County Donegal Research Articles

Utilization of radiometric data for mapping primary and secondary sources of gamma radiation and radon/thoron release potentials in Ireland.

This paper presents a novel approach to predict and map radon and thoron levels. We developed separate radon and thoron prediction maps for Ireland and introduced a system for producing high-resolution 3D radiation maps which may be used for planning purposes in residential areas, recycling and demolishing waste depots, and quarries of building and construction material. Additionally, we highlight the critical need to monitor thoron alongside radon in indoor surveys, as thoron's shorter half-life and higher energy levels may pose a greater health risk. We utilized Tellus radiometric survey data and indoor radon measurement records to investigate the spatial correlation between elevated indoor radon activity and anomalies in radioelement concentrations. We also estimated the degree of thoron interference in indoor radon surveys conducted in Ireland using CR-39 detectors. Field and laboratory surveys were performed to produce high-resolution radiation maps for four Irish quarries and estimate the radon and thoron potential of these quarries. Our initial findings suggest that thoron may be the primary health issue in some parts of Ireland, surpassing radon. For example, our map shows that the expected thoron potential in county Donegal is significantly higher than that for radon. Our radon and thoron exhalation tests on building material samples from four random quarries confirm this. We also estimate that over 20% of the elevated indoor radon activity recorded by the EPA using CR-39 detectors may be attributed to thoron-related sources. This study contributes to a better understanding of the prevalence and impact of radon and thoron in Ireland, helping to determine the main radiological health issue related to indoor air quality in the country. Thoron's impact on indoor air quality and health has been understudied in Ireland, necessitating more comprehensive studies and monitoring programs to accurately assess the prevalence and impact of both radon and thoron.

High risk concrete blocks from County Donegal: The geology of defective aggregate and the wider implications

Since 2019, geologists at Petrolab have tested concrete block samples from over 1800 properties in County Donegal and observed deterioration patterns based on the aggregate types used within those concrete blocks. Across these properties more than 25 aggregate types have been used within concrete block, with seven distinct types considered high risk when assessed against relevant standards. With respect to those considered high risk, elevated free mica and elevated reactive sulphides (predominantly pyrrhotite) contents appear to play a critical role, particularly in phyllite aggregates commonly found in defective blockwork. The particular concentration of both of these mineral groups is considered the main cause of the rapid degradation often observed with this aggregate type. Other high-risk aggregates have lower amounts of one or both of these mineral groups, but they are still present in concentrations that are cause for concern and associated in some instances with damaged property.These findings have important implications. Firstly, with two mineral groups to define risk, the extent of risk can be split depending on the concentrations of the different minerals with potentially different remedial pathways followed in each instance. Aggregates with high concentrations of both free mica and sulphides (predominantly pyrrhotite) will pose the highest risk, likely requiring the most significant intervention in the long-term, while aggregates with only free mica and low sulphide content will be lower risk. In support of this, none of the properties tested to date, where only free mica risk is present within the concrete samples, have gone on to display the most serious degradation category. This, coupled with the evidence of internal sulphate attack present within the most high-risk pyrrhotite-bearing aggregate, is further evidence of the importance of internal sulphate attack in the highest risk aggregates. For all seven aggregates of concern the authors provide general recommendations for remedial measures, or further research based on the findings of this study.Secondly, the risk window for affected properties appears wider than initially believed. It spans for at least two decades with a significant window encompassing structures built between 1995 and 2010. The currently recorded latest occurrence is 2015, but it is not clear from the current data that this latest occurrence reflects the last use of defective concrete block due to the inherent latency period between building construction and the time for degradation to set-in. Consequently, a long-term testing regime is necessary to provide confidence in property conveyancing within County Donegal for properties built within, and since, the defined risk window.

The “mica crisis” in Donegal, Ireland – A case of internal sulfate attack?

In County Donegal, northwest Ireland, thousands of homes built with concrete blocks show an increasing degree of severe structural defects attributed to high mica content in the aggregates. Consequently, the problem is popularly known as the “Mica Crisis”. In this project the concrete blocks of four affected homes are investigated by microstructural and chemical analysis combined with thermodynamic modelling.Apart from mica, the aggregates contain iron sulphides mainly in the form of pyrrhotite. The sulfur content of the aggregates considerably exceeds the limit value defined by the European standard for concrete aggregates (EN 12620). The results of the microstructural analysis coupled with thermodynamic modelling demonstrate that the concrete suffers from internal sulfate attack triggered by pyrrhotite oxidation. The comparison of the results of this investigation with the data collected by chartered engineers on almost hundred damaged homes shows that the four investigated cases are representative of the situation in Donegal.

An Irish Dante, Part I: Possible Precursors to the Commedia

An Irish Dante, Part I: Possible Precursors to the Commedia Daragh O’Connell (bio) 2021 marked the septicentennial celebrations of Dante’s death in Ravenna. Despite the restrictions brought about by the global pandemic, scholars and creative practitioners around the world ensured that the anniversary did not pass unnoticed, with online and in-person conferences, seminars, readings, performances, adaptations, translations and dialogues taking place on a daily basis. In Ireland too Dante’s anniversary was marked by a series of initiatives both scholarly and creative: the establishment at University College Cork of the Centre for Dante Studies in Ireland foregrounded a series of activities and research initiatives, including the Dante Dialogue Series of 2021;1 the Irish artist Liam Ó Broin exhibited his Dante-inspired 100 lithographs, Dante’s Divine Comedy, at Dublin Castle; and the musician and composer Elliot Murphy premiered his Dante’s Inferno on 30 September 2021.2 Though the Florentine poet never once mentions Ireland in his masterpiece, which he called simply the Commedia (the ‘Divine’ appellation is a much later addition), there is a curious sense in which Ireland played a not-insignificant role in both the poem’s rich imaginary landscape and in its afterlife in the creative sphere, providing an Irish Dante via Yeats, Joyce, Beckett and Heaney that ‘achieves things that are beyond the grasp of the English or Americans’.3 Why Dante and Ireland? What links Dante to this island specifically? Let me state from the outset that Ireland’s relationship with Dante is uniquely special; our experiencing of Dante is one that is protean, indeed vital to the creative energies of our best artists, mostly the literary ones. In Part II of this essay, I will trace the presence of Dante in Irish literature of the twentieth century and after. First, however, in Part I, I must turn to the rich Irish medieval tradition of vision literature, which in some cases predates Dante by several centuries, to see possible direct and indirect influences emerge. In some cases these texts stand as eloquent precursors to Dante’s poem. Since our very earliest literature in Ireland, the afterlife – its representations and configurations (Navigatio Sancti Brendani; Visio 125 Tnugdali) – [End Page 125] has exerted an enduring hold on the Irish imagination and indeed influenced European cultural expression in the Middle Ages. But let’s start in purgatory – St Patrick’s, that is. Umbiferi prefazi (Paradiso, XXX, 78) – Shadowy prefaces Legend states that while St Patrick was on Station Island he had a vision of the afterlife in a cave on the island. Station Island is an island in Lough Derg, in County Donegal. Legend attributes the colour of the lake (‘Red Lake’ in Irish) to the blood of a monster-serpent killed by St Patrick. Station Island has long been a place of Catholic pilgrimage. In 1184 a monk, who signed himself ‘H’ at the monastery of Saltrey near Cambridge, wrote about the experiences of the Irish knight Owein during his visit to Lough Derg: the Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii.4 Some forty years before H penned his story, Owein was allowed to enter the cave on the island and soon found himself surrounded by demons and cast into the fire. He was delivered by calling on the name of Christ. After multiple periods of torture, the knight finally made his way across a narrow bridge over hell and entered an earthly paradise, where souls await their entry into heaven. Owein returned to the world to tell others of his ordeal. Various versions and translations of the story became widely read across Europe. No one knows the source of Owein’s visions. One possibility is that medicinal (‘purgative’) herbs were burned in the cave. Some of these could have led to hallucinations. Ireland has evidence of ancient ‘sweathouses’ that were likely used in this way. The idea of St Patrick’s purgatory became famous, and Lough Derg soon became a popular place of pilgrimage. The Tractatus became arguably the most popular vision of purgatory in the Middle Ages and was quickly disseminated across Europe through vernacular translations. There is clear evidence in Italy of this identification of St Patrick with purgatory. One of...

Temporal and spatial variations in calcium carbonate deposition in a mixed siliciclastic–carbonate deep marine system: the Ediacaran Deeside Limestone Formation, Aboyne, Scotland

The Deeside Limestone Formation (DLF), outcropping in western Aberdeenshire, comprises the eastern margin of a distinctive Upper Dalradian mixed siliciclastic–carbonate system of Ediacaran age which may be correlated southwestwards for more than 400 km to County Donegal in Ireland. A reconstructed stratigraphic column suggests three broad vertical sequences (S1–S3), each comprising a general upward proportionate increase in calcium carbonate with respect to quartz, locally capped by metalimestones (L1–L3). A simple explanation for this upward change lies in the differing physical response of the two heterolithic components under the same hydrodynamic process, with the heavier quartz grains preferentially enriching the bedload and the finer carbonate mud fraction, the suspended load. The three metalimestone intervals are observed only in central/eastern parts of the field area, suggesting a lateral facies variation. The predominance of calcareous–siliciclastic bed-scale compositional mixing within the DLF suggests sedimentation on the Dalradian shelf comprised contemporaneous mixing of the siliciclastic and carbonate fractions prior to subsequent re-mixing during transportation downslope into the deep water, punctuated by pulses of point-sourced siliciclastic input.

Lived Lives at Fort Dunree: a rural Irish community perspective.

Background: Elevated suicide rates have alarmed policy makers and communities. In these circumstances, the value of understanding more about communities and their potential role in suicide intervention is becoming more apparent. This study involved evaluating feedback from individuals with and without previous suicidal thinking who participated in an arts-science rural community-based intervention project around suicide in County Donegal, Ireland ( Lived Lives at Fort Dunree). Methods: A combined quantitative and qualitative questionnaire was used to evaluate individual and community responses to the Lived Lives project. Results: Participants ( n = 83), with and without a mental health history and previous suicidal ideation, reported they believed Lived Lives could have potential to help suicide-bereaved families, people with mental illness and people with suicidal thinking. Qualitative results suggested its' suitability for specific groups affected by suicide. Discussion: The evaluation of the Lived Lives project indicated that supervised, "safe-space" community intervention projects around suicide have inherent value with positive impacts for bereaved individuals and communities, including those who have experienced suicidal feelings. Future research should explore the transferability of these findings to other communities, and at-risk groups.

Lived Lives at Fort Dunree: a rural Irish community perspective

Background: Elevated suicide rates have alarmed policy makers and communities. In these circumstances, the value of understanding more about communities and their potential role in suicide intervention is becoming more apparent. This study involved evaluating feedback from individuals with and without previous suicidal thinking who participated in an arts-science rural community-based intervention project around suicide in County Donegal, Ireland ( Lived Lives at Fort Dunree). Methods: A combined quantitative and qualitative questionnaire was used to evaluate individual and community responses to the Lived Lives project. Results: Participants ( n = 83), with and without a mental health history and previous suicidal ideation, reported they believed Lived Lives could have potential to help suicide-bereaved families, people with mental illness and people with suicidal thinking. Qualitative results suggested its’ suitability for specific groups affected by suicide. Discussion: The evaluation of the Lived Lives project indicated that supervised, “safe-space” community intervention projects around suicide have inherent value with positive impacts for bereaved individuals and communities, including those who have experienced suicidal feelings. Future research should explore the transferability of these findings to other communities, and at-risk groups.

Particularizing adaptation to non-predominant hazards: A history of wildfires in County Donegal, Ireland from 1903 to 2019

Recent years have seen a historical turn in research on disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. This has included a call for historical research that particularizes adaptation in specific locations. This paper responds to this call by using newspaper archives to construct a history of wildfires in County Donegal, Ireland. This study goes beyond existing research that particularizes adaptation, by using this history as a lens through which to evaluate current adaptation policy. In doing so it uncovers problematic mismatches between the experience of local communities living with wildfire hazards and current climate change adaptation policies. National adaptation policy in Ireland presents uncontrolled wildfires as a largely new and unfamiliar hazard that requires innovative management approaches. However, newspaper archives reveal that local communities have adopted a variety of adaptive practices for wildfire hazards for over a century, and that these practices have coevolved with shifting economic, social, political, and cultural contexts. This paper also introduces the concept of non-predominant hazards, that is hazards that are often overlooked, forgotten, or neglected. Historical research on non-predominant hazards can play an important role in making visible trajectories of adaptation for such hazards. This study also points towards how deeper particularization studies that examine the long-term usage of specific adaptation practices can also be used to test the effectiveness of these practices through time, and to offer lessons for contemporary adaptation. These results have implications for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation to non-predominant hazards in a variety of contexts.

Thinking into the Bog: Art Practice and Connection from inside a Language under Pressure

Abstract: In this article Ian Joyce and Mathew Staunton explore the interconnected notions of anxiety and contemporary art practice in Ireland by “thinking into the bog” and looking with fresh eyes from inside the Duibheagan, the inky depths at the heart of the natural world and the day-to-day experience of a language under pressure. Via Munch’s scream of nature and its Irish equivalent in the devastating and uncanny creative force unleashed by Uaigneas, they look for artistic sense in the metaphorical, linguistic and physical spaces in and around the bog landscape of County Donegal.

From Ardara Emeralds to Ardara FC: soccer in Ardara, County Donegal, 1891-1995

ABSTRACTHistorical case studies of individual grassroots soccer clubs in rural Ireland have been scarce. This article illustrates the failure of one town in Donegal to sustain a club in the face of challenge from Gaelic football. A soccer club had been established in Ardara in 1891 but was in decline by the 1920s as Gaelic football grew in strength there. In the 1980s a new club, Ardara FC, was organized by a local man with the passion, means and drive to put the town back on the Donegal soccer map. The factors which contributed to Ardara FC becoming one of Donegal’s top junior soccer clubs by the early 1990s will be examined. It also looks at the club’s player recruitment policy and illustrates how the signing of players from outside the parish was fundamental to their success, while also examining the reactions of more traditional soccer clubs and the Donegal League Committee to this.

Translations by Brian Friel, and: ‘Master Harold’ . . . and the Boys by Athol Fugard

Reviewed by: Translations by Brian Friel, and: ‘Master Harold’ . . . and the Boys by Athol Fugard Dan Venning TRANSLATIONS. By Brian Friel. Directed by Ian Rickson. National Theatre, Olivier Theatre, London. December 3, 2019. ‘MASTER HAROLD’... AND THE BOYS. By Athol Fugard. Directed by Roy Alexander Weise. National Theatre, Lyttelton Theatre, London. December 17, 2019. In its autumn 2019 season, as the specter of Brexit was looming, London’s National Theatre programmed several productions about the legacy of colonialism. One, Inua Ellams’s Three Sisters, was a new play, a close adaptation of Chekhov transposed to the period from 1967 to 1970, during the Biafran war (the Nigerian Civil War) in Nigeria. Exploring the devastating results of neocolonialism, Ellams’s play makes reference to the works of Christopher Okigbo and Chinua Achebe, examining the suffering endured by colonized peoples even after they had achieved independence. Two other productions were revivals of plays written only two years apart, and both now nearly forty years old: Brian Friel’s Translations (1980) and Athol Fugard’s ‘Master Harold’ . . . and the Boys (1982). Together, these productions simply yet incisively explored the various failures of British imperialism and the damage such ventures perpetrated in both Ireland and Africa. In 2019, they served as reminders that just as the effects of colonialism continue long after the colonists depart, the UK will not be able to ignore Europe and the effects of globalization or remove the influence of its many diverse immigrants from around the globe, even after its departure from the European Union. Click for larger view View full resolution Rufus Wright (Captain Lancey), Fra Fee (Owen), and Jack Bardoe (Lieutenant Yolland) in Translations. (Photo: Catherine Ashmore.) Ian Rickson’s production of Translations, starring Ciarán Hinds as the Irish hedge-school master Hugh and Fra Fee as his wayward son Owen, was a restaging of a production that had opened a year-and-a-half earlier to a sold-out run (there were many new cast members, including Fee and Jack Bardoe as British Lieutenant George Yolland). Unlike many productions created for the National’s massive Olivier stage, Rickson’s Translations did not make use of the Olivier’s magnificent drum revolve and its potential for rotating stages or raising and lowering actors from depths below the stage. Instead, Rae Smith’s single set covered the stage in sod and dirt, with a simple wooden platform, a few chairs and tables, and a staircase into a house stage right indicating Hugh’s hedge school in the rural landscape of the Irish-speaking community of Baile Beag (Ballybeg), County Donegal, in 1833. Actors would enter and exit over an upstage hill as if having traversed through farmland to reach the school, and the realism of the design was reinforced not only by Smith’s gorgeous period costumes, but also through the scent of peaty moss dispersed throughout the massive auditorium. The relative simplicity of the set on the Olivier’s massive stage helped to romanticize the Irish community that was being transformed through English imperialism. At the same time, Neil Austin’s evocative lighting design, in which bright colors were dispersed across mist upstage to stunning effect, reinforced the mood of scenes and established the world and its characters as mythic and heroic. [End Page 376] Click for larger view View full resolution Jack Bardoe (Lieutenant Yolland) and Fra Fee (Owen) in Translations. (Photo: Catherine Ashmore.) Friel’s play takes place during an Ordnance Survey, as British soldiers are undertaking the process of mapping Ireland, recording the layout of the country, and renaming places from Irish into English. The alcoholic Hugh teaches Latin and Greek at his hedge school alongside his son Manus, but in an act of resistance refuses to teach English, despite the urging of some of his students that they may need this in order to succeed in a world increasingly dominated by English-speaking global powers. Whether a character is speaking English or Irish, the audience hears the entire play in English (excepting a few phrases from Latin or ancient Greek, recited in the original). This creates fascinating moments where the audience can recognize characters who are trying to speak to one another...

Methodology for the determination of <63 µm free mica fines in sand and within the cement matrix of hardened concrete blocks using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy

We propose a method for quantification of the percentage of <63 µm muscovite fines (termed free mica) in mixed sand fines and the identification/semi-quantitative analysis of free mica in the cement matrix of hardened concrete blocks. In recent times homeowners in County Donegal, Ireland reported structural problems in their buildings and concern that it is due to high concentrations of free mica within the concrete blocks. Our method requires the generation of high-resolution backscattered electron (BSE) images using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), where the characteristic needle-like morphology of mica can easily be identified. Additional information on the size, shape and chemical composition of the free mica fines, is gathered using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS or EDX). The combination of high-magnification images, high-resolution elemental maps, and mineral liberation software allows accurate identification and quantification of free mica within the sand fines and cement matrix. Supplementary material : Information pertaining to the measurements by SEM-EDX are reported in Supplementary Tables 1 and 2, available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4709390

Rural Waterscape and Emotional Sectarianism in Accounts of Lough Derg, County Donegal

The story of Lough Derg in Ireland’s County Donegal is arranged around clusters of sectarian narratives in juxtaposition, synthesis and conflict. The Sanctuary of Saint Patrick sits on Station Island, a small rocky islet set within the waters of the lake. The site became well known in the early Middle Ages as the place of Saint Patrick’s delving of a cave that led to purgatory, allowing the sinner to experience a glimpse of the torments of hell while still in this life. The island then attracted pilgrims from all over Europe and became embedded into the Catholic literary and spiritual imagination. After the Protestant Ascendency and the Plantation of Ulster began in the seventeenth century, the place became a site of tension and narrative clashes between differing visions of rural place, each with its own spectrum of affect, emotions and ideals. This essay unpacks the resonances of Lough Derg as a site of sectarian narrative by 1) situating the discussion within a distinctly rural context; 2) adding the unique properties of spiritual waterscape to the discussion; and 3) discussing the Irish sectarian narratives and identities arising from the lake and its purgatorial isle. It focuses on a case study of Protestant and establishment accounts of the lake during the nineteenth century, depicting them as internally diverse as well as part of a larger ecology of sectarian contestations. It explores waterscape and its role in influencing community responses to and shaping of place, the manner in which sectarian responses to space are internally diverse, and the manner in which Catholic and Protestant narratives of place have intertwined to shape the lake in the twenty-first century.

The effects of a self-management programme(Stanford model) on adults in County Donegal with long term health conditions

The International Journal of Integrated Care (IJIC) is an online, open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes original articles in the field of integrated care on a continuous basis.IJIC has an Impact Factor of 5.120 (2020 JCR, received in June 2021)

Toward Fire Safe Schools: Analysis of Modelling Speed and Specific Flow of Children During Evacuation Drills

It is without question that a child’s perspective on the world or any event is very different from the perspective of an adult. Considering the variance in physical and cognitive abilities, it is appropriate that children are deemed a vulnerable group in society with respect to fire. This must be acknowledged in the fire safety design of child-centric buildings, as studies conducted over the past 10 years have indicated a distinction between an adult and a child. The objective of this paper is to provide empirical data and analysis of the modelling speed and specific flow components of evacuation. The data was obtained from the evacuations of four mainstream primary schools (children aged 4 to 12) in County Donegal, Ireland. In total, 2245 no. children were evacuated during twelve full-scale evacuations. A mean modelling speed of 0.99 m/s was found, and the observations indicate that modelling speed was influenced by four main factors; age, location (ground or first floor), group leader (adult or pupil), and class position (first or last). Specific flow rates and density levels were observed at exit doors. A mean specific flow of 1.6 persons/second/metre was observed at a mean density of 0.076 m2/m2, and pupils were capable of a specific flow rate three times that of an adult population. While making an addition to the existing limited data on the pedestrian dynamics of children, this paper provides a novel analysis of the influence of actual density (m2/m2) on the horizontal and vertical travel speed, and specific flow of children.

‘It has almost been an underground movement’. The Development of Grassroots Football in Regional Ireland: the Case of the Donegal League, 1971–1996

This article assesses the development of association football at grassroots’ level in County Donegal, a peripheral county lying in the north-west of the Republic of Ireland. Despite the foundation of the County Donegal Football Association in 1894, soccer organisers there were unable to develop a permanent competitive structure for the game until the late 20th century and the more ambitious teams were generally forced to affiliate with leagues in nearby Derry city. In discussing the reasons for this lack of a regular structure, this paper will also focus on the success of the Donegal League, founded in 1971, in providing a season long calendar of games. It also looks at soccer administrators’ rivalry with those of Gaelic football there, and the impact of the nationalist Gaelic Athletic Association’s ‘ban’ on its members taking part in what the organisation termed ‘foreign games’. In particular, the extent to which the removal of the ‘ban’ in 1971 helped to ease co operation between organisers of Gaelic and Association football will be explored.

European tourism indicator system for sustainable destination management in county Donegal, Ireland

Tourism is one of Ireland's most important economic sectors. In 2017, the overall visits to the country have increased by over 10%. However, such growth if not managed correctly can present many challenges to destinations, particularly along Irelands 2500km driving route, the Wild Atlantic Way (WAW). This paper reports on the application of the European Tourism Indicator System for sustainable destination management in County Donegal, Ireland. While significant data was generated on tourism activity at local level, results do suggest that a number of the indicators would need further research going forward. This evidence informed approach to tourism planning can assist Local Authorities in future planning considerations, while also helping to protect the long-term sustainability of the tourism product in County Donegal.

Joint use of singular value decomposition and Monte-Carlo simulation for estimating uncertainty in surface NMR inversion

We propose a simple and robust approach for investigating uncertainty in the results of inversion in geophysics. We apply this approach to inversion of Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SNMR) data, which is also known as Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS). Solution of this inverse problem is known to be non-unique. We inverse MRS data using the well-known Tikhonov regularization method, which provides an optimal solution as a trade-off between the stability and accuracy. Then, we perturb this model by random values and compute the fitting error for the perturbed models. The magnitude of these perturbations is limited by the uncertainty estimated with the singular value decomposition (SVD) and taking into account experimental errors. We use 106 perturbed models and show that the large majority of these models, which have all the water content within the variations given by the SVD estimate, do not fit data with an acceptable accuracy. Thus, we may limit the solution space by only the equivalent inverse models that fit data with the accuracy close to that of the initial inverse model. For representing inversion results, we use three equivalent solutions instead of the only one: the “best” solution given by the regularization or other inversion technic and the extreme variations of this solution corresponding to the equivalent models with the minimum and the maximum volume of water. For demonstrating our approach, we use synthetic data sets and experimental data acquired in the framework of investigation of a hard rock aquifer in the Ireland (County Donegal).

Tory Island, County Donegal

Abstract not available...

Some observations on the beaches of the west coast of County Donegal

Abstract not available...