Due to discrimination, securing accommodation by minority groups has become a major challenge as they are most likely to be discriminated against. This study, therefore, sought to assess discrimination in the housing rental market in the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana. Spatially, four communities namely, Nkwabeng, Penkwase, New Town/Tonsuom Estate and Sunyani Area 4 were purposively selected within the Sunyani Municipality for the study. Data was gathered from 173 landlords and 242 tenants using questionnaires and analysed using probit. The probit model showed that household size, ethnicity, marital status, gender, nationality, disability and age of tenants were the main discriminatory factors. Due to the high demand for housing facilities, there is a likelihood for property owners to discriminate against minority groups. Therefore, it is recommended that the government explores avenues to expand public housing delivery through its affordable housing projects to help address the overt or covert practice of discrimination.

Supplemental Material for Covert and Overt Retrieval Practice in the Classroom

Supplemental Material for Covert and Overt Retrieval Practice in the Classroom

Considerations, benefits and unintended consequences of banning plastic shopping bags for environmental sustainability: A systematic literature review.

Although the ban on plastic bags is gaining in prominence as a policy option to manage plastic bag litter, there are mixed views on its rationale and effectiveness. This study employs a systematic literature review to understand considerations, benefits and unintended consequences of banning plastic bags. The review’s results pointed to the limited success of a plastic bag ban owing to lack of suitable alternatives, limited state capacity to monitor and enforce the ban, thriving black market, structural and instrumental power of the plastic industry. The power of the industry was manifested by the covert practice of deflecting accountability to consumers by focusing on business-oriented solutions, including an inclination towards self-regulation. The findings of this study underscored the need for a global treaty to address the transient nature of plastic bag litter and moving away from the symbolic gesture of targeting only plastic shopping bags but considering the environmental impact of all forms of plastic such as straws, foamed plastics, plastic bottles and caps. There is a general consensus in literature that the end of plastic shopping bags is not nigh due to their utilitarian benefits. This study therefore recommends the promotion of a circular economy focusing on ecological modernisation, sustainable plastic bag manufacturing and recovery strategies such as recycling as a long-term strategy. A significant strand of literature reviewed also recommends the adoption of community-driven approaches such as voluntary initiatives as opposed to a plastic bag ban as they proved to be effective in promoting environmental citizenship behaviours in countries such as Finland.

Automatic effects of covert practice.

Automatic behaviour is supposedly underlain by the unintentional retrieval of processing episodes, which are stored during the repeated overt practice of a task or activity. In the present study, we investigated whether covertly practicing a task (e.g., repeatedly imagining responding to a stimulus) also leads to the storage of processing episodes and thus to automatic behaviour. Participants first either responded overtly or covertly to stimuli according to a first categorization task in a practice phase. We then measured the presence of automatic response-congruency effects in a subsequent test phase that involved a different categorization task but the same stimuli and responses. Our results indicate that covert practice can lead to a response-congruency effect. We conclude that covert practice can lead to automatic behaviour and discuss the different components of covert practice, such as motor imagery, visual imagery, and inner speech, that contribute to the formation of processing episodes in memory.

Crypto-Back-Translation in Van Rooten's Homophonic Nursery Rhymes

This article explores the covert practice of literary back-translation, here called ‘crypto-back-translation’, through an analysis of Luis D'Antin van Rooten's Mots d'Heures: Gousses, Rames. The book contains homophonic translations of Mother Goose's Rhymes, but is presented as a collection of original French poems, edited by van Rooten with explanatory notes and translations. The article argues that crypto-back-translation takes two forms: on the one hand, it constitutes a hermeneutic strategy used by van Rooten to amuse and confound his readers, by producing new versions of known English nursery rhymes under the guise of erudite notes; on the other, it forms part of the reading process, by evoking preverbal memories of sound association, connected to language acquisition in the context of the nursery. More generally, the article discusses the role of humour and deception in translation practice, translation methodology, and the emotional, psychological, and physical effects of literary back-translation.

Publishing with dissertation students: A covert strategy for developing psychology students’ employability skills?

With continuing priority given to the development of Higher Education students’ employability skills, this paper reflects on the employability framework as well as recommended principles for promoting and embedding employability within and outwith the curriculum. Given existing traditional and innovative approaches for promoting employability skills, this paper is an attempt to share what could be regarded as an effective but covert practice that can considerably contribute to both the development as well as demonstration of psychology students’ acquired employability skills. Based on the supervisor’s four examples of collaboration – two completed and two ongoing – this paper discusses various considerations for this type of collaboration, ending with the reciprocal lessons learned. This paper encourages other supervisors to consider harnessing and realising the potentially multiple benefits of working further with their dissertation students in the post-supervision stage.

Now you see it, now you don’t: On the (in)visibility of police stop and search in Northern Ireland

Police stop and search practices have been subject to voluminous debate for over 40 years in the United Kingdom. Yet critical debate related to the use of ‘everyday’ stop and search powers by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) has, despite the hyper-accountable policing system of Northern Ireland, been marked by its absence. This article presents the first ever analysis of PSNI’s use of PACE-type powers (Police and Criminal Evidence (NI) Order 1989) – currently used at a higher rate and with poorer outcomes compared to the rest of the UK. While it can only be considered as an elusive power, about which detailed research evidence is markedly lacking, stop and search in Northern Ireland seems to serve as a classificatory tool for PSNI to control mainly young, socio-economically marginal male populations. The article provides new theoretical insight into stop and search as a simultaneous overt and covert practice, and speaks to wider issues of mundane police power – and practice – within highly contested and politically fractured contexts.

The testing effect in a social setting: Does retrieval practice benefit a listener?

Retrieval practice boosts retention relative to other study strategies like restudying, a finding known as the testing effect. In 3 experiments, the authors investigated testing in social contexts. Subjects participated in pairs and engaged in restudy and retrieval practice of vocabulary pairs. During retrieval practice, 1 subject acted as speaker (overt practice); the other subject listened and monitored the speaker's responses (covert practice). All experiments showed testing effects, with overt practice by speakers enhancing recall relative to restudy after a 2-day delay. In Experiments 1 and 2, covert practice by listeners did not benefit recall as much as overt practice. Only in Experiment 3, when listeners were asked to monitor their own covert retrieval (instead of the speaker's overt retrieval), did both types of practice convey similar benefits. The results indicate that memory retrieval is not necessarily as beneficial for listeners as for speakers. The practical implication is that the practice of teachers asking questions in class will not yield a positive effect unless special measures are taken to insure students' effortful covert retrieval. (PsycINFO Database Record

Protecting sources: from shield laws to Wikileaks

This paper focuses on recent developments in the right and ability of journalists to protect their sources’ anonymity in the United Kingdom, particularly in light of the Snowden revelations of June 2013, and the significance of collaboration between the global online media organization Wikileaks and mainstream news organisations. It explores two key difficulties faced by journalists: the notion of a qualified professional privilege and the unknown extent of covert requests by public authorities for disclosure involving communications data and metadata. In doing so, it comments upon the opening filled by Wikileaks, which protects its sources’ anonymity through high data security and encryption. This paper’s findings tend to show that the covert practice of blanket mass digital surveillance of individual communications including journalists’ is undermining source protection and the rise of Wikileaks as an alternative model is challenging the traditional role of journalists as mediators and gatekeepers in the digital era.

Mother blaming: a covert practice in therapeutic intervention

In this article I will discuss the continuing discursive support for idealised motherhood, describe some ways mother blaming is practiced within therapeutic intervention and discuss the implications of this for social work practice. The article is based on a qualitative study of professionals who provide therapeutic intervention for sexually violent children and their families. The case examples discussed come from this study and describe the roles attributed to mothers in causing and maintaining their children's sexual violence.

Stigmatised choices: social class, social exclusion and secondary school markets in the inner city

The transition to secondary school is rarely conceptualised as an important influence in maintaining and contributing to wider processes of social exclusion in the inner city. This article argues that the seeds of social exclusion are sown in under-resourced, struggling inner-city schooling, and their germination is found in class practices, particularly the exclusionary secondary school choice practices of the middle classes. Drawing on Jordan's conceptualisation of the choices available to parents in the new UK educational markets, we examine middle-class strategies of ‘voting with the feet’, exit and self-exclusion, plus the more covert practice of ‘exchanging addresses’. The article examines how these processes have implications for the construction of a polarized market where some schools are ‘demonized’ and others ‘idealized’ along class, racial and ethnic lines. It also raises questions about what it might mean for the mainly working-class children who have no choice but to go to such demonized schools.

Effect of Mental Practice on Isometric Muscular Strength

This study was conducted in the Department of Physical Therapy, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112. The purpose of this study was to see if mental practice (MP) would increase voluntary isometric muscle strength in normal individuals. Twenty-four female subjects were randomly assigned to either a control group or a MP group. The study was conducted over a four-day period using a pretest, posttest, and control group design. The MP group participated in four, 30-minute covert practice sessions. During these sessions, subjects were instructed to cognitively practice isometric contractions of their right quadriceps muscle. Surface electromyography was applied during each practice session to ensure that subjects were not physically contracting their muscles. The data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures on one of the factors. The results of this study showed that the MP group significantly (p < .05) increased (12.6%) their quadriceps muscle strength compared to the control group. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1991;13(5):231-234.

Mental effort and video-based learning: The relationship of preconceptions and the effects of interactive and covert practice

Recommendations for the design of interactive video materials are often based on the premise that interactive video may overcome learners' preconceptions of television as “easy.” This study investigated learner preconceptions of the difficulty of interactive video, instructional television, and television, and examined the effects of actively or covertly responding to practice questions on perceived mental effort, recall, and inferences.

Effects of separate and combined overt and covert practice modes on counseling trainee competence and motivation.

Effects of separate and combined overt and covert practice modes on counseling trainee competence and motivation.

Effects of separate and combined overt and covert practice modes on counseling trainee competence and motivation.

Effects of separate and combined overt and covert practice modes on counseling trainee competence and motivation.

Triage and the patient with renal failure.

The call for 'triage' as a specific policy for the selection of patients presenting with chronic renal failure, in the light of increasingly limited resources prompted us to question nephrologist on their bases for selection. We discovered no absolute criteria for rejection, but a consensus of opinion against those with additional and complicating factors to their renal disease such as age, hepatitis carriers and mental illness-a bias seen throughout the National Health Service. In this paper we discuss the validity of such criteria, the implications of the currently pragmatic and often covert practice of selection, and in this potentially finite area of demand we question the rationale for the limitation of resources.

Utility, Publicity, and Manipulation

Previous articleNext article No AccessUtility, Publicity, and ManipulationAdrian M. S. PiperAdrian M. S. Piper Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Ethics Volume 88, Number 3Apr., 1978 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/292071 Views: 4Total views on this site Citations: 6Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1978 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Michael Cholbi WHAT’S WRONG WITH ESOTERIC MORALITY, Les ateliers de l'éthique 15, no.1-21-2 (May 2021): 163–185.https://doi.org/10.7202/1077533arKnut Veisten Contingent valuation controversies: Philosophic debates about economic theory, The Journal of Socio-Economics 36, no.22 (Apr 2007): 204–232.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.049Mary Gore Forrester Oughts, Obligations and the Best, (Jan 2002): 193–223.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9994-8_8 Larry Alexander Pursuing the Good-Indirectly, Ethics 95, no.22 (Oct 2015): 315–332.https://doi.org/10.1086/292633Jeffrie G. Murphy Cruel and Unusual Punishments, (Jan 1979): 223–249.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9461-4_15Jeffrie G. Murphy Cruel and Unusual Punishments, (Jan 1979): 373–404.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2049-6_23

Electromyographic Activity during Observational Learning

A previous study used learning of hand signals to show that observers practice the model's responses during the exposure period. Since only overt practice was measured, it was felt that more sensitive techniques were needed to measure possible covert practice. In this study, electromyogram (EMG) recordings were made while observers learned hand signals and word-number pairs, either in the presence of the experimenter or alone. Observers showed greater EMG activity while learning hand signals than while learning word-number pairs regardless of whether the experimenter was present or not. However, more overt practice of the hand signals (hence larger EMGs) occurred when the experimenter was absent. The results are interpreted as additional evidence for the elicitive function of the model's behavior during observational learning. Typically, observational learning studies involve two stages: a stage in which an observer is exposed to the behavior of a model, and then a stage in which the observer is required to behave in order to determine how much the model's behavior has influenced the observer's behavior. Relatively little research has attempted to analyze the observer's reactions to the model's behavior during the exposure stage-even though identification of these reactions could, presumably, facilitate more precise analysis of the processes involved in observational learning. Still, some efforts in this direction have been made,1 and it has, for example, been found that observers Received for publication June 10, 1969. The study is based in part on Deborah Smith Irwin's undergraduate honors thesis. It was supported by National Science Foundation Grant GS-1702 to the first author. Send reprint requests to the first author at the Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. 01002. 1 A. Bandura and T. L. Rosenthal, Vicarious classical conditioning as a function of arousal level, J. pers. soc. Psychol., 3, 1966, 54-62; S. M. Berger, Conditioning through vicarious instigation, Psychol. Rev., 69, 1962, 450-466; V. Di Lollo and S. M. Berger, The effects of apparent pain in others on observer reaction time, J. pers. soc. Psychol., 2, 1965, 573-575; E. W. J. Faison, N. Rose, and J. E. Podell, A technique for measuring observable audience reactions to training films, Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center, Training Aids Research Laboratory, unpublished laboratory note (mimeo.), TARLLN-55-45, 1955.

A Comparison of Overt and Covert Response in Programmed Learning

THE IMPORTANCE and function of overt re sponse in learning has been debated by both learn ing theorists and educators (Spence, 1951; and Dewey, 1959). Progress toward the solution of this problem under conditions that would satisfy both the theorist and the educator has been difficult up to the present time since rigorous controls can not be achieved in the ordinary classroom. Pro grammed self-instruction, however, provides lab oratory-like conditions for the study of learning within an educational context and with meaningful educational materials. The present study was con ducted to determine the relative effectiveness of overt and covert practice during learning when some basic concepts of descriptive statistics were taught by programmed s elf-instruction using a cut back page, linear programmed text. (See Stolurow, 1961, for a description of the format.)**