Course Of Water Research Articles

Effects of Land Use on the Community Structure of Aquatic Invertebrate in Subtropical Streams

Streams constitute the water supply of the watersheds and provide the transfer of energy along the course of water, ensuring water biodiversity. Due to the different uses of the earth, the benthic community is being suppressed. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of changes in land use on the abundance, richness, and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in subtropical streams, considering the physical and chemical variables of streams seasonally. In total, 144 samples were collected between February 2022 and November 2023 at 12 sites distributed in a watershed in southern Brazil, four sites for each land use. Herein, 83.520 individuals were identified, comprising 67 taxa. There was a decrease in richness along the forested–rural–urban gradient and a greater abundance in the urban environment, without the significant influence of seasonality. We conclude that the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate in the streams is influenced not only by environmental variables but also by the spatial distribution between streams. The proximity of the streams generates a similarity in dominance. This study contributed to understanding the relationships of the environment with the benthic community and considering the spatial distribution among the streams sampled in future investigations.

Prevalence and Clinical Course of Water and Electrolyte Disturbances Following Transsphenoidal Pituitary Adenoma Surgery in Immediate and Early Postoperative Period: A Prospective Observational Study.

Transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma surgery (TSS) was commonly associated with water and electrolyte disturbances (WEDs) in the postoperative period, which could lead to prolonged hospital stay, readmission and is rarely life threatening. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictive factors of WEDs following TSS. Fifty-eight patients with pituitary adenoma were prospectively studied for the occurrence of WEDs. Patients were checked at 6 weeks postoperatively for persistence of diabetes insipidus and new-onset hormone deficiencies or recovery. Multivariate regression was applied to determine predictive factors for the occurrence of WEDs. A total of 58 patients underwent TSS (median age: 43 years, 66% male). In the immediate postoperative period, 16 (27.6%) had transient diabetes insipidus (DI), two (3%) had transient DI followed by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), five (8.6%) had isolated SIADH, five (8.6%) had persistent DI and only one patient had a triple-phase response. At 6 weeks, five (11%) patients continued to have persistent DI. In multivariate analysis, apoplexy and duration of surgery were predictive of DI occurrence. Recovery rate at 6 weeks was 11.1%, 13% and 9.3% for cortisol, thyroid and gonad axis, respectively. New-onset hormone deficiencies at 6 weeks were 5.6%, 5.6% and 7.4% for cortisol, thyroid and gonad axis, respectively. WEDs remain an important concern post-TSS. Timely follow-up should always be integral part of postoperative care for early diagnosis of new hormone deficiencies and avoiding unnecessary treatment in those with recovered axis.

Water 2050: Our Responsibility as YPs

From David LaFrance, CEO, AWWA: Most recently, the Last Drop column has focused on how AWWA's Water 2050 initiative is charting the course of water to the year 2050. A critical part of the initiative is making sure many voices—especially the voices of water's current young professionals (YPs)—are framing this forward-looking strategy. When I talk to water's YPs, I am left with confidence about the future. They are bold, smart, and visionary, and 10 of them have paired up and are initiating a Last Drop Takeover. What this means is, for the next five Last Drop columns, you will hear directly from them about their thoughts of the future. In this inaugural Last Drop Takeover, Progga Chirontoni and Eric Kong paint a clear vision of what needs to be done and, importantly, why. Progga is a water/wastewater engineer with HDR Engineering. She has a master's degree in environmental and water resources engineering and a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering and mathematics. Eric is a project engineer with Freese and Nichols Inc., with more than six years of experience in the design and construction of water production and water resource recovery facilities. Here is what they have to say about the future of water. As we approach the increasingly hot days of summer, two routines are synonymous with this season: water restrictions and road trips—as disparate as they may seem, there is a connection. When you travel across this country, you can seamlessly pass through a town with a population smaller than your local high school to a city that stretches for miles. Even those small communities are part of our world, filled with people who rely on water as much as the next person. Every one of these communities is a crucial element of our water ecosystem and ultimately the future of water. According to AWWA's 2023 State of the Water Industry report, surveyed utilities agreed on the top three issues facing the water industry: (1) renewal of aging water infrastructure, (2) long-term drinking water supply availability, and (3) financing for capital improvements. These issues are not future projections but challenges that we face today. A practical example regarding infrastructure financing is the issue smaller utilities face with dwindling populations. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) “Small Drinking Water Systems Research and Development,” there are more than 143,000 active public water systems in the United States; of those, 97% are considered small systems under the Safe Drinking Water Act, meaning they serve 10,000 or fewer individuals. These small systems are constrained by limited resources, including staff, revenue, and equipment redundancy, but they still are responsible for maintaining and replacing their community's water infrastructure. When these utilities face significant financial hardships, they can quickly fall into a feedback loop, where utility revenue is limited, repairs are postponed, infrastructure fails, and the cycle begins again. Just as this challenge exists, the opposite is just as true with areas facing rapid growth, struggling to maintain resources to keep pace with expanding populations. These and other issues, including water supply reliability, the dearth of a water workforce, a shifting environment due to climate change, and the increased need for innovative technologies, exemplify the crossroads we are at in the water industry. As we forge ahead into the future, the question that humanity has faced when a challenge arises remains the same: what do we do now? How do we face the growing challenges of water scarcity and equity? These issues need to be addressed by us—water professionals—in collaboration with local communities. We do this work not for ourselves but for the people around us. Our hope for the future is more than bare-minimum solutions; it involves thoughtful plans that enrich current and future generations. This goal requires all water professionals to take part in this endeavor, with each individual seeking to solve their puzzle piece for the common goal of protecting public health and the environment through the effective management of water. Nothing is too daunting when we all work together to face these challenges and develop solutions.

Influence of the shives orientation on selected hygro-thermal properties of hemp-magnesium composite

Magnesium binder is an alternative to lime binder in the technology of hemp-based composites. The advantage of using this binder is an increase in mechanical strength compared to those based on lime. These composites are mainly used as an insulating wall material, as a filling of a wooden frame structure. During compaction of the mixture, hemp shives tend to lay with fibers perpendicular to the compaction direction. The direction of the fibers in the shives, as well as the direction of the capillary pores affect the properties of the composite. The performance characteristics of a building partition insulated with a composite will vary depending on the direction of the shives in relation to the direction of the external factor. The outer wall is exposed to heat flow and water transport, e.g. by capillary action. The article presents the results of tests of the thermal conductivity and capillary rise of a composite densified in the direction perpendicular and parallel to the heat flux and moisture flow. Composites samples with a bulk density of about 370 kg/m3 were tested. Compaction of the mixture in the direction parallel to the heat flow decreased the thermal conductivity. Due to the reduced value of the thermal conductivity of the composite compacted parallel to the heat flux, such a technique can be used in prefabrication, e.g. in the production of wall blocks. This direction of compaction - perpendicular to the wall surface, and thus to the direction of capillary rise, also reduced the amount of uptaken up water and changed the course of water rising over time.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS’ DIAGNOSIS OF THE RIVER MIRINZAL IN THE WESTERN NORTHEAST COAST OF MARANHÃO

The research diagnosed the environmental conditions of the significant river Mirinzal which attends the municipality Apicum-Açu's population on the western northeast coast of Maranhão. The realization of this investigation enables the broad recognition of the importance of this river to the local population as well as reveals the main problems that affect the environmental water, soil, vegetation, and fauna conditions. It was accomplished a wide bibliographic revision related to the theme and most importantly the federal, state, and municipal legislative documents about the superficial hydric resources, "in loco" visits for observations, photographic records, and interviews with residents close to the high, medium and low curse of the river. The investigation apprehended the existence of negative impacts in diverse locals, such as erosion, deforestation, silting, pollution, and reduced flow of the water body caused by intense human activities, however, it was also registered in varied points areas in positive states of preservation. The research also presents suggestions of action and management to the reversion of the degradation state in the Mirinzal river, so that it will be guaranteed to the future apicum-açuense generations the maintenance of this significant course of water to the municipality and its total population.

Sachet water in Ghana: A spatiotemporal analysis of the recent upward trend in consumption and its relationship with changing household characteristics, 2010-2017.

The consumption of packaged water in Ghana has grown significantly in recent years. By 2017, “sachet water”—machine-sealed 500ml plastic bags of drinking water—was consumed by 33% of Ghanaian households. Reliance on sachet water has previously been associated with the urban poor, yet recent evidence suggests a customer base which crosses socioeconomic lines. Here, we conduct a repeated cross-sectional analysis of three nationally representative datasets to examine the changing demography of sachet water consumers between 2010 and 2017. Our results show that over the course of the study period sachet water has become a ubiquitous source of drinking water in Ghana, with relatively wealthy households notably increasing their consumption. In 2017, the majority of sachet water drinking households had access to another improved water source. The current rate and form of urbanisation, inadequate water governance, and an emphasis on cost recovery pose significant challenges for the expansion of the piped water supply network, leading us to conclude that sachet water will likely continue to be a prominent source of drinking water in Ghana for the foreseeable future. The main challenge for policymakers is to ensure that the growing sachet water market enhances rather than undermines Ghana’s efforts towards achieving universal and equitable access to clean drinking water and sanitation.

Abstract 72: Prevalence, course, and predictive factors of water and electrolyte disturbances (WEDs) following transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TSS) in patients with pituitary adenoma

Background: TSS is commonly associated with various WEDs in postoperative period, which can lead to prolonged hospital stay, readmission and rarely be life threatening. There is scarcity of prospective studies regarding various factors which could predict occurrence of these disturbances.Aims and Objectives: To prospectively study the prevalence, presentation and clinical course of WEDs following TSS in patients with pituitary adenoma and assess potential risk factors for these disturbances.Results: Forty patients (median age 45.5 years, 60% male) harbored 25 clinically hormone inactive and 15 hormone secreting pituitary adenoma. Postoperative WEDs occurred in 45 % of the patients; in 22.5 % as transient diabetes insipidus (DI) %, in 5 % as biphasic response, in 5% as isolated SIADH, in 12.5% as persistent DI. Median day of onset of DI was day 2 and remission was day 4. Median day of onset of SIADH was day 5 and remission was day 9. Younger age and greater adenoma volume were associated with increased risk of DI.Conclusion: WEDs are common following TSS. Diabetes insipidus was more common than SIADH.

Design and Analysis of Flood Resisting Residential Building: A Case Study in Malappuram-KERALA

Structural analysis and design are the backbone or the crucial aspects in civil engineering. The foremost important requirement in civil engineering is to design all of the members related to a building such as slabs, beams, columns and footings. The residential building is situated in Malappuram district of Kerala state. Flooding and its adverse effects on the structure has been a cause of concern affecting the safety of humans for a major cause of time. This paves way for the sustainability constraint and the concerns over climatic change and the worry of environmental causes are also taken as a major concern in people's minds. Flood resistant buildings must comply with all major health and safety constraints and must begin from the primary planning and must continue in each of the upcoming stages. Structural analysis and designing of the building is done according to the relevant IS codes and STAAD.Pro software. There are higher chances and risks embarking greater polls for the structure to fail due to waterlogging or the pressure imbibed due to the movement of course of water thus paving out the environmental constraint. Proper height must be allowed for the retaining walls, taking into account the future floods of greater magnitude and higher flow. Manufacturability constraint accounts to improper design of structural elements. Taking into account all these constraints proper designing must be done as per IS 456:2000 and modelling using REVIT Architecture.

Evaluation of resistance to transient occlusion of anterior mesenteric artery under the influence of the course of mineral water enriched with selenium (experimental research)

To evaluate the effect of the preventive course of drinking mineral water enriched with selenium on the processes of resistance to the damaging action of reversible occlusion of the anterior mesenteric artery based on the comparison of intestinal morphological changes in the experiment. There has been modeled ischemic reperfusion injury of the intestinal wall according to H. Ikeda and co-authors using reversible occlusion of the anterior mesenteric artery with 33 outbred male rats. The rats were divided into four groups by block randomization: the 1st group - intact animals (n=7) - without an exposure; the control group - sham operated animals (n=6); the group of comparison (n=7) - with a model-operation; the experimental group (n=11) - animals with a model operation that had courses of intragastric watering of bottled sulfate-chloride-hydrocarbonate-sodium low-mineralized (2.2 g/l) drinking mineral water «Psyzh» enriched with selenium. Biopsies of the small intestine were taken for histological examination. Histological examination of the small intestine of experimental animals determines various degrees of severity of damage: on average, the animals of the experimental group on the scale of C.J. Chiu (1970) had the lowest degree of severity of pathological changes, the animals of the group of comparison - 1.4 times higher (p=0.02). That is, the effect of a preventive course of mineral water «Psyzh» enriched with selenium was manifested in the formation of resistance to the damaging effect of reversible occlusion of the anterior mesenteric artery; in the presence of ischemic reperfusion damage to the intestinal wall, comparable in severity to changes with the animals without prevention, the most significant positive effect was realized in the containment of reactive changes. The effect of the preventive course of drinking mineral water «Psyzh» enriched with selenium manifested itself in the formation of resistance to the damaging effect of reversible occlusion of the anterior mesenteric artery, which is the basis for introducing this technique into clinical practice in order to prevent the development of reperfusion injuries of the intestine.

CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE SURFACE WATER OF THE RIVER SEYBOUSE

Like all parts of the North- east Algeria, the study area has considerable surface water wealth, to which attention must be reserved. River Seybouse, which is fed by a network of rivers, is one of the most important rivers of this region; it drains the Guelma basin towards West-East clearly on nearly 45 km with a total contribution estimated at 408 Hm3/ year to Boudraoua station (Bouchegouf). In parallel with the rapid population growth, record the development of agricultural and industrial sectors that knows the study area in recent decades, River Seybouse, became the seat of important illegal dumping and polluting discharges. For this purpose, samples of water samples were conducted at nine stations during wet periods and dry periods. A multidisciplinary analysis concerned in particular, the physicochemical parameters (T°, pH, CE, O<sub<2</sub<, Cl<sup<-</sup<, PO<sub<4</sub<, NO<sub<2</sub< and NO<sub<3</sub<), the evaluation of contamination by trace elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn). The analysis results show that the waters of this river are characterized by high natural mineralization and concentrations substantially higher than the standards recommended by OMS and Algerian standards of the various parameters reflecting generally the waters of this course of water are of good quality. The concentrations of metallic elements are not alarming, and the degree of metal contamination differs from one site to another depending on the distance away from the source of pollution.

Assessment of time course of water and air temperature in the locality of the Turček reservoir during its operation in the period 2005–2019

Assessment of time course of water and air temperature in the locality of the Turček reservoir during its operation in the period 2005–2019

Long-term results of non-drug treatment of patients with scarring of the skin on the background of metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of physiotherapy treatment of scarring of the skin is reduced in patients with impaired carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and the use of drinking mineral water is proposed for their correction of metabolic reactions, but the long-term results of using this technology have not been studied.
 AIMS: To study the long-term results of treatment of patients with scarring of the skin after the use of photothermolysis, fermencol ultraphonophoresis and internal intake of mineral water, taking into account the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: We observed 120 patients with scarring of the skin, 60 of them with metabolic syndrome. The patients were randomly selected into 2 groups: with and without metabolic syndrome, each of which was further subdivided into 2 subgroups according to the treatment method: the first was standard therapy, fractional photothermolysis, fermencol ultraphonophoresis, the second was a similar complex supplemented with internal intake of Essentuki No. 17 mineral water. Glucose, insulin, body mass index, malondialdehyde were determined in the blood of all patients
 RESULTS: It was found that in patients with metabolic syndrome, the duration of maintaining the achieved therapeutic effects decreases after 6 months of observation, whereas against the background of taking mineral water, this period is extended by 34 months. An additional course of mineral water to physiotherapy treatment effectively corrects metabolic reactions and helps to reduce insulin resistance.
 CONCLUSION: The use of drinking mineral waters, which have a pronounced activating effect on the insulin regulation of metabolic reactions by reducing resistance to this hormone, allows you to maintain favorable changes in metabolism and energy for at least six months, which contributes to the consolidation of the therapeutic effects of complex physiotherapy and to a certain extent has a preventive potential.

Different Types of Diatoms Seen in the River Narmada in India

Aim: To determine the different types of diatoms present in the waters of River Narmada flowing through5 distinct cities of India and ending into the Arabian Sea. Different types of Diatoms were observed withchange in the course of water. Objective: The study shall assist to determine the different types of diatomspresent in the river Narmada. Materials and Method: The study does not require any special instrumentsand the technique used to extract the diatoms from the waters is also very simple to perform. In this studythe acid digestion technique is not used but the technique is slightly modified in order to prevent the damageto the walls of the diatoms. Result: Various types of diatoms were seen and the diatoms present in the watercollected from different cities of India are found to be different including the species unique to the area.Conclusion: The study describes the type of diatom present in the water of river Narmada collected fromdifferent places.

The use of magnesium-containing mineral waters for functional constipation in children and adolescents

Background. Functional constipation continues to be one of the urgent problems in the practice of a pediatrician and pediatric gastroenterologist. The frequency of constipation in children is about 2530%. A regular, painless bowel movement with a stool of soft consistency is possible only with a whole range of measures, including the use of laxatives. The possibility of using therapeutic magnesium-containing mineral water as an osmotic laxative in children and adolescents has not been adequately addressed in the literature. Aim: to study the effectiveness of the use of magnesium-containing mineral water in treatment and prevention of functional constipation in children and adolescents. Methods. The design was a randomized prospective, open, comparative study. The study included 95 children and adolescents aged 1016 years (average age 12.7 0.2 years) who were receiving sanatorium therapy with a diagnosis of functional constipation. Follow-up was performed for 18 days. The patients received basic therapy in the form of a sparing-exercise regimen, therapeutic nutrition, health-improving massage, and physiotherapy exercises. The subjects were divided into 2 groups by common randomization. The group 1 consisted of 55 patients who, along with basic treatment, took therapeutic mineral magnesium-containing water. The group 2 (control) consisted of 40 pediatric patients who received only basic treatment. Patient groups were comparable by disease pattern, gender, and age. The examination included a general medical examination, filling out special questionnaires reflecting the frequency and nature of the defecation; assessment of the vegetative status and functional reserves of the body on the Health Sources hardware complex. Results. In the study group, by the day 5 of therapy, daily defecation was achieved in 49.0% of patients; and by the end of the course of treatment, defecation regularity was registered in 89.1% of children. In the control group, the positive changes were less pronounced and amounted to 55% by the end of the treatment course (p 0.05). When taking mineral water, the nature of the defecation changed, namely in 89.1% of patients, it became of soft consistency with free painless bowel movement. When assessed according to the Bristol scale, the defecation corresponded to the types 3 and 4 with the initial type 1. In patients who did not receive a course of mineral water, during the entire follow-up period, no significant changes in the nature of defecation were detected, while the type 3 was noted in only 18% of patients by the end of the course of treatment. When taking mineral water, most patients of the main group developed a persistent reflex to morning defecation after ingestion of mineral water. Conclusion. Studies have shown that magnesium-containing mineral water is an effective, safe and easy to use means of correcting functional constipation in children and can be used both in outpatient practice and in sanatorium treatment.

Revisiting Activity- and Selectivity-Enhancing Effects of Water in the Oxidative Coupling of Methane over MnOx-Na2WO4/SiO2and Proving for Other Materials

The oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to C2-hydrocarbons (C2H4 and C2H6) is attractive both from fundamental (selective C–H bond activation) and applied viewpoints. The main drawback hindering its commercialization is the low selectivity to C2-hydrocarbons due to their further oxidation to carbon oxides. In this respect, we focused on elucidating fundamentals of the previously reported positive effect of water on the activity and selectivity in the OCM reaction over MnOx-Na2WO4/SiO2 by means of steady-state kinetic and mechanistic tests at ambient pressure as well as temporal analysis of products with sub-millisecond resolution and isotopic tracers in vacuum. The obtained results cannot be rationalized by the earlier developed concepts explaining the role of water in the OCM reaction over this catalyst system. In addition, the selectivity-enhancing water effect was determined for MnOx/SiO2, MnOx/Al2O3, Na2WO4/SiO2, and Na2WO4/Al2O3, as well as SiO2-based materials with supported PbOx, ZrO2, or La2O3. No rate-improving effect was established for MnOx/Al2O3 and ZrO2/SiO2, while positive or negative effects were determined for PbOx/SiO2, MnOx/SiO2, and Na2WO4/SiO2 or La2O3/SiO2 and Na2WO4/Al2O3, respectively. Thus, testing other catalysts in the water presence seems to be promising in view of improving the OCM performance to an industrially attractive level. Owing to the developed protocol for catalyst testing under alternating water-free and water-containing OCM feeds, both reversible and irreversible water effects on the selectivity to C2-hydrocarbons over MnOx-Na2WO4/SiO2 were identified. The irreversible effect was related to water-induced redispersion of MnOx. Mechanistic insights into the reversible rate- and selectivity-improving effects were derived from kinetic analysis of the rates of methane conversion into individual reaction products at different water partial pressures and temperatures. Selectivity–conversion relationships enabled us to understand the specific reaction pathways in the course of the OCM reaction affected by water. Water was established to increase the rates of methane conversion into C2-hydrocarbons, CO, and CO2 with the strongest effect being determined for CO formation. For all the rates, the strength of the positive water effect decreases with an increase in temperature from 750 to 825 °C. In addition to the acceleration of methane conversion, water also helps to transform nonselective molecular-adsorbed oxygen species responsible for the direct oxidation of methane to carbon dioxide.

Depositional and geochemical characteristics of geomorphologically controlled recent tufa deposits on the Göksü River in Yerköprü (Konya, southern Turkey)

Recent tufa deposition has been taking place on a 500 m-long natural bridge on the Goksu River in the Yerkopru region, southern Konya, Turkey. The Karasu spring arises from the Karasu normal fault, flows over this natural bridge and drops down from the end of the bridge, forming a spectacular waterfall. There is a dense CO2 degassing from this water and the H2CO 3 −1 content is 506,3 mg/L at the orifice and 549 mg/L on the waterfall, but it drops almost to half at the bottom of the waterfall. The field observation and chemical data showed that the deposition of the studied tufa was related only to the water derived from the Karasu spring. At the active waterfall area, tufa deposition takes place on the cascade, in small and large ponds and in channels. People living in the area build canals for irrigation and milling purposes, which cause the spreading of tufa deposits to other than the main course of the Karasu spring water. The most common types of facies are the different phytotherm facies, but stromatolitic, micritic and phytoclastic facies are also present to a lesser amount. The δ13C content of the tufa deposits ranges from 1,6 to − 3,3 and δ18O contents from − 9,6 to − 11,5. The higher δ13C values of the Yerkopru tufa deposits indicate that the carbonate-rich water of the Karasu spring originated from a carbonate aquifer. The isotopic values of the studied tufa samples are similar to those of travertine, but the Karasu water is interpreted as cold water. Therefore, it may be considered as “travitufa”.

Effects of toceranib compared with sorafenib on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension and cardiopulmonary remodeling in rats

Sorafenib reverses pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and cardiopulmonary remodeling (CPR), but the effects of toceranib are unknown. This study investigated anti-remodeling effects and determined optimal doses of toceranib and sorafenib on monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH and CPR in rats. MCT-treated rats were orally treated with a 14-day course of sorafenib (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg), toceranib (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg), or water. Both sorafenib and toceranib significantly reversed the right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy at 10 mg/kg, but only sorafenib significantly improved the RV systolic and mean pressures. Sorafenib significantly normalized the B-type natriuretic peptide mRNA level of the RV and increased the non-muscularized pulmonary artery percentage. However, these effects were only observed at the highest toceranib dose, and neither toceranib dose reduced the fully muscularized pulmonary artery percentage. Further, the inhibition on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling was stronger in sorafenib than in toceranib. Besides the stronger inhibition on mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, the greater reversal ability of sorafenib may be also due to the simultaneous blockade on the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 and autophagy induction. Toceranib insignificantly reversed CPR, and a high-dose therapy did not improve the RV hemodynamic outcomes. Sorafenib significantly reversed CPR, and a low-dose sorafenib therapy may be a suitable therapeutic agent for PAH.

Enteric Viruses in Surface Waters from Argentina: Molecular and Viable-Virus Detection.

Water resources contaminated with wastewater are an important source for the dissemination of enteric viruses with an impact on the health of the population. The aim of the study was to assess the viral contamination of freshwater from a dam in Argentina by using infectious enterovirus detection, viral RNA amplification, and a genetic characterization of five enteric viruses associated with diarrhea and hepatitis. Enterovirus infectivity (iEV) was evaluated by cell culture and direct immunofluorescence. The detection of the viral genome of rotavirus (RV), human astrovirus (HAstV), norovirus (NoV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV) was performed by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). A total of 48 water samples from 4 monitoring points on the body of the dam from January to December 2012 and 66 water samples from 3 tourist beaches on the edge of the dam from October 2013 to October 2015 were collected monthly. During the first period, the overall viral frequency detection was 52.1% for group A RV, 50% for HAstV, 60.4% for NoV, 22.9% for HAV, 2.1% for HEV, and 64.6% for iEV. The overall frequency detection for the second sampling was 18.2% for RV and HAstV, 31.8% for NoV, 7.57% for HEV, and 66.7% for iEV. There was no detection of HAV during this period. The genotypes and genogroups detected through the study correlated with the most common genomic variants associated with human gastrointestinal and hepatitis illnesses. The results obtained could alert the health systems and environmental sanitation to make decisions for viral control and prevention in our environment.IMPORTANCE The study shows the impact of anthropic contamination of one of the most important tourist water resources in Argentina. This course of recreational water would be a favorable scenario for infection, as well as a reservoir for the enteric viruses, creating a risk for the population exposed to these waters. The results obtained could alert the health systems and environmental sanitation to make decisions for the control and prevention of viral diseases in this environment.

Ecological Aspects of Condition of Ground Deposits in Shershnevsky Reservoir

The article considers the aspects of the condition of ground deposits influencing the operating conditions of the water intake facilities in the Shershnevsky reservoir being the only source of the utility and drinking water supply in Chelyabinsk. The object of the research is a section near the Sosnovskie intake stations of the Shershnevsky reservoir. Based on the hydrometric surveys of the studied section and using the Kriging method and the Surfer suite, we calculated the volume of ground deposits. As a result of the analyses, the authors have proved that ground deposits in the studied section have a technology-related nature which is connected with the annual growth of the volume of ground deposits which is inadmissible in the operating conditions of the pump stations of water intake facilities whereas ground deposits will fully block the intake windows of pump stations. In case the bed area of the Shershnevsky reservoir is not timely treated, the ground deposits here will complicate the operation of the pump stations which will result in a technological problem of the treatment facilities operation up to a transfer of the pump station premises to other territories less exposed to the deposits.The treatment of the Shershnevsky reservoir from the ground deposits accumulated in the course of time will help to considerably increase its actual capacity, which will allow one to increase water circulation paths and to improve the water quality indices. In its turn, the water quality improvement will decrease the supply of suspended solids into the water intake facilities and cut the reagent costs in the course of the treatment water works operation.

Sewage discharge and water self-decay: Streeter and Phelps model application

Due to the high waste deposition in superficial water, studies are necessary to emphasize the importance to monitor and apply tools, such as mathematical modelling. In this study, we used the classic Streeter and Phelps model to simulate the travel time necessary to depurate organic matter in the Tatu stream, at Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and to simulate the point-to-point depuration of organic matter in comparison to point-to-point empirical analysis. According to the simulations, organic matter would be established to 10 mg/L $$\hbox {O}_2$$ in few hours of time course of water without discharges in the stream, having the watercourse self-decay capacity. In addition, the analysis indicates that possible launches are being carried out along the stream, because, at the collection points, the obtained results presented higher biochemical oxygen demand than the expected for organic matter depuration, which denote discharges occurrences. Thus, this study emphasizes the relevance of monitoring actions and puts the model as a suitable tool to identify discharge sources in water.