Coupled Semiconductor Research Articles

Noise coupling reduction using temperature enhanced device for future integrated circuit integration applications

<p>Information technology-to-internet of things may have succeeded because of fast silicon chip capability expansion. Moore's law, which reduces device size, boosted integrated circuit (IC) performance. Delay rises with highdensity connection parasitic capacitance. Interconnect delays have surpassed transistor delays and slowed progress. An alternative is required now to reduce connection latency. The third dimension is used in popular 3D IC technology IC technology requires through silicon via (TSV) for signal integrity and heat mitigation. Noise coupling hinders electrical communication between signal-carrying TSVs (aggressive TSVs) and ground TSVs (victim TSVs), a 3D IC bottleneck. TSVs must be dielectrically insulated from Si substrates to avoid electrical signal interference. Additionally, first-order modelling will confirm the suggestions. This article proposes using the nanosheet field effect transistor (NSFET) to overcome 3D IC noise coupling and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology nodes. After discussing the electronic industry and sub nm, several basic metrics and criteria for developing electronic components are presented. The first technique uses Perylene-N's exceptional noise-cancelling characteristics. Second technique uses electrical TSV (ETSV), thermal TSV (TTSV), and heat source models to measure noise coupling on numerous ICs. The third proposes many noise-reducing materials. The suggested structures outperform traditional approaches.</p>

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs): Navigating from MOS to COS and X-COS systems - Unraveling strategies, tackling challenges, and pioneering advances

This article presents a significant advancement in the field of photocatalysis through the synthesis of a MSO(Metal oxide semiconductor), COS (coupled oxide semiconductor) and X-COS(doped coupled oxide semiconductor) nanocomposite systems with diverse morphologies, including nanoflowers, nanorods, nanosheets, nanotubes and spherical shapes. In this particular study, we propose a hybrid methodology that amalgamates the coupling of CuO and ZnO oxides and the doping of various elements resulting in a comprehensive study of the relationship between morphology and photocatalysis. The degradation efficiency for various pollutants, including Methylene Blue (MB), Methyl Orange (MO), Green Malachite (GM), and Rhodamine B (RhB), was systematically investigated, employing distinct degradation mechanisms. Our study reveals that X-COS materials exhibit superior surface area, heightened porosity, and elevated specific capacitance, higher light absorption while minimizing energy and surface losses (VELF and SELF), accompanied by a well-suited morphology. These distinctive structural features of X-COS contribute to its enhanced photocatalytic efficiency when compared to MOS and COS systems. Our research not only consolidates the fundamental principles governing the photocatalytic properties of materials but also unveils critical strategies for fabricating highly efficient catalysts. In conclusion, this work significantly contributes to the evolving landscape of photocatalysis, offering a nuanced understanding of the synergistic relationship between morphology and catalytic efficiency. The findings not only broaden the scope of fundamental principles but also pave the way for the development of highly effective catalytic materials with diverse morphologies for environmental remediation applications.

Monolithic Porous Organic Polymer‐Photocatalyst Composites for Applications in Catalysis

AbstractThis Review provides a perspective on porous organic polymer‐photocatalyst composites obtained by coupling semiconductors and hydrophilic/hydrophobic polymers which do not modify the properties of the embedded photocatalysts, but can influence the efficiency of the overall catalytic process. Particular attention has been given to polymer composites in the form of monolithic hydrogel/sponge/aerogels obtained by dissolving the polymer in a solvent, which contains the photocatalyst dispersed, inducing gelation or solidification of the solution and subsequently removing the solvent by a drying process. The photocatalytic applications discussed here cover H2 evolution from water splitting, CO2 reduction, and organic synthesis. Indeed, the main aim of this Review is to outline an alternative perspective to the highly studied environmental photocatalytic applications, highlighting the photoactive properties of these composites thanks to the incorporation of semiconductors in the 3D porous structure of organic polymers. Finally the challenges and potential advances associated with the use of porous organic polymer‐photocatalyst composites for future scientific research are outlined.

Nickel-based tungstate supported with different forms of SnS2 to achieve improved photocatalytic performance

Semiconductor materials have been applied in many research directions such as photoelectrocatalysis, and shortening the electron transport pathway by coupling semiconductors is an effective path to promote the capability of photocatalytic hydrogen-producing. The crystalline SnS2 and amorphous SnS2 were combined with NiWO4 respectively, in the respective optimal hydrogen-producing conditions, it was 298.6 μmol for SnS2/NiWO4 (amorphous J-SnS2 and NiWO4) and 228.5 μmol for J-SnS2 NiWO4 (crystalline SnS2 and NiWO4). A series of characterization results showed that SnS2/NiWO4 showed better photocatalytic hydrogen-producing performance than J-SnS2/NiWO4 under the same test conditions. The catalysts SnS2 and NiWO4 were constructed into p-n type heterojunction SnS2/NiWO4 by electrostatic self-recombination. SEM, XRD and electrochemical tests demonstrate that the high hydrogen-producing performance of SnS2/NiWO4 is due to the establishment of p-n heterojunction, which enhances the electron transport efficiency. The experimental data were used to test the photocatalytic hydrogen-producing activity of SnS2/NiWO4 with the control variable method, then it was proved that the photocatalytic hydrogen-producing volume of SnS2/NiWO4 reached 298.6 μmol in 5 h, which was 3.51 times that of NiWO4 at 5 h hydrogen-producing of 85 μmol. The morphology of nanoparticles NiWO4 attached to a smooth surface sphere SnS2 provides a larger specific surface area and more reactive sites for the photocatalytic eosin hydrogen-producing system, in addition the establishment of p-n type heterojunction structure effectively improves the utilization rate of the sacrificial TEOA and photosensitizer EY, thereby improving the hydrogen-producing performance of SnS2/NiWO4, which offers a feasible policy for photocatalytic efficient hydrogen-producing technology.

A two-dimensional Cu(II) metal-organic framework and its g-C3N4 heterojunction composite for high efficient photodegradation of organic dyes

A two-dimensional Cu(II) MOF {[Cu2(OH)(mtrb)(suc)1.5(H2O)2]·H2O·0.5DMA}n (Cu(mtrb)) (mtrb = 1,3-bis((1,2,4-triazol-4-ylmethyl)benzene, H2suc = succinic acid, DMA = N, N-dimethylacetamide) was obtained using solvothermal synthesis. Cu(mtrb) has a two-dimensional (6,3) network with the point symbol of 63. A series of Cu(mtrb)/wt%g-C3N4 composites were obtained by coupling Cu(mtrb) and semiconductor g-C3N4 to give heterojunctions by the grinding method. The composite samples were investigated with XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDS, XPS, TGA, UV–Vis, PL and EIS to analyze the purity, functional groups, surface morphology, elemental distribution, valence electron, thermal stability, visible-light absorption and electron-hole pair separation status. Photocatalytic degrade methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine B (RhB) were investigated. Cu(mtrb) can degrade 93.6% MB in 30 min, 87.0% MO in 135 min and 92.0% RhB in 90 min. Cu(mtrb)/10%g-C3N4 could degrade 96.2% MB in 15 min, 87.0% MO in 45 min and 92.3% RhB in 60 min, respectively. The coupling of Cu(mtrb) with g-C3N4 resulted in the formation of heterojunctions in Cu(mtrb)/wt%g-C3N4 composites and inhibited the rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs. The main reactive species for MB degradation were •OH and h+. Cu(mtrb) and Cu(mtrb)/10%g-C3N4 composites are the good photocatalysts.

High–Power 792 nm Fiber–Coupled Semiconductor Laser

The pumping of Tm-doped crystal or fiber by a 792 nm semiconductor laser is an important way to generate a mid-infrared laser, which is widely used in various fields. In this paper, a high–power 792 nm fiber–coupled semiconductor laser module was successfully fabricated with the output power of 232 W at a 10 A continuous current and the electro-optic conversion efficiency of 48.6%. The laser module is coupled with 24 chips into a fiber by spatial multiplexing and polarization combination technology. For a single emitting laser chip, the continuous wave (CW) output power and threshold current are 10.45 W at 10 A and 1.55 A, respectively. A polarization as high as 94% can also be realized, which is more suitable for laser spatial beam combining. The laser module was aged for more than 4000 h at 12 A and 25 °C without obvious power degradation.

Coupled internal electric field with hydrogen release kinetics for promoted photocatalytic hydrogen production through employing carbon coated transition metal as co-catalyst.

The ideal solution to the energy shortage problem is to split water into hydrogen (H2) utilizing solar-driven semiconductor photocatalytic technology. Nevertheless, severe carrier recombination is the major cause of decreased activity over photocatalysts. Construction of internal electric field (IEF) by coupling semiconductor with metal co-catalyst can effectively promote carrier separation. Herein, Co@C with the Co encapsulated in the C layer as a co-catalyst anchored on the surface of ZnIn2S4 nanosheets via a facile electrostatic self-assembly strategy, achieving outstanding photocatalytic water splitting into H2 under simulated solar irradiation (AM 1.5G) with the production rate of 18.1mmolh-1 g-1, which is 109.7 times higher than that of bare ZIS without assisted of Pt. Enhancement of photocatalytic H2 evolution activity of Co@C/ZIS is mainly attributed to the construction of giant IEF (4.6-fold higher than ZIS) and suitable environment for hydrogen adsorption and desorption (ΔGH* ∼ 0), which endows the following several advantages: (i) accelerating the migration and separation of photo-generated charges; (ii) improving the hydrogen release kinetics. Our work not only provides a design idea for facile preparation of a high-efficient composite photocatalyst, but also expands the application range of transition metal@carbon as a co-catalyst in energy photocatalysis.

Detections of the position-vectors of the multi targets located in a circular space based on an asymmetric coupling semiconductor lasers network.

We present a novel scheme for the detections of the position-vectors of the multi targets distributed in a circular space using multi channels of the probe chaotic waves emitted by the asymmetric coupling semiconductor lasers network (ACSLN), where these probe waves possess the attractive features of the time-space uncorrelation and wide bandwidth. Using these features, the accurate measurement for the position-vectors of the multi targets can be achieved by correlating the multi channels of the probe waves with their corresponding reference waves. The further research results show that the detections for the position-vectors of the multi targets possess very low relative errors that are no more than 0.22%. The ranging-resolutions for the multi targets located in a circular space can be achieved as high as 3 mm by optimizing some key parameters, such as injection current and injection strength. In addition, the ranging-resolutions exhibit excellent strong anti-noise performance even when the signal-to-noise ratio and relative noise intensity appear obvious enhancement. The detections for the position-vectors of the multi targets based on the ACSLN offers interesting perspectives for the potential applications in the driverless cars and the object tracking system with omnidirectional vision.

Self-consistent Maxwell–Bloch model for high-order harmonic generation in nanostructured semiconductors

In pursuit of efficient high-order harmonic conversion in semiconductor devices, modeling insights into the complex interplay among ultrafast microscopic electron–hole dynamics, nonlinear pulse propagation, and field confinement in nanostructured materials are urgently needed. Here, a self-consistent approach coupling semiconductor Bloch and Maxwell equations is applied to compute transmission and reflection high-order harmonic spectra for finite slab and sub-wavelength nanoparticle geometries. An increase in the generated high harmonics by several orders of magnitude is predicted for gallium arsenide nanoparticles with a size maximizing the magnetic dipole resonance. Serving as a conceptual and predictive tool for ultrafast spatiotemporal nonlinear optical responses of nanostructures with arbitrary geometry, our approach is anticipated to deliver new strategies for optimal harmonic manipulation in semiconductor metadevices.

Generation of multiple low-correlation chaos signals using asymmetric coupling semiconductor lasers networks

We propose and numerically demonstrate a novel multiple delta-like autocorrelation chaos generation scheme in virtue of asymmetrically-coupled semiconductor lasers (ACSLs) networks. The properties of auto-correlation function (ACF), cross correlation, and effective bandwidth of the generated multiple chaos signals are systematically investigated in ACSLs networks with different topology and network sizes. The results show that not only delta-like ACF traces are obtained but also low cross correlations are observed in the chaotic signals outputted by ACSLs networks. Besides, the average effective bandwidth of generated multi-channel chaos can be greater than 20 GHz over a wide dynamic operation range. Moreover, the delta-like ACF, low correlation and wideband properties of multiple chaotic signals are robust to parameter mismatches between SLs. This work realizes wideband multi-channel chaos generation that simultaneously achieves delta-like ACF and low correlation, and is valuable for the applications in high-speed random bit generator, accurate multi-target, multi-angle radar detection, and ultrafast photonic decision making.

Effective photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes using ZNC/rGO nanocomposite photocatalyst derived from ZIF-8/rGO thermolysis for water treatment

Photocatalytic water treatment using nano-structured semiconductors with in situ generations of electron-hole pairs upon irradiation with light is a very promising oxidation process for environmental remediation. Herein, we report a new synthetic strategy based on coupling semiconductors derived from ZNC (carbonaceous nitrogen-doped zinc oxide) and rGO (reduced graphene oxide) to enhance the electron-hole separation and reduce the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. ZNC derived from ZIF-8) Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8) is a good n-type semiconductor, and rGO is a highly conducting material. The new photocatalytic system, ZNC/rGO, with a bandgap of 2.8 eV, was used to treat wastewater containing methylene blue (MB) dye which is oxidized to environmentally friendly substances (CO2 and H2O). All samples were characterized thoroughly using XRD, FT-IR, XPS, Raman, TGA, SEM, TEM, surface area measurements (SBET), UV–vis spectroscopy, photocurrent response, Mott-Schottky plots, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The higher photocurrent response intensity of ZNC/rGO compared to that of ZNC reflects the synergistic effect of rGO to enhance the charge separation efficiency. It is worth noting that the loading of a small amount of rGO over ZIF-8 followed by thermolysis results in a great enhancement of MB dye degradation from 51% to 98.9% under simulated solar light irradiation. Finally, we expect the novel photocatalyst, ZNC/rGO, to have important applications in the fields of energy and environmental protection.Synopsis: Thermolysis of ZIF-8/graphene oxide composite affords a highly active photocatalyst for organic pollutant degradation, making water desalination more feasible.

Wigner Function as a Detector of Entanglement in Open Two Coupled InAs Semiconductor Quantum Dots

Wigner Function as a Detector of Entanglement in Open Two Coupled InAs Semiconductor Quantum Dots

Photocatalytic CO2 conversion of W18O49/CdSe-Diethylenetriamine with high charge transfer efficiency: Synergistic effect of LSPR effect and S-scheme heterojunction

Non-stoichiometric W18O49 (WO) prepared by solvothermal method has excellent NIR absorption due to the localized surface plasmon resonance effect caused by oxygen vacancies. This has great potential in the field of using sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into organic fuels. In addition, through the amination of CdSe, the one-dimensional/two-dimensional step-scheme (S-scheme) WO/CdSe-diethylenetriamine (WO/CdSe-D) photocatalyst with electron transmission channels driven by visible light to NIR light is constructed by microwave solvothermal method. The LSPR of WO and the synergistic effect of coupling semiconductors to construct S-scheme heterojunctions can improve light utilization and achieve efficient charge carrier transfer efficiency. The optimized photocatalyst of 35%WO/CdSe-D has the best CO2 reduction performance compared to WO and CdSe-D, and the yield is 25.37 µmol h–1 g–1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to verify the charge transfer path of the S-scheme WO/CdSe-D heterojunction. This work provides a possibility for the application of non-stoichiometric oxides rich in oxygen vacancies in the field of photocatalytic CO2 reduction.

Hydrogen production via water splitting over graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4 )-based photocatalysis

Abstract Photocatalytic splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen using semiconductor photocatalysts and light irradiation has been attracted much attention and considered to be an alternative for nonrenewable fossil fuel to solve environmental problems and energy crisis and also an as promising approach to produce clean, renewable hydrogen fuel. Owing to their various advantages such as low cost and environmental friendly, chemical, and thermal stability, appropriate band structure, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4 ) photocatalysts have gained multitudinous attention because of their great potential in solar fuels production and environmental remediation. However, due to its fast charge carrier’s recombination, low surface, and limited absorption of the visible light restrict their activity toward hydrogen evolution and numerous modification techniques were applied to solve these problems such as structural modification, metal/nonmetal doping, and noble metal loading, and coupling semiconductors. In this chapter, we summarize recent progress in the synthesis and characterization of the g-C3N4-based photocatalyst. Several modification methods used to enhance the photocatalytic hydrogen production of g-C3N4-based photocatalyst were also highlighted. This chapter ends with the future research and challenges of hydrogen production over g-C3N4-based photocatalyst.

Highly active Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst of anatase TiO2 octahedra covered with C-MoS2 nanosheets for efficient degradation of organic pollutants under solar light

The construction of a Z-scheme photocatalyst by coupling semiconductors with conductors is an efficient way to achieve high pollutant degradation efficiency. In this study, a hydrothermal approach was used to fabricate a Z-scheme photocatalyst consisting of C-MoS2 sheets wrapped around octahedral anatase TiO2 nanocrystals. The catalyst showed excellent photocatalytic efficiency (99%) for methylene blue degradation with low catalyst loading (0.2 g L-1) under the simulated solar light within 60 min. High photocatalytic degradation efficiencies were also observed for Rhodamine B, methyl orange, and tetracycline under solar irradiation. The C-MoS2 acts as an electron mediator and serves as a carrier transmission bridge for the efficient electron-hole separation. The electron-rich (101)-faceted TiO2 benefits the Z-scheme recombination of electrons from the conduction band of TiO2 and holes at the valence band of MoS2. The semiconductor coupling of (101)-exposed octahedral TiO2 and 2H-MoS2 as well as the introduction of solid-state electron mediators, 1T-MoS2 and carbon, resulted in increased light absorption and accelerated charge transfer at the contact interface, which enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst significantly compared to those of P25, MoS2/TiO2, and C-MoS2. The efficient separation of electron-hole pairs prolongs their lifetime for oxidation and reduction reactions in the degradation process.

Photocatalytic performance of coupled semiconductor ZnO–CuO nanocomposite coating prepared by a facile brass anodization process

Coupled semiconductor metallic oxides have been largely taken into consideration due to the photocatalytic application. In this work, ZnO–CuO coating nanocomposite was fabricated by simple anodic oxidation of alpha brass at different anodizing times. The crystalline structure of hexagonal ZnO and monoclinic CuO phases were demonstrated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation indicated the heterostructure formation of ZnO flower-like and CuO patches-like after 30 min anodizing. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method was conducted for specific surface area measurement of the samples. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Pourbiax diagram indicated that the brass oxidation process starts with the formation of ZnO followed by CuO formation. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) demonstrated that the band gap energy of the ZnO–CuO nanocomposite narrowed by raising anodizing time owing to the formation of the Cu(3d) energy state near the Zn (3d) valence band. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra revealed that the lifetime of the photo-excited electron-hole increased by the effective combination between CuO and ZnO in anodized brass after 30 min. The photocatalytic performance of ZnO–CuO nanocomposites with different anodization times was estimated by the degradation of 2 mg/L methylene blue (MB) and colorless phenol solution under visible light irradiation. After 30 min, the anodized brass with an estimated 3 eV band gap energy exhibited 54 and 49% degradation of MB and phenol, respectively, after 300 min, which was the highest efficiency among all the samples. Also, the highest photo-degradation was obtained at 8 mm2/mL of surface area to volume of dye solution. Recyclability results showed only a 5% drop-in photocatalytic activity after three cycles. Finally, the photo-degradation mechanism was proposed based on the role of holes and hydroxyl radicals, using various scavengers.

Chaos synchronization based on cluster fusion in asymmetric coupling semiconductor lasers networks.

A novel cluster fusion method is proposed, based on which chaos synchronization in asymmetric coupling semiconductor lasers (ACSLs) networks is systematically demonstrated. Take the cluster fusion of a mutually-coupled network composed of 7 semiconductor lasers (SLs) for instance, the characteristics of chaos synchronization as well as the influences of coupling strength, bias current, and mismatches of intrinsic parameters and injection strength on the quality of chaos synchronization in hybrid clusters composed of ACSLs are thoroughly investigated. The results show that by using cluster fusion, the ACSLs which originally belong to different clusters can form three types of new hybrid clusters, namely, trivial-hybrid cluster, trivial-nontrivial-hybrid cluster, and nontrivial-hybrid cluster. Compared with the low-correlation inter-cluster ACSLs of original SLs network, high-quality chaos synchronization is achieved in three types of newly generated hybrid clusters over a wide parameter range. Moreover, the cluster fusion and synchronization of side-SLs clusters of star-type SLs networks are also verified, which indicate the universality of the proposed method. This work provides a new way to realize the chaos synchronization among ACSLs of different clusters.

Band gap in photocatalytic ZnO–TiO2

Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide composite thin films were prepared on Corning 7059 glass substrates by co-sputtering. The reactive gas-surroundings used was ultrahigh purity oxygen. To analyze the structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of the ZnO–TiO2 samples, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical absorption, Raman spectroscopy and methylene blue bleaching were carried out at room temperature. XRD pat- terns indicate the presence of TiO2 (anatase and rutile phases), ZnO, ZnTiO3, and Zn2 TiO4 crystalline structures. AFM images allow the observation of non-homogeneous surface in the ZnO–TiO2 system, suggesting the separation of different crystalline phases in the composite. Raman studies exhibit different spectra in the films depending on the area analyzed, which can be interpreted as a result of the existence of well separated crystalline regions as seen in AFM images. The photocatalytic activity (PA) of TiO –ZnO–ZnTiO3–Zn2 TiO4 composite, as expected for adequate coupling semiconductors, is larger than PA of ZnO and TiO2 oxides, used as references. A simple proposal about the probable alignment of the conduction band, the valence band, and the Fermi level is included.

Coupled 2D Semiconductor–Molecular Excitons with Enhanced Raman Scattering

Two-dimensional (2D) material–organic interfaces offer a platform to realize hybrid materials with tunable optical properties that are determined by the interactions between the disparate materials...

Enhanced visible-light-induced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline using BiOI/MIL-125(Ti) composite photocatalyst

Herein, coupling semiconductor with metal-organic framework, a series of BiOI/MIL-125(Ti) composites have been prepared via one-step hydrothermal method. Morphology analyses reveal that the formation of heterostructure and the BiOI is uniformly covering on the surface of MIL-125(Ti). Under visible light illumination, the optimized 9 wt% BiOI/MIL-125(Ti) composite (BT-9) exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of tetracycline (TC) and the efficiency could reach 80%, which is much higher than that of bare BiOI and MIL-125(Ti). In particular, the BT-9 photocatalyst features superior stability and reusability in successive catalytic runs. Based on the comprehensive characterization studies, the enhancement of photocatalytic activity can be ascribed to the high specific surface area, promoting visible light absorption and outstanding efficiency of charge transfer of BiOI/MIL-125(Ti) composites.