Court Documents Research Articles

Effects of Higher Minimum Quality Standards on Food Safety: Evidence From Criminal Cases Found in China's Court Documents

Food safety is a credence good that is hard for consumers to assess even after consumption. Government have used minimum quality standards (MQSs) to prevent producers from selling products below a predetermined quality threshold, thereby improving the overall quality in the market. This study is the first to empirically examine the impact of MQSs on food safety in China. We constructed the number of mutton criminal cases (per billion people) as a proxy for food safety in a province, based on the data obtained from China Judgments Online, we evaluated the effect for the period of 2013 through 2019. Using the generalized difference-in-difference econometric method, we found that a higher minimum quality standard led to an increase in mutton criminal cases related to the production and sale of counterfeit and shoddy products. Such results highlight a potential unintended consequence of a higher MQS and call for a higher penalty cost to mitigate the unintended consequence.

Eviction by Design: The Role of Court Documents, Self-Help Materials, and Judicial Actors in the Tenant Experience of Summary Eviction

Eviction by Design: The Role of Court Documents, Self-Help Materials, and Judicial Actors in the Tenant Experience of Summary Eviction

The August Trials: The Holocaust and Postwar Justice in Poland

The August Trials: The Holocaust and Postwar Justice in Poland

Service of Court Documents in Civil Proceedings to Attorneys During the Covid Pandemic – Analysis of Selected Issues

The serving of court documents on parties to civil proceedings and their attorneysat-law is primarily regulated under the Act of 17 November 1964, the Code of Civil Procedure. However, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic some temporary solutions have been implemented by the legislator. Their role is to expedite communications between common courts and attorneys by using IT-based technology, and specifically, an e-service platform for serving court documents electronically. The aim of this paper is to analyze electronic service on attorneys in civil cases, and in particular, such issues as: which court papers may be delivered via the e-service platform, when should a document be deemed as served considering exceptions from the e-service rule, application of Article 134 of the Code of Civil Procedure to e-service of court documents and e-service in case of a multiple power of attorney.

Automatic Curation of Court Documents: Anonymizing Personal Data

In order to provide open access to data of public interest, it is often necessary to perform several data curation processes. In some cases, such as biological databases, curation involves quality control to ensure reliable experimental support for biological sequence data. In others, such as medical records or judicial files, publication must not interfere with the right to privacy of the persons involved. There are also interventions in the published data with the aim of generating metadata that enable a better experience of querying and navigation. In all cases, the curation process constitutes a bottleneck that slows down general access to the data, so it is of great interest to have automatic or semi-automatic curation processes. In this paper, we present a solution aimed at the automatic curation of our National Jurisprudence Database, with special focus on the process of the anonymization of personal information. The anonymization process aims to hide the names of the participants involved in a lawsuit without losing the meaning of the narrative of facts. In order to achieve this goal, we need, not only to recognize person names but also resolve co-references in order to assign the same label to all mentions of the same person. Our corpus has significant differences in the spelling of person names, so it was clear from the beginning that pre-existing tools would not be able to reach a good performance. The challenge was to find a good way of injecting specialized knowledge about person names syntax while taking profit of previous capabilities of pre-trained tools. We fine-tuned an NER analyzer and we built a clusterization algorithm to solve co-references between named entities. We present our first results, which, for both tasks, are promising: We obtained a 90.21% of F1-micro in the NER task—from a 39.99% score before retraining the same analyzer in our corpus—and a 95.95% ARI score in clustering for co-reference resolution.

The Description of the Divorce Cases of the Court Documents of 19th century Harar

Harari courts, which are Sharia courts, have registered different themes of cases that they have entertained for centuries. The registrations of two of the Harari qadis are housed in the Institute of Ethiopian Studies in Addis Ababa. These Arabic manuscripts cover the period of the pre-Egyptian occupation to Harar from 1242 to 1283 H. (1827-1867 A. D.). They registered marriages, divorces, inheritances, land transactions, and other cases. This study focuses on the description of divorce cases of the two qadis’ registrations. It provides an edition and translation of several examples of divorces that appear in these records. Based on the information given in the cases, this study identifies the Islamic divorce types and their preconditions that the Harari court employed throughout the 40 years of the two qadis’ period. The three types of Islamic divorces identified from reading the manuscripts are : khul ʿ, țalāq, and faskh. The cases show consistency across the years in many matters except in the number of the khul ʿ type of divorce, which is believed to be initiated by woman. These divorce cases show that the qadis registered the final conclusion of the divorce without giving details on the process or procedures that took place for the divorce to finalize. Other matters related to the divorce, such as the maintenance and the guardianship of children, are not mentioned.

A Public Key Infrastructure Model for Verification of Court Documents: The Judiciary of Kenya

A Public Key Infrastructure Model for Verification of Court Documents: The Judiciary of Kenya

Trakai Castle Court Acts of 1660–1661: Typological and Language Characteristics

The paper deals with the local court records of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) from the collection of Vilnius University. The study of Trakai Castle Court documentation of 1660‒1661 (F7–TPT, 1660‒1661) allows us to conclude that the chancery work in local courts in the GDL was highly developed at the time. The system of documents’ drawing up and registering was clearly regulated and structured, taking into account the needs of state and public life. Almost all types of court records were composed according to well-defined canons, owing to which we can speak about certain genres of legal documentation that had developed apparently by the end of the 16th and the middle of the 17th centuries. The manuscript written in Polish and Ruthenian languages is important for research of Lithuanian, Polish and Byelorussian history. The abundance of accumulated information enables us to consider it as unique reference book that reflects changing sociolinguistic situation of the GDL. From the middle of the 17th century, Polish starts to significantly dominate in legal documentation, thus forces Ruthenian out of court by the end of the century.

Законодательная регламентация преступлений террористического характера в России до Октябрьской революции 1917 г.

The history of the development of legislation on criminal liability for crimes of a terrorist nature in Russia has changed. The modern perception of the criminal phenomenon under consideration, as we note, is reduced to the ideology of violence, the motivation and goals of which depend on what is at its core, for example, politics, religion, racism, and so on. The analysis of legislative acts before the October revolution of 1917 allows us to identify the objects of terrorist influence (representatives of the authorities, the gov-ernment, the head of state) and the methods of committing such criminal at-tacks (deliberate arson, explosion), which in practice had a certain criminal legal significance for the qualification and appointment of punishment. The work focuses on the fact that only some provisions of the articles of the Rus-sian Pravda, the Sudebnik of 1497 and 1550, the Pskov and Novgorod Court Documents, the Cathedral Code of 1649, the Military Code of 1715, the Code on Criminal and Correctional Punishments of 1845 contained signs of terrorist actions. In the course of the study, we conclude that no legislative act of the pre-Soviet period contained a terminological base that defines terrorist crimes as such. The wave of terror in the 19th–20th centuries. it resulted in the mass death of people and the commission of a number of other acts. Deliberate arson and explosions cause intimidation and cause significant damage to the interests of the individual, society and the State. The research in the scientific work shows that terrorism as an independent type of crime has been legally regulated since 1992.

Data Transcription for India's Supreme Court Documents Using Deep Learning Algorithms

The Indian legal system is one of the largest judiciary systems in the world and handles a huge number of legal cases which is increasing rapidly day by day. The computerized documentation of Indian law is highly voluminous and complex forms. This article proposes a model using deep learning techniques to split the judgment text into the issue, facts, arguments, reasoning, and decision. To evaluate the proposed model, the authors conducted experiments that revealed that the convolutional neural network and long short-term memory transcription technique could achieve better accuracy and obtain superior transcription performance. Comparison results indicate that the proposed algorithm gives the highest classification accuracy rate of 95.6%. The adaptation of splitting the judgment text into the issue, facts, arguments, reasoning, and decision helps to find specific portions of the judgment within a second, making the job of analyzing the case more effective, efficient, and faster.

Information Characteristics for Judicative Documentation of the end the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries for the Investigation of the History of Everyday Life in the Southern Ukraine

Social history (the history of everyday life) is a popular trend in modern Ukrainian historical studies. At the same time, it should be noted the studies aimed at the research of everyday life, life, stereotypes, incidents, personal life have an integrated nature. The proposed topic covers a short period of time, which was due to the introduction in the territory of Southern Ukraine of a new judicial system in accordance with the Provisions on Provinces of 1775. Thus, the judicial instances of Yekaterinoslav governorship (1783–1796), later of the Novorossiysk province (1796–1802) are under review. The region is vast, heterogeneous in various indicators. The purpose of the article is to determine the characteristics of different types of forensic documentation, which have the greatest information potential in studying the problems of everyday life of people of the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. The source base are the materials of judicial institutions of the region, ranging from the county level (district courts, magistrates, reprisals) to provincial ones (high district court, high reprisal, provincial magistrate, conscientious court, court chamber and reprisals). The task is to characterize the different types of sources used to disclose the topic; to highlight the scenes that are most clearly presented in these documents. The main results. Characteristics of the following types of court documentation are given: journals (meetings, minutes, decisions); property registries; petitions; interrogations; extracts of cases. As an exception, personal letters are mentioned that were used as evidence at courts. The methods of hermeneutics are of great importance, since due to the lack of other sources, clearly formulated questions and a careful reading of the available documents for the formation of ideas about the era are crucially important. It has been noted that the functioning of the judicial system itself provides facts for the study of the stated topic. According to the approaches of the German sociologist N. Elias in the history of everyday life such category as "working day" is considered. It was at a specified time that the bureaucratic apparatus of the region was emerging with a new bureaucracy and its work schedule, which set a certain rhythm of the life of county and provincial cities. The conclusion is made about the possibility of studying, clarifying individual plots on the history of everyday life of almost all segments of the population (to a lesser extent, peasants). It is noted that criminal cases have a wider social variety. The life of the nobility is characterized primarily by documents of civil proceedings (inheritance division, disputes over land). They demonstrate the household side in the process of distribution and delimitation of land, which Southern Ukraine was experiencing during this period. There are two traditions at the cultural and legal levels: one appeals to the norms of the Lithuanian Statute of 1588 (in counties that have moved away from the territory of the former Hetmanate), the other to Russian imperial legislation. The documents of the judicial instances of the region confirm the fact of quite a high mobility of the population within southern Ukraine; point at the development of modern processes (including their negative manifestations in the form of rising crime); allow us to see the ugly side of the daily life of an individual at that time. Article type: analytical.

Legal Files and Empires: Form and Materiality of the Benguela District Court Documents

Abstract Much has been said on the role of judges, legal officials, and courts in the making of colonial regimes. Nevertheless, historiography lacks specific methodological reflections on lawsuits in the Iberian Empires. In order to raise some methodological issues concerning lawsuits as primary sources, I argue that historians could also engage with legal files by looking at instead of just looking through them. In this sense, I seek to establish a dialogue with discussions that anthropologists and social scientists put forward concerning the role of documents as constitutive of bureaucracies and administrative institutions. In order to do so, I will focus on specific aspects of the Benguela District Court collection of legal files.

The German Federal Courts Dataset 1950–2019: From Paper Archives to Linked Open Data

Various reasons explain why Europe lags behind the United States in empirical legal studies. One of them is a scarcity of available data on judicial decision making, even at the highest levels of adjudication. By institutional design, civil‐law judges have lower personal profiles than their common‐law counterparts. Hence very few empirical data are available on how courts are composed and how that composition changes over time. The present project remedies that by easing access to such data and lowering the threshold for empirical studies on judicial behavior. This paper introduces the German Federal Courts Dataset (GFCD) as a resource for empirical legal scholars, with the objective of inspiring more European lawyers to engage with empirical aspects of civil‐law adjudication. To that end, several thousand pages of German court documentation were digitized, transcribed into machine‐readable tables (ready to be imported into statistics software), and published online (www.richter-im-internet.de). To simultaneously explore innovative ways of sharing public‐domain datasets, the data were modeled as linked open data and imported into the Wikidata repository for use in any computational application.

Book Review: Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean by Joshua M. White

Joshua M. White. Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean . Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018. ISBN 9781503602526. 376 pages. $65.00 This new study of maritime violence in the early modern Mediterranean provides a timely consideration of the personal, legal, and diplomatic repercussions of piracy from an Ottoman perspective. White’s innovative contribution to the scholarly literature on corsairing and piracy develops from his extensive use of Ottoman sources (court documentation, petitions, letters, reports, decrees, captivity narratives, travel accounts, etc.). His focus, not on the actions of the pirates themselves, but on the Ottoman judicial and administrative response to piracy, creates a narrative that is more nuanced than some earlier studies, which have tended to consider events refracted through an interpretative lens that emphasises a purported clash of civilisations meta-narrative and which sees the motivation of such violence located in holy warfare.1 Instead, White considers the Ottomans as much victims of this naval violence as other Mediterranean communities and peoples. However, he does not narrate the Ottomans as passive, impotent victims of circumstance. Through a study of the juridical ramifications of piracy, he provides a focus on the construction of the eastern Mediterranean as a unified Ottoman …

Правовий статус та розвиток господарства греків Північного Надазов’я (1779–1875 рр.): аналіз матеріалів діловодства

Using the analysis of materials of record-keeping stored in Ukrainian and Russian archives, the article describes the legal status and development of the economy of the Greek community of the NorthernPryazovia: reports, directives, notifications of the Azov and Novorossiysk governor-general. The same group includes the documents that arose in the process of operation of the Mariupol Greek court. The elements that constituted the form of these documents in the 18th — 19th centuries are analysed, the purpose of these documents is formulated. Among the local record-keeping, the documents of the Mariupol Greek Court (was created in accordance with the charter of 1779) occupy a significant place due to the wealth of statistical information. The court performed administrative, police and judicial functions. The cases of district (powiat) administration, district and zemsky court, orphan and verbal courts, city council (magistrat), district police and volost administrations were concentrated here. According to the origin and informative possibilities, the materials of the Mariupol Greek Court can be divided into the following groups: 1) incoming court documentation from the higher authorities; 3) notebooks and documents submitted to the court by subordinate institutions (accounts, journals, reports, public sentences, etc.); 4) documents submitted to the institution by private individuals (reports, complaints, IOUs); 2) accounting court documentation; 5) papers sent to private individuals by court (notifications, directives), etc. The record-keeping materials of the central institutions allow us to reproduce the following questions on the history of the Greeks of the North Pryazovia: the assignment of land (F. 379 and 383 of the Russian State Historical Archive), the liquidation of the Mariupol Greek Court of the Order of the Mariupol Greeks after the reforms of the 60s and 70s of the 19th century. (f. 1286, 1287, 1291, 1405 of the Russian State Historical Archive).

The German Federal Courts Dataset 195002018: From Paper Archives to Linked Open Data

Various reasons explain why Europe lags behind other jurisdictions in Empirical Legal Studies, especially regarding judicial decision-making. One of them is a scarcity of field data, even on the highest tiers of adjudication. Civil law jurisdictions differ markedly from their common law counterparts in the emphasis they place on individual judges. Hence very little empirical data is available on how courts are composed and how that composition changes over time. The present project attempts to change that by easing access to such data and thus lowering the threshold for empirical studies on the composition of the judiciary. It creates a resource for Empirical Legal Scholarship in order to start closing a research gap and to inspire more European scholars to engage with the empirical aspects of civil law adjudication. Several thousand pages of German court documentation were digitized, transcribed into machine-readable tables (ready to be imported into statistics software) and published online. To explore new avenues for sharing public domain data, they were also modeled as linked open data and imported into a prominent data repository.

PATRON-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP AND STRATEGY OF GROWTH GAPOKDAKAN IN TAMBAK REJO VILLAGE, PADANG JAYA, NORTH BENGKULU DISTRICT

The research aims to identify patterns of relationships patron-client in Tambak RejoVillage, to analyze internal and exsternal factors which is an aspect of theopportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses in the development Gapokdakan in Tambak Rejo Village, Formulating alternative development strategies Gapokdakan in Tambak Rejo Village. The type of data used are primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained by direct observation and interviews in depth about gapokdakan and secondary data from the literature books, articles, court documentation etc. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis to determine the pattern of patronclient, a SWOT analysis to look at the search for and review of internal and external factors to determine a good decision, whereas for determining the position of developmental conditions Gapokdakan that the formulation matrix IFE (Internal Factor Evaluation ) and matrix EFE (External Factor Evaluation). The results of this research is the patron-client that occurred in the Tambak Rejo village is lending system capital provided by middlemen to farmers in the form of fish feed, but this kind of relationship there are times when farmers in disadvantaged because of the incompatibility of fish price per kilogram, and the price increase feed if borrowed from brokers, on the other hand the benefits that the convenience of farmers to capital, marketing is assured, and farmers can continue farming fish. SWOT analysis for the IFE and EFE matrix is internal factor the highest strength is the availability of the fish pond, the highest weaknesses are internal factors that are difficult or capital financing farmers, the results of internal factors evaluation matrix, internal factor of gapokdakan is good. External factors greatest opportunities, namely the potential of tilapia hatchery in the Tambak Rejo village, as well as external factors are the biggest threat is the virus tilapia. There are two alternative development strategies Gapokdakan in Tambak Rejo, one of the strategic alternatives that Increase production with facilities and infrastructure and maintain the quality so that production can always meet existing market. Keywords: Patron-Klien, Swot, strategic alternative, Gapokdakan

Yesca y fuego. Condicionantes de la conducta sexual del servicio doméstico español en el siglo XVIII

This article analyzes the position of domestic workers between the late seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries in order to determine what their situation facing the dilemma of preserving their honor in an, usually, hostile enviroment and the social imperative of courting and got married placed on them. The Spanish domestic service in the Old Regime Spain, specially the maids, was exposed to plenty of risks. Sexual harassement was by far one of the most common. This happening could appear in several forms, since an originally consented relationship until crimes such as raping. Through this paper, we annalyze the most common servant ´s sexual conducts based on the court documentation for the XVII and XVIII centuries by analyzing the conflicts reflected in these sources. Maids precariousness, their legal resources and the society perspective over their position are the issues adressed in the paper searching for a overview of the servant´s sexual dangers and its consequences as well as the maid's strategies in openly hostile ambient.

Who is Worthy of Redress?: Recognizing Sexual Violence Injustice Against Women of Color as Uniquely Redress-Worthy—Illuminated by a Case Study on Kenya’s Mau Mau Women and Their Unique Harms

Until recently, reconciliation initiatives tended to ignore specialized harms of sexual violence suffered by women. At the urging of gender scholars and advocates, reconciliation initiatives started acknowledging the unique nature of sexual violence harms to women and began tailoring remedies to address these specialized harms. Yet, though a step in the right direction, even those forward-looking gender-sensitive initiatives have not specifically and forthrightly recognized the unique sexual violence harms to women of color. Race and gender place women of color at the bottom of the social hierarchy, making them particularly vulnerable to sexual violence as part of mass injustice and later often rendering their injuries nearly invisible in the redress process. Yet their severe sexual violence harms are unique, ranging from irreparable reproductive damage, broken relationships, and economic hardship to stigma, isolation, and shame. Why do those fashioning redress tend to largely overlook or ignore these unique sexual violence harms to women of color? This Article responds to this pressing question and modestly refines the recently developed intersectional race-gender redress analysis. It clarifies societal constructions of gender by focusing on one aspect as it intersects with race—sexual violence. The Article calls for a particularized intersectional racegender redress analysis to recognize sexual violence against women of color as uniquely worthy of redress. Through a case study on Kenya’s Mau Mau women and their unique harms, the Article employs this refined redress analysis and encourages scholars, frontline advocates, policymakers, and survivors and their families to strive for more comprehensive and enduring social healing “by doing justice” for both individual women of color and the polity itself. In doing so, it emphasizes that unveiling and making explicit any implicit intersectional racegender redress bias might significantly begin changing societal notions about who is worthy of redress. ABSTRACT 269 INTRODUCTION 270 269 INTRODUCTION 270 I. REDRESS FOR HISTORIC INJUSTICE 278 II. WHAT’S MISSING?: MAU MAU WOMEN’S UNIQUE HARMS IN REDRESS ...... 281 A. A Brief Historical Background of Mau Mau Women’s Experiences 282 B. Mau Mau Women’s Devalued Sexual Violence Harms 284 1. Post-Colonial Silencing 284 2. Public Discourse 286 3. Court Documents 288 4. An Out-of-Court Settlement 290 KENYA 234 (2005) (quoting Muringo Njooro, a Mau Mau woman survivor). PETTIT_TO PRODUCTION (EIC) 199 EDITED (DO NOT DELETE) 7/25/2015 11:31 AM 270 BERKELEY JOURNAL OF GENDER, LAW & JUSTICE III. WHY ARE THEY MISSING?: THE UNDERPINNINGS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF INTERSECTIONAL RACE-GENDER REDRESS THEORY 291 A. Gender-Sensitive Redress Theory 293 1. The Emergence of Gender-Sensitive Redress Theory 293 2. Sexual Violence Against Women in Redress Initiatives 295 B. Cutting-Edge Intersectional Race-Gender Redress Approaches .... 300 1. Intersectionality Theory 300 2. Intersectional Race-Gender Redress 302 C. What Happened to the Women of Color?: Implicit Intersectional Redress Bias Rendering Nearly Invisible Sexual Violence Injustice Against Women of Color 303 1. Mayan Women and Guatemalan Redress Efforts 304 2. Korean Comfort Women and Current Redress Efforts 305 3. Jeju Women and Jeju 4.3 Reconciliation 305 D. What Happened to Mau Mau Women?: An Intersectional RaceGender Redress Case Study to Illuminate Implicit Redress Bias .. 308 1. Where is the Racism? 308 2. Where is the Sexism? 310 3. Where are the Multidimensional Harms? 312 IV. WHAT’S NEXT?: REFINING INTERSECTIONAL RACE-GENDER REDRESS THEORY TO RECOGNIZE SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN OF COLOR AS ESPECIALLY WORTHY OF REDRESS 313 A. Recognition of Sexual Violence Injustice Against Women of Color—Empathizing with Those Suffering 314 1. Recognition of Historic Sexual Violence Harms 314 2. Recognition of Persisting Harms 317 B. Recognition of Sexual Violence Injustice Against Women of Color—Critical Interrogation of the Discursive and Structural Aspects of Suppression 319 1. Discursive Strategy: Stock Stories Legitimizing the Injustice 319 2. Structural Aspects: Organizational Structures Embodying Oppressive Practices and Policies Contributing to Sexual Violence Against Women of Color 320 CONCLUSION: LOOKING FORWARD TO MORE COMPREHENSIVE REDRESS ....... 322

Civil War Blockade-Runners: Prize Claims and the Historical Record, Including the Denbigh ’s Court Documents by Gerald R. Powell, Matthew C. Cordon, J. Barto Arnold III (review)

Civil War Blockade-Runners: Prize Claims and the Historical Record, Including the Denbigh ’s Court Documents by Gerald R. Powell, Matthew C. Cordon, J. Barto Arnold III (review)