Export Performance Of Countries Research Articles

UPAYA SEKOLAH EKSPOR DALAM MENCETAK EKSPORTIR BARU MELALUI PROGRAM STUDI INDEPENDEN BERSERTIFIKAT “BE A DIGITAL EXPORTER"

The National Export School Foundation is an institution that provides export training by utilizing digital technology. The aim of this program is to train students in managing and developing their export business so that it can be competitive and sustainable by utilizing digital technology. In this program participants take part in routine activities consisting of providing material, preparing written work, and exams. Apart from that, there are activities such as seminars, export trips, and attending trade shows. The main activity in this program is the practice of developing an export business plan through empowering MSMEs. The author sees that the efforts made by the Export School can improve the country's export performance and realize the hopes initiated by the Indonesian Ministry of Trade to advance Indonesia's export activities by producing 500 thousand new exporters by 2030. The research method used uses a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out using observation techniques and documentation of the results of observations that could be concluded. The results of this research are that students can carry out activities and develop products locally so they can be marketed globally. Through this activity, it is hoped that students will be able to carry out export activities.

Hidden Champions in the Chinese Century: Ascent and Transformation

Hidden Champions, little-known global market leaders, are extremely important for the export performance of countries. They are a little-used source of management knowledge. No country has more Hidden Champions than Germany. After a phase of hyper globalization the Hidden Champions are facing new challenges, especially from rising Chinese competitors. They have to increase their R&D activities once again and include unfamiliar areas of knowledge in the process. They need to relocate their centers of excellence to the best place, which is often China. New drivers such as digitalization, business ecosystems and sustainability require them to adapt and open up their traditionally closed corporate cultures. This applies equally to cooperation partners and foreign environments.

Innovation and the Export Performance of Firms in Transition Economies: the Relevance of the Business Environment and the Stage of Transition

This paper investigates the impact of product and process innovation on firms' export performance in transition economies (TEs) which embarked on a systemic change from a planned to a market economy in the early 1990s. The research builds on the technology gap theory and the analysis of the self-selection of firms into the export market. Unlike other studies that have focused on the export behaviour of firs in developed economies where business environment is generally stable and favourable, the paper controls for the relevance of business environment and the stage of transition on export performance of firms. The paper uses the firm-level Business Environment and Performance Survey data undertaken by the European Bank for Reconstuction and Development in 2002, 2005 and 2008 in 29 TEs. Findings show that the impact of innovation on export performance increases with the transition reforms. Macroeconomic instability acts as a moderating factor of export performance in countries at high transition stage, as it pushes firms to export more, as a risk shifting echanism. The main implication of the study is that the impact of some explanatory factors on export performance differs through the stages of transition.

Innovation and the export performance of firms in transition economies: the relevance of the business environment and the stage of transition

This paper investigates the impact of product and process innovation on firms' export performance in transition economies (TEs) which embarked on a systemic change from a planned to a market economy in the early 1990s. The research builds on the technology gap theory and the analysis of the self-selection of firms into the export market. Unlike other studies that have focused on the export behaviour of firs in developed economies where business environment is generally stable and favourable, the paper controls for the relevance of business environment and the stage of transition on export performance of firms. The paper uses the firm-level Business Environment and Performance Survey data undertaken by the European Bank for Reconstuction and Development in 2002, 2005 and 2008 in 29 TEs. Findings show that the impact of innovation on export performance increases with the transition reforms. Macroeconomic instability acts as a moderating factor of export performance in countries at high transition stage, as it pushes firms to export more, as a risk shifting echanism. The main implication of the study is that the impact of some explanatory factors on export performance differs through the stages of transition.

Exporting creative and cultural products: Birthplace diversity matters!

AbstractThis paper analyses the effect of birthplace diversity on exports of creative and cultural goods, for 19 OECD countries, over the period 1990–2010. By matching UNESCO's creative and cultural exports classification to trade and migration data, we find a strong positive effect of birthplace diversity on the export of creative products. In particular, a 10% increase in the birthplace diversity index implies a 4% increase in creative goods exports. These results are robust across several specifications and shed light on a potential new channel through which migrants can contribute to the host country's export performance. It is interesting to note that only diversity of secondary and tertiary educated immigrants contributes to an increase in exports of creative and cultural goods. An instrumental variables approach addresses the potential endogeneity problems and confirms our results.

Creative industries and economic growth: stability of creative products exports earnings

ABSTRACTThe contribution of creative goods and services has been recognised as an important pathway to economic development. Both transnational organisations and national governments have been paying more attention to the creative industries. We use a sample of 57 countries, accounting for over 90% of creative products exports, over the period 2003–2011, to assess the stability of earnings from exports of creative products. We assess the sensitivity of countries’ exports of creative products to fluctuations in the global trade of creative products, using the Single Index Model (SIM) to analyse the export performance of countries’ export portfolios of creative products. Our results indicate that there are vast differences in the export performance of countries in our sample, indicating that the composition of a country's creative exports portfolio, i.e. what it exports, has a direct impact on the performance of the export portfolio of creative products. Our study fills the lacuna of empirical examinations of creative products and their exports earnings. We discuss implications for governmental – national and local – policy-makers, export promotions policies, their roles in encouraging and nurturing the creative industries, and businesses and artisans themselves. The recognition of the importance of the creative industries is most gratifying.

Productivity and Manufacture Export Causality Among World Regions: 1989-1999

This paper examines the causality relationships between manufacturing exports and productivity for five industry groups and six world regions for the period 1989-1999. Productivity is estimated by using value-added figures, and manufacture export data are adjusted by the revealed comparative advantage index. The causality tests between export and factor productivity concluded that the more industrialized European economies are more export-driven than productivity-driven than the other less industrialized European economies. East Asia economies showed improvements in both export and productivity, and the United States had an advantage in productivity and a balance growth in trade. The export performance of countries in South Asia and South East Asia were average, though their productivity has improved. Latin American countries are still in the exporting stage.

Export Performance and Increased Services Content in Manufacturing

Against the background of the increasing services content of many manufactured goods, the paper attempts to assess the role of (domestically and internationally) purchased service inputs for the relative export performance of countries in a particular manufacturing industry. It estimates an empirical model of export market shares for EU15 countries and twelve disaggregated manufacturing industries over the period 1995 to 2007. Whereas most traditional explanations are based on the influence of relative costs and technology-related variables, this paper emphasises the importance of services as a determinant of both product quality and the sectors’ productivity. The service linkage variables are based on national input–output tables. The analysis finds a positive and highly significant impact of services on export market shares of manufactured goods. Distinguishing between domestically-sourced service inputs and imports results in a robust and highly significant impact of international service linkages, while the analysis finds no impact of domestic service linkages.

Productivity and Manufacture Export Causality Among World Regions: 1989–1999

This article examines the causality relationships between manufacturing exports and productivity for five industry groups and six world regions for the period 1989–1999. Productivity is estimated by using value-added figures, and manufacture export data are adjusted by the revealed comparative advantage index. The causality tests between export and factor productivity concluded that the more industrialized European economies are more export-driven than productivity-driven when compared to other less industrialized European economies. East Asia economies showed improvements in both export and productivity, and the United States had an advantage in productivity and a balance growth in trade. The export performance of countries in South Asia and South East Asia were average, though their productivity has improved. Latin American countries are still in the exporting stage.

Creativity, innovation, and export performance

More and more countries are turning to export promotion as an effective strategy for development. If creative activity facilitates exports, then, in order to enhance exports, it may be worthwhile for a country to focus at least a portion of its energy toward establishing a favorable environment for creativity. This paper hypothesizes that there is a positive relationship between a country's export performance and a country's creative activity. It uses simple cross-country regression analysis to test whether creativity and its four components, innovation, technology, technology transfer, and business startups, have any impact on the total value of a country's exports and on the composition of a country's exports.

Tools for Promoting Exports

The role of trade policy as a tool of economic development has attained considerable significance in India, specially in the post-reform period. This has happened because the economy has witnessed a tremendous upsurge in the wake of globalisation and driven by a fiercely competitive market system. In this background, the paper examines the amendments incorporated in the basic framework of the five-year trade policy (2002-07) commencing on 31 March 2003. It also takes into account the trade related changes introduced through the Central Budget 2003. The paper has been organized around five major themes of the new trade policy, viz. identifying thrust areas for exports, strengthening vehicles of exports, rationalising incentives, reducing transaction cost, and involving states in export promotion. It attempts to examine the changes under each of them at length. It accesses the impact of these changes on country's export performance during 2003-04 in particular and, towards meeting the objective of one per cent share in world export by March 2007 in general. It also briefly indicates the areas such as labour laws in which the policy failed to take concrete initiatives.

Russian Manufacturing Industry in the Mirror of its Exports to the European Union

The purpose of this study is to shed some light on structural changes in the manufacturing industry of Russia and eight other transition countries during the last decade. The export performance of countries in one and the same market can under certain conditions be used to compare the state of the art in national industries. On the basis of full and comparable trade data from Eurostat, we perform comparative analysis of the development of manufacturing exports to the European Union by Russia and eight other transition countries over the period 1993–2000. The transition countries selected for comparison are Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, and Ukraine. For all these countries, as well as for Russia, the European Union is the most important trade partner.The paper provides a comparative analysis of the breakdown of manufacturing exports by factor intensities, export concentration and specialisation, and relative price positions in the European market. All these approaches give a rather unfavourable picture of Russia’s performance. We observe a relative shrinking in exports of labour–intensive, specialised–supplier and science–based sectors. At the same time the role of the sector based on natural resources, which was traditionally predominant in Russia’s exports, is strengthening further. We also observe an alarmingly high level of concentration in Russia’s manufacturing exports and their growing specialisation in base metals, together with an intense de–specialisation in engineering products.

Moving Skills from Hands to Heads: Import of Technology and Export Performance

This paper examines the link between imported technologies and a country's export performance, as measured by product quality. The analysis is set in the background of the process of regional integration between the EU and its neighbouring developing countries. The underlying question is whether trade integration fosters or dampens learning and technological upgrading. We find that unit values of exports from these countries to the EU rose steadily between 1988 and 1996, relative to the unit values of world exports to Europe. If increases in unit values satisfactorily proxy increases in product quality, then trade integration has fostered product upgrading and technological learning in the sample countries. We find that imported technologies and other sources of knowledge have a strong bearing on this pattern. Technological inflows are captured by the degree of involvement of European companies in export flows from our sample countries (Outward Processing Trade) and by the skill content of the machines imported.

FOREIGN TRADE AND THE EXCHANGE RATE IN BOTSWANA

Botswana is a success story of exceptional economic performance, sound development management, and good governance. A great deal of that success can be attributed to the country's export performance and the avoidance of the 'Dutch Disease' syndrome that has plagued other natural resource based African countries. This article documents and analyzes Botswana's trade and exchange rate relationship, during the past two decades, in the context of the country's economic performance, and examines the related issue of the value of the country's currency to determine whether it is overvalued or undervalued.