Coupled Argon Plasma Optical Emission Research Articles

Evaluation of iron, copper and zinc concentrations in commercial foods formulated for healthy cats.

The aim of this study was to analyze iron, copper and zinc concentrations in commercial foods and compare among food formats (dry, canned, raw), foods marketed by age category (adult 1+ years and senior 7+ years) and foods intended for adult maintenance vs all life stages. In total, 112 commercial non-therapeutic food products marketed for healthy adult and senior cats were purchased in the USA. Foods were analyzed for their proximate composition. Trace mineral concentrations were measured using inductively coupled argon plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and described on a calculated metabolizable energy basis using standard modified Atwater values. Measured iron (median 58.4 mg/1000 kcal [range 15.7-379.0]), copper (median 5.6 mg/1000 kcal [range 0.8-13.3]) and zinc (median 47.6 mg/1000 kcal [range 7.6-128.1]) concentrations were highly variable among cat foods. When all food products - regardless of their nutritional adequacy substantiation method - were compared with the Association of American Feed Control Officials regulatory minimums, 13/112 food products had a mineral deficiency, of which a majority (n = 11/13) were raw food products. Raw foods had significantly lower trace mineral concentrations compared with dry food products and, except for copper, canned food products. Cat foods marketed for senior cats had higher iron (P = 0.019) and zinc (P <0.0001) concentrations than foods marketed for adult cats. Foods intended for adult maintenance had higher iron (P = 0.003) and zinc concentrations than foods intended for all life stages (P <0.0001). Iron, copper and zinc concentrations in commercial non-therapeutic foods for adult and senior cats are highly variable. A minority of foods - mainly raw food products - were deficient in these minerals. It is unknown if some foods with high trace mineral concentrations could have adverse effects as studies are needed to establish safe upper limits for dietary intake of trace minerals in healthy cats.

Insight into the structural, optical, adsorptive, and photocatalytic properties of MgFe2O4-bentonite nanocomposites

Nanofabrication of magnesium ferrite nanoparticles (MgFe2O4 NPs) and bentonite clay offers a new class of nanocomposites with environmentally safe and non-toxic components. In the present study, MgFe2O4-bentonite clay nanocomposites with four different w/w ratios have been synthesized by a sol–gel auto-combustion method. Their structural, morphological, and magnetic properties have been comparatively analyzed by means of SEM-EDS, TEM, XRD, BET, FTIR, and VSM techniques. The intensity of the FTIR band corresponding to Si-Al-O framework vibration increased linearly with increasing bentonite content, thus confirming successful nanofabrication with different bentonite contents. Magnetization values decreased from 11.4 to 3.7 emu/g with increasing bentonite content. Specific surface areas of the nanocomposites were in the range 48.9–87.0 m2/g, with the highest value for MgFe2O4-bentonite nanocomposite with 1:0.05 (w/w). The synthesized nanocomposites have been used as adsorbents for the sequestration of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution spiked with Pb(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II). Inductively coupled argon plasma-optical emission spectroscopy confirmed NC-I, having the composition 1:0.05, to be the best adsorbent among the synthesized nanocomposites and pristine MgFe2O4 NPs. Maximum removal was observed for Pb(II) ions, followed by Zn(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) ions, which can be correlated to the radii of the hydrated ions. At optimized adsorbent dose, the removal of heavy metal ions was in the range 92.5–95.2%. NC-I also acted as the best photocatalyst, fully degrading para-nitrophenol within 180 min. The optical band gap of MgFe2O4 NPs is 2.58 eV, and this decreases to 2.26 eV in the NCs. Effective charge separation and a low band gap lead to higher photocatalytic performance. The results correlated with specific surface area. The present studies highlight the immense potential of nanofabrication in tuning the properties of composite materials for environmental applications.

Microscopic Studies, Mineral composition and Bioactivity of Vitex madiensis Oliv. (Lamiaceae)

Ethanol and organic acid extracts from the leaves of Vitex madiensis Oliv. were evaluated for their antihelminthic activity using the animal model of Benhamia rosea and B. itoleisis (Kinshasa/DRC earthworms), antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity. Different concentrations (5 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL and 0.625 mg/mL) of standard Albendazole (positive control) and sample solutions (organic acid extracts and ethanol extracts) were used for this study which involved the determination of the paralysis time (vermifuge) and mortality time (vermicidal activity) of the worms. The presence of different secondary metabolites was determined by the thin layer chromatography. The results obtained showed that the ethanolic extract and the organic acid extracts showed significant antihelminthic activity. Microscopic examination of the parts used revealed the presence of various histological elements. Its phytochemical profile remains dominated by various secondary metabolites such as coumarins, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolic acids and terpenoids. The mineral composition was determined by inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-EOS) showed the abundance of various elements, namely calcium, iron, potassium, selenium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, nickel, phosphorus, cobalt, copper, barium and zinc in this plant. The antibacterial activity of the extracts of this plant was weak against the bacterial strains tested. The organic acid and ethanol extracts showed interesting antioxidant activity. The leaves extracts of Vitex madiensis Oliv. showed good antihelminthic, antibacterial and antioxidant activities related to their phytochemical compositions. All these results constitute scientific evidence validating the use of this medicinal plant for the management of parasitic infections of small ruminants in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Evaluation of nutrient content and caloric density in commercially available foods formulated for senior cats.

BackgroundCat foods marketed for senior cats (≥7 years) are available to owners. The variability in the nutritional content of these foods is unknown.ObjectivesTo measure the caloric density and caloric distribution of crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and vitamin D3 in commercially available foods for senior cats and to compare nutrient content with foods for adult cats.SamplesThirty‐one senior and 59 adult commercial nontherapeutic cat food products.MethodsDescriptive study. Crude protein, crude fiber, and crude fat were measured using Dumas nitrogen combustion, Ankom filter bag technique, and acid hydrolysis, respectively. Mineral concentrations were measured using inductively coupled argon plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy. Vitamin D3 was determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Caloric density was calculated using modified Atwater values.ResultsThe evaluated nutrient concentrations in all foods for senior cats met the values of the Association of American Feed Control Officials Cat Food Nutrient Profile for adult maintenance. Foods for senior cats had significantly higher crude fiber content when compared to foods for adult cats (P < .0001). No significant difference in crude protein, crude fat and mineral concentrations was found between foods for senior and adult cats.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceFoods marketed for senior cats are highly variable in their caloric density and nutrient content and, except for crude fiber, are similar to foods for adult cats. Veterinarians should avoid broad recommendations regarding commercially available foods for senior cats, and dietary recommendations should reflect the patient's individual needs.

Evaluation of phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium content in commercially available foods formulated for healthy cats.

BackgroundHigh dietary phosphorus (P) and low calcium‐to‐phosphorus ratio (Ca:P) are associated with kidney damage in cats. There are no established guidelines for dietary P maximum for cats.ObjectivesTo quantify crude protein, P, Ca, and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in cat foods and compare among food formats (dry, canned, raw), primary protein ingredients, protein concentrations (low, moderate, high), grain‐free versus grain‐containing foods, foods intended for adult maintenance versus all life stages, and cost.SamplesEighty‐two commercial nonprescription cat foods.MethodsDescriptive study. Mineral concentrations were measured using inductively coupled argon plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy. Crude protein was measured using the Dumas nitrogen combustion method. Mineral and crude protein concentrations were compared among food categories.ResultsTwenty‐seven foods contained ≥3.6 g P/1000 kcal metabolizable energy (ME), of which 7 exceeded 4.8 g/1000 kcal ME. Thirteen foods had low Ca:P ratio (≤1.0). The low‐protein diet group had no products ≥3.6 g P/1000 kcal ME, which was significantly different compared to the high‐protein diet group (52% of products had ≥3.6 g P/1000 kcal ME; P = .01). No significant differences in P content and Ca:P ratio were found among other diet categories. Canned foods had significantly lower Mg compared to dry (P < .001) and raw (P = .007) foods. Declared minimum P and Ca were significantly lower than analyzed concentrations (P = .0005 and P = .003, respectively).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe high number of foods with high P and low Ca suggest that pet food regulatory reform should be considered.

Micro mineral distribution on fiber fraction of feeds

This study was conducted to evaluate the concentration of micro minerals (Zn, Fe, Mn, Co and Cu) of feeds and their distribution in fiber fractions (Neutral Detergent Fiber/NDF and Acid Detergent Fiber/ADF). Three species of common feeds namely ground nut cake (Arachis hypogaea), mustard cake (Brassica juncea), soybean meal (Glycine max), were collected. Micro minerals concentration in the feed samples and fiber fractions were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometer (ICP-OES) Icap 6000 Series. The results showed that micro minerals concentration of feed and their distribution in fiber fraction varied among species. The concentration of all the minerals in feed was above the critical level. Distribution of micro minerals in NDF and ADF were also estimated. Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc(Zn), in feeds were the highest elements associated in NDF and ADF, while the lowest was found in cobalt (Co) and manganese(Mn).

Chronic DOCA‐salt treatment alters hypothalamic, but not cortical or brainstem, Na+/K+/Ca2+ content

The present study was conducted to establish whether chronic salt loading alone, or in combination with the mineralocorticoid deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), alters the content of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) in the brain. Male Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with a silicone pellet containing 0 (n=6) or 100 (n=6) mg DOCA and given 0.9% saline to drink ad libitum. The control group received 0mg DOCA and water ad libitum (n=6). After 21 days of treatment rats were anesthetized and brains were excised. The brainstem was removed and the remainder of the brain was bisected midsagitally. The right half of the brain was weighed intact and the left half was dissected into hypothalamus and cortex. Samples were analyzed for Na+/K+/Ca2+ content (ppm/gram) by inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry. Compared to the control group, saline loading alone had no effect on Na+/K+/Ca2+ in any brain region. However, DOCA‐salt treatment increased Na+ (p &lt; 0.05), and tended to decrease K+ content (p &gt;; 0.05), in the hypothalamus but had no effect in the cortex or brainstem. DOCA‐salt treatment also increased hypothalamic (p &lt; 0.05), but not cortical or brainstem, Ca2+ content. We conclude that regulation of hypothalamic Na+/K+/Ca2+ content is unique compared to the cortex and brainstem. HL64176–05

Determination of inorganic contaminants in glue by inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry

A closed vessel method using a microwave oven was developed for the determination of As, B, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Sb by Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES). The method was applied to samples of polyvinyl acetate-based glue in water emulsions. Parameters such as wavelength, nebulization pressure and RF power were optimized and the residual acidity after the digestion process was determined. The addition of internal standards was evaluated and the accuracy of the proposed method was verified with addition and recovery experiments and also with certified reference materials, achieving good results. Using a nebulization flow rate of 0.73Lmin−1and a RF power of 1200W it was possible to obtain adequate values for limit of detection and limit of quantification as well as recovery values in the range of 80–106%, for all the analytes. The analysis of coloured glue samples (white, black, blue, yellow, red and green), widely used by children, showed no contamination by the elements studied.

Effects from filtration, capping agents, and presence/absence of food on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Daphnia magna

Relatively little is known about the behavior and toxicity of nanoparticles in the environment. Objectives of work presented here include establishing the toxicity of a variety of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to Daphnia magna neonates, assessing the applicability of a commonly used bioassay for testing AgNPs, and determining the advantages and disadvantages of multiple characterization techniques for AgNPs in simple aquatic systems. Daphnia magna were exposed to a silver nitrate solution and AgNPs suspensions including commercially available AgNPs (uncoated and coated), and laboratory-synthesized AgNPs (coated with coffee or citrate). The nanoparticle suspensions were analyzed for silver concentration (microwave acid digestions), size (dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy), shape (electron microscopy), surface charge (zeta potentiometer), and chemical speciation (X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction). Toxicities of filtered (100 nm) versus unfiltered suspensions were compared. Additionally, effects from addition of food were examined. Stock suspensions were prepared by adding AgNPs to moderately hard reconstituted water, which were then diluted and used straight or after filtration with 100-nm filters. All nanoparticle exposure suspensions, at every time interval, were digested via microwave digester and analyzed by inductively coupled argon plasma-optical emission spectroscopy or graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectroscopy. Dose-response curves were generated and median lethal concentration (LC50) values calculated. The LC50 values for the unfiltered particles were (in µg/L): 1.1 ± 0.1-AgNO(3) ; 1.0 ± 0.1-coffee coated; 1.1 ± 0.2-citrate coated; 16.7 ± 2.4 Sigma Aldrich Ag-nanoparticles (SA) uncoated; 31.5 ± 8.1 SA coated. LC50 values for the filtered particles were (in µg/L): 0.7 ± 0.1-AgNO(3) ; 1.4 ± 0.1-SA uncoated; 4.4 ± 1.4-SA coated. The LC50 resulting from the addition of food was 176.4 ± 25.5-SA coated. Recommendations presented in this study include AgNP handling methods, effects from sample preparation, and advantages/disadvantages of different nanoparticle characterization techniques.

An Investigation of Blood Selenium Concentrations of Goats in New York State

The goal of the current study was to determine the range of blood selenium concentrations in goats in New York State that were fed adequately supplemented diets. Blood samples from mature, juvenile, and neonatal goats from commercial farms, 2 dairy and 2 meat producers, were analyzed via graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Feed samples were analyzed by using inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectroscopy to confirm that dietary selenium concentrations were adequate. The ranges of blood selenium concentration obtained were 9.1-49.9 microg/dl for mature goats, 7.6-37.5 microg/dl for juveniles, and 9.7-40.7 microg/dl for neonates.

Versatile Thin-Film Reactor for Photochemical Vapor Generation

A novel thin-film reactor is described and evaluated for its analytical performance with photochemical vapor generation (TF-PVG). The device, comprising both the generator and a gas-liquid separator, utilizes a vertical central quartz rod onto which the sample is pumped to yield a thin liquid film conducive to the rapid escape of generated hydrophobic species. The rod is housed within a concentric quartz tube through which a flow of argon carrier/stripping gas is passed to remove and transport the generated species to a detector, which in this study is an inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The concentric quartz tube is itself surrounded by a 78-turn 0.5 m long quartz coil low-pressure mercury discharge lamp operating at 20 W. The performance of this thin-film photoreactor was evaluated through comparison of analytical figures of merit for detection of a number of elements undergoing PVG in the presence of formic or acetic acid with those arising from conventional solution nebulization under optimized conditions. The TF-PVG reactor provided sensitivity enhancements, of 110-, 120-, 130-, 250-, 120-, 230-, 78-, 1.3-, 16-, and 32-fold for As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te, Hg, Ni, Co, Fe, and I, respectively, and detection limit enhancements of 110-, 140-, 170-, 270-, 200-, 300-, 160-, 2.7-, 50-, and 44-fold for these same elements. Vapor generation efficiencies ranged from 20-100% for this suite of analytes. The utility of this technique was demonstrated by the determination of Fe and Ni in Certified Reference Materials DORM-3 (fish protein) and DOLT-4 (dogfish liver tissue).

A novel flow-based strategy for implementing differential kinetic analysis

Differential kinetic analysis can be implemented in a multi-pumping flow system, and this was demonstrated in relation to an improved spectrophotometric catalytic determination of iron and vanadium in Fe–V alloys. The method exploited the influence of Fe(II) and V(IV) on the rate of iodide oxidation by Cr(VI) under acidic conditions; therefore the Jones reductor was needed. The sample was inserted into an acidic KI stream that acted also as carrier stream, and a Cr(VI) solution was added by confluence. Successive measurements were performed during sample passage through the detector, each one related to a different yet reproducible condition for reaction development. Data treatment involved multivariate calibration by the PLS algorithm. The proposed system is very simple and rugged, allowing about 50 samples to be run per hour, meaning 48 mg KI per determination. The first two latent variables carry ca. 94% of the analytical information, pointing out that the intrinsic dimensionality of the data set is two. Results are in agreement with inductively coupled argon plasma–optical emission spectrometry.

Determination of metals in bottled coconut water using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer

Macro- (Ca, Mg) and microconstituents (Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu) were determined in bottled Brazilian coconut water without a mineralization step using an Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer. The presence of these elements in this beverage was investigated, considering the lack of information presented by the manufacturers who mention, in general, only the Na, Ca and Fe content. The experimental parameters (plasma power, nebulization flow rate, torch configuration and yttrium as internal standard) were optimized. The determinations showed low matrix interference, RSD usually lower than 2% and good accuracy confirmed with the analysis of a reference material and the quantitative recoveries obtained in experiments using analyte addition. The ranges of concentrations (mg L −1) of the analytes in different brands were: Ca (178–232), Mg (87–129), Mn (1.8–3.8), Fe (0.08–0.18), Zn (0.2–0.36) and Cu (0.09–0.19). LOQ values are (mg L −1): Ca-2.10, Mg-0.24, Mn-0.01, Fe-0.05, Zn-0.06 and Cu-0.03. Considering the Reference Daily Intakes for Minerals (RDI), we estimated the nutritional contribution for 300 mL of the beverage, which is more relevant for Ca (6% of the RDI), Mg (8% of the RDI) and Mn (56% of the RDI).

A composite coating by electrolysis-induced collagen self-assembly and calcium phosphate mineralization

A composite coating that is composed of collagen protein and calcium phosphate minerals is considered to be bioactive and may enhance bone growth and fixation of metallic orthopedic implants. In this study, we have successfully developed a uniform collagen fibril/octacalcium phosphate composite coating on silicon substrate by electrolytic deposition (ELD). The coating deposition was done through applying a constant potential to the cathode in a three-electrode electrochemistry cell that contain a mild acidic (pH 4.8–5.3) aqueous solution of collagen molecules, calcium and phosphate ions. The coating process involved self-assembly of collagen fibrils and the deposition of calcium phosphate minerals as a result of cathode reaction and local pH increase. The two steps could be synchronized to form a bone-like composite at nanometer scale through proper adjustment of the solution and deposition parameters. Coating morphology, crystal structure and compositions were analyzed by optical and fluorescence microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrophotometry, and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. Under typical deposition conditions, the cathode (Si) surface formed a thin (100nm) layer of calcium phosphate coating, on top of which a thick (∼100μm) composite layer formed. The porous composite layer consists of a collagen fibril network on which clusters of octacalcium phosphate crystals nucleate and grow. By combining photolithography and ELD, we were also able to pattern the composite coating into regular arrays of squares. Preliminary results by nanoindentation tests showed that properly prepared composite coating may have higher elastic modulus and scratch resistance than monolithic porous calcium phosphate coating. The results not only provide a novel bioactive coating for biomedical implants, but also establish a new experimental protocol for studying biomineralization mechanisms of collagen based biological tissues.

Desenvolvimento de um micro-aquecedor para sistemas de análise química em fluxo: determinação espectrofotométrica de manganês em plantas

In this work a micro-heater device to be used as an integral part of the flow analysis manifold is described. The usefulness of the device was demonstrated using it in the development of a multicommutated flow analysis procedure for the spectrophotometric determination of manganese in plant digest. The method was based on the manganese oxidation by periodate in phosphoric acid medium to form the permanganate anion. The reaction development is dependent on the temperature and it was observed that at 25 °C a time interval of ca. 15 min was necessary for the reaction to attain equilibrium. Setting the temperature to 70 oC, this time interval could be decreased to ca. 30 s. This condition was easily attained employing the proposed micro-heater device coupled to the manifold. The procedure was applied to manganese determination in soybean digests and results compared with those obtained by inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). No significant difference at 90% confidence level was observed. A linear response for sample concentrations ranging from 5.0 to 30.00 mg L-1 Mn2+; a relative standard deviation of 1.3% (n = 6) for a typical sample containing 6.3 mg L-1 Mn2+; a sampling rate of 22 determinations per hour; a low reagent consumption, of 12.0 mg NaIO4 per determination; and a detection limit of 1.2 mg L-1 were achieved.

Constituents of Cocoa Husks

Mineral composition, vitamins (group B, C and D), polyphenols, purine alkaloids, sugars and phytic acid were determined in twelve samples of cocoa husk of the main varieties of cocoa beans ( Theobroma cacao L.) cultivated in Africa and South America. Macro- (K, Mg, Ca, Na, P, and Na) and micro elements (Cu, Zn, Fe, and Cr) were quantified using an inductively coupled argon plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), on dry-ashed samples. Vitamins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, sugars, and phytic acid were determined using HPLC. The mineral and vitamins intake that cocoa husk consumption could represent was evaluated with regard to the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). The percentage of phytic acid is medium (0.98±0.13 g/100 g). The most abundant phenolic compounds found were caffeic acid and gentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid).

Structural and chemical characterization of copper, iron and manganese complexes formed by paleosol humic acids

High-purified humic acid (HA) samples extracted from five paleosols collected in Southern Italy, ranging in radiocarbon age from about 14,000 to 29,000 yr BP, were analysed by Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICAP-OES), Infrared, (IR) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy for their total contents and chemical forms of some transition metals. The HAs contained appreciable amounts of indigenous copper (500–1000 ppm) and iron (300–1400 ppm), and very low amounts of manganese (1–12 ppm). The ESR spectra indicated the presence in all of the paleosol HAs examined of inner-sphere, square-planar complexes for Cu 2+ ions, bound prevalently by oxygenated functional groups of the HA, and octahedrically and/or tetrahedrically coordinated Fe 3+ ions to HA-functional groups of various nature. The ICAP-OES, IR and ESR spectroscopic analyses showed that all the HAs were able to bind metal ions, added either singularly or simultaneously, in high amounts and in the order Fe > Cu ⪢ Mn. The HA functional groups that were involved in the additional metal-binding were primarily carboxylic and phenolic OH groups. All of the metal-HA complexes formed showed a high stability against intense water-washing, whereas they were only partially stable against exhaustive acid-treatment (proton-exchange). Metal ion-complexed forms exhibited an extended but differentiated reversibility toward exchange with a different metal used as counter ion. In general, the paleosol HAs examined, despite their different ages, contained indigenous metal complexes of similar structural and chemical properties and showed substantially similar behavior in their residual metal-binding capacity and properties, closely-resembling those of HAs from soils and soil fungi.

Simplex optimization of multielement ultrasonic extraction of atmospheric particulates

A simplex search was used to locate an optimum for an ultrasonic extraction of trace elements from atmospheric particulates collected on glass-fiber high-volume sampler filters. The optimized procedure produced quantitative results for 13 elements with precisions of 10% or less, and accuracies of 95% or better, while providing the analyst with a more rapid, inexpensive, and less hazardous method than traditional boiling-acid extractions. The procecure has become an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designated equivalent method to EPA's lead reference procedure. Results are provided for split sample comparisons on real particulate samples, as well as for synthetic spikes and National Bureau of Standard's Standard Reference Material No. 1648 analyzed by inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry, neutron activation analysis, and/or atomic absorption spectrophotometry using other extraction methods. 3 tables.

Analysis of metal alloys by inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry

Analysis of metal alloys by inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry