A river system, down to its smallest tributary, functions as an organic whole, and is as much unit as tree, down to it smalles twig. The conviction that the resources of river valley should be envisioned their entirety and developed in that unity with which Nature herself regards her handiwork is the inspiration of modern progress the valleys of the Tennessee and Damodar.1 In Elizabethan England, the lack of public control over the enterprise of the various users of the valley of the River Middlesex, Essex and Hertfordshire led to many disputes which engaged the interest of the Lord Treasurer, William Cecil Lord Burghley. Two manuscript maps and number of documents, wholly or partly Burghley's hand, survive to show his concern with the problem of resolving the conflicts which arose from the improvement of navigation on the Lea. The maps are of great value, not only as early examples of the cartography of riverine lands but also as illustrations of the varied functions of navigable river Elizabethan times. In 1560, the unimproved flowed with a zig-zag and inconvenient current through braided floodplain 21 miles long and 1 mile wide from Ware Hertford? shire to its confluence with the Thames at Bow.2 In this year, Lord Burghley drew rough sketch-plan of the lowest part of the river, the six mile reach from Lock Bridge Hackney to Bow Creek, on scale of about two inches to mile. This plan is pre? served among the State Papers the Public Record Office. 3 It shows that the river had divided course just above the mouth, with one arm crossed by large, high bridge at Bow and the other crossed by ford near Stratford. These two arms united, but soon diverged again near Stepney Bridge and Lock Bridge, which is named as the tidal limit. The map also shows diagrammatically the boundaries of the parishes of Stratford, Stepney, Hackney and Leyton, and large riverside mansion. In 1571, the River was made navigable by ships drawing 8 feet as far as Ware by the construction of the New Cut from Bow to Hoddesdon. The level of water this straighter channel was maintained by manipulation of lock controlling the tidal inflow at Bow Bridge, and sluices controlling the run-off from the Hornsey and Epping Forest clay ridges.4 The improvements touched off series of conflicts between those who required unimpeded passage of the river for barges carrying wheat, malt, coal and iron or for wherries carrying passengers, and those residents of the valley who were employed farmland, mills, fisheries and game preserves. The character of the river? ine lands between Tottenham and Cheshunt after the construction of the New Cut is revealed by very large coloured strip-map the Library of the Marquess of Salisbury at Hatfield House.5 This manuscript, painted wash and measuring 6J feet by 5! inches, shows pictorially the New Cut and number of tributary water-courses with sluices and weirs, the names and boundaries of the riparian fields, the shipping on the river and the mills, fish-traps and heronries on its banks. The scale is about 9 inches to mile. This plot of the Lea may be attributed to Humphrey Gyfforde who sought payment 1594 for making a book for the view of the circuit of the water of on the instructions of jury of the County of Hertford. Later, an addition was made at the right-hand or northern end. It consists of wider strip of paper on which