Electricity Generation In Countries Research Articles

Sub-segment-based approach for assessing growth and energy transition trajectories of Indian two-wheelers

The transition trajectory of India's two-wheeler (2W) vehicle segment is studied using a sequential modelling framework for projecting sub-segment-wise 2W fleet, energy demand, and associated CO2 emissions. Road density per capita was identified as a more significant explanatory variable than GDP per capita in estimating 2W fleet size in India. The elasticity method was used to evaluate the 2W vehicle saturation level based on five different indirect parameters. It was found that population density had the highest impact (48%), followed by urbanization (31%) and adult population share (16%). The impact of the total cost of ownership was negligible. The mean 2W vehicle saturation level was calculated to be 314 while the ownership was found to be 207, 265, and 297 vehicles per 1000 people by 2030, 2040, and 2050, respectively. Scooters were found to be leading the e-transition of 2Ws but a successful e-transition of India's 2Ws would not be achieved without transitioning the motorcycles. Two motorcycle clusters were identified that offer economies of scale towards e-transitioning. Closer scrutiny of six plausible e-transition scenarios showed that a 50% penetration of E−2Ws is unattainable before 2045. The biggest obstacle in achieving high E−2W penetration in India would be the limited capacity to supply indigenously produced vehicles. A high import dependence on battery technology and critical raw materials would limit the energy transition and diversification of the Indian road transport sector. India should follow the mass adoption-driven diffusion pathway in the short-to-medium term and the affordability-constraint diffusion pathway in the long term to achieve the best results in terms of reduction in energy demand and associated emissions for the 2W segment. The gains from the e-transition of the road transport sector would not be substantial without a simultaneous transition in the country's electricity generation mix away from coal-based thermal power.

Techno-economic optimization of PV system for hydrogen production and electric vehicle charging stations under five different climatic conditions in India

India is one of the most populous countries in the world, and this has implications for its energy consumption. The country's electricity generation and road transport are mostly dominated by fossil fuels. As such, this study assessed the techno-economics and environmental impact of a solar photovoltaic power plant for both electricity and hydrogen production at five different locations in India (i.e., Chennai, Indore, Kolkata, Ludhiana, and Mumbai). The hydrogen load represents a refueling station for 20 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles with a tank capacity of 5 kg for each location. According to the results, the highest hydrogen production occurred at Kolkata with 82,054 kg/year, followed by Chennai with 79,030 kg/year. Ludhiana, Indore, and Mumbai followed with 78,524 kg/year, 76,935 kg/year and 74,510 kg/year, respectively. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for all locations ranges between 0.41 and 0.48 $/kWh. Mumbai recorded the least LCOH of 3.00 $/kg. The total electricity that could be generated from all five cities combined was found to be about 25 GWh per annum, which translates to an avoidable emission of 20,744.07 metric tons of CO2e. Replacing the gasoline that could be used to fuel the vehicles with hydrogen will result in a CO2 reduction potential of 2452.969 tons per annum in India. The findings indicate that the various optimized configurations at the various locations could be economically viable to be developed.

Techno-Economic Analysis of On-Site Energy Storage Units to Mitigate Wind Energy Curtailment: A Case Study in Scotland

Wind energy plays a major role in decarbonisation of the electricity sector and supports achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. Over the last decade, the wind energy deployments have grown steadily, accounting for more than one fourth of the annual electricity generation in countries like the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Germany. However, as the share of wind energy increases, system operators face challenges in managing excessive wind generation due to its nondispatchable nature. Currently, the most common practice is wind energy curtailment in which wind farm operators receive constraint payments to reduce their renewable energy production. This practice not only leads to wastage of large volumes of renewable energy, but also the associated financial cost is reflected to rate payers in the form of increased electricity bills. On-site energy storage technologies come to the forefront as a technology option to minimise wind energy curtailment and to harness wind energy in a more efficient way. To that end, this paper, first, systematically evaluates different energy storage options for wind energy farms. Second, a depth analysis of curtailment and constraint payments of major wind energy farms in Scotland are presented. Third, using actual wind and market datasets, a techno-economic analysis is conducted to examine the relationship between on-site energy storage size and the amount of curtailment. The results show that, similar to recent deployments, lithium-ion technology is best suited for on-site storage. As case studies, Whitelee and Gordon bush wind farms in Scotland are chosen. The most suitable storage capacities for 20 years payback period is calculated as follows: (i) the storage size for the Gordonbush wind farm is 100 MWh and almost 19% of total curtailment can be avoided and (ii) the storage size for the Whitlee farm is 125 MWh which can reduce the curtailment by 20.2%. The outcomes of this study will shed light into analysing curtailment reduction potential of future wind farms including floating islands, seaports, and other floating systems.

Carbon-reduction potential of electrification on China's railway transport: An analysis of three possible future scenarios

China's national strategy identifies railway electrification as one of the principal means of reducing carbon emissions and optimising the energy structure of transportation in the country. Here, the authors investigate the carbon-reduction potential of rail electrification in China and present a model to estimate the CO2 emissions under three possible future scenarios. These scenarios differ in their contribution to railway transport in China's transportation market. The authors also consider the effect of potential improvements in the country's electricity generation mix. The results demonstrate that railway electrification using the current energy generation mix can reduce carbon emissions by 8.9%. However, using a generation mix similar to that of the UK can help achieve a maximum reduction of carbon emissions of 65.4%.

Portfolio optimization of electricity generating resources in Kenya

Affordable and reliable electricity is a development priority, but many people in low-income countries continue to live without it. The main challenge to ensuring universal access to electricity is the energy trilemma: striking a balance between costs, security, and environmental sustainability. Kenya is one of the countries that face energy trilemma as the electricity demand expands. We use modern portfolio theory (MPT) from the finance sector to address this challenge by deriving a theoretical efficient frontier for electricity generation in Kenya. The study finds that although the current portfolio of electricity generation in Kenya is not optimal, it is possible to shift to an efficient portfolio that has lower costs, is diversified, and environmentally sustainable. We conclude that MPT addresses the energy trilemma and therefore, it can help in the planning of electricity generation in countries whose electricity sectors are still developing. Our study adds to the literature about the applicability of MPT in the electricity sector and proposes ways for Kenya to improve the electricity-generating portfolio. We anticipate that the results will encourage electricity sector planners to consider portfolio planning for electricity generation.

Is the environment‐friendly factor attractive to customers when purchasing electric vehicles? Evidence from South Korea

AbstractIn a bid to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, several countries worldwide are implementing policies to promote electric vehicles (EVs). However, contrary to expectations, the diffusion speed of EVs has been rather slow in South Korea. This study analyzes consumer preferences for the technological and environmental attributes of EVs and derives policy and environmental implications to promote market diffusion of EVs in South Korea. We conduct a choice‐based conjoint survey of 1,008 consumers in South Korea and estimate the consumer utility function using a mixed logit model considering consumer heterogeneity. Based on the consumer utility function, we analyze consumers' willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for EV attributes such as driving range, charging method, charging time, autonomous driving function, carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction rate, and purchase price. The results indicate that the current low acceptance of EVs is due to their relatively high price and lack of a battery charging technology that satisfies consumers' expectations of the charging method and time. One interesting finding is that Korean consumers have a relatively higher WTP for the CO2 reduction rate of EVs than consumers in other countries; however, they do not consider CO2 reduction over other technological attributes when choosing EVs. This implies that the rate of CO2 reduction of EVs is not an important factor for South Korean consumers when buying EVs. We also calculate the effect of CO2 reduction with the market penetration of EVs and find that CO2 reduction through the diffusion of EVs depends on the country's electricity generation mix.

Technical and economic analysis of wind energy potential in Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is the most populated country in Central Asia with a population of about 32 million people. Unfortunately, the country's electricity generation is highly dependent on fossil fuels and the electricity generation infrastructures in the country are relatively old and obsolescence. The energy security of the country could be significantly improved by investing in environmental-friendly energy sources in order to reduce its dependence on the natural gas in the future. The present study aims to assess the wind energy potential of Uzbekistan for the very first time. The hourly wind speed data of 17 different sites (10 m height) in a typical meteorological year are collected and utilized. The collected data are fitted in the widely utilized statistical two-parameter Weibull distribution function. Several performance metric indicators of annual power density, energy production, capacity factor and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) are used to assess the technical and economic feasibility of the systems. In addition, the study assesses and compares 15 different commercially available wind turbines to infer the best option for implementation in the country. The results show that the average annual wind speed, power density and energy production are in the range between 0.61 and 3.98 m/s, 1.74–88.55 W/m2, and 15.27–775.72 kWh/m2, respectively at a height of 10 m above the ground. It is observed that Nukus, Kungrad, Ak Bajtal, and Buhara are the best sites for wind energy development in Uzbekistan. The study is expected to aid policymakers, designers and investors in decision-making regarding the development and deployment of wind energy technology as a future power source in the country.

An economy-wide evaluation of new power generation in South Africa: The case of Medupi and Kusile

This paper investigates the role that the building of two new power stations, Medupi and Kusile, will play in facilitating future economic activity in South Africa. We use a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to estimate the economy-wide effects of these new power stations. Our simulation results also provide insight into how much the local economy has lost due to inadequate electricity supply in the period leading up to the construction of Medupi and Kusile. We find that the decision to build additional power generation capacity was necessary and justified, and that the failure to sooner recognise the need for expansion of the country's electricity generation capacity and subsequent delays in commissioning Medupi and Kusile, likely cost the economy over R110bn in lost production. Additional analysis, in which a further two-year delay in the construction of Medupi and Kusile is simulated, shows that such an event will cause the economy to perform below baseline projections up to 2022.

Growth potential of energy sector reforms: new evidence on EU and Southeast European countries by exploring impact on electricity generation

The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of energy sector reforms on electricity generation and thus economic growth in EU and Southeast European countries. The paper aims at clarifying whether the impact of energy sector reforms on generation efficiency differs among countries according to their level of development and regional characteristics. Our hypothesis is that the EU reform model is not appropriate for all Member States and Southeast European countries since it does not improve efficiency in electricity generation in all countries and therefore, it can hamper economic growth. For testing the defined hypothesis the panel regression model with fixed effects has been used. The research results show that unlike in the EU-15 (old Member States), energy sector reforms in the EU-12 (new Member States), and selected Southeast European countries (Energy Community contracting parties) have no significant impact on electricity transmission and distribution losses. These evidences imply that the uniform EU reform model does not improve efficiency of electricity generation in less developed countries. On the contrary it can even hamper economic growth and therefore it cannot be appropriate for all Member States. The reason lies in the fact that successful reform model requires adequate level of institutional resources that are missing in most transition and post-transition countries.

Calculation of bright roof-tops for solar PV applications in Dhaka Megacity, Bangladesh

Abstract Bangladesh has already been known as the country of power crisis. Although the country's electricity generation capacity is 4275 MW, around 3000–3500 MW of electricity can be generated against the demand of more than 5000 MW. The country's power is being generated mostly with conventional fuel (82% indigenous natural gas, 9% imported oil, 5% coal) and renewable sources (4% hydropower and solar). But recently a remarkable decline of the indigenous gas takes place, which rapidly aggravates electricity generation. Dhaka, the capital as well as prime city of the country with its nearly 14 million populations faces the worst situation due to the shortfall of electricity. Around 1000–1200 MW of electricity is supplied to Dhaka Megacity, while the existing demand is nearly 2000 MW. As a result frequent load shedding takes place and most of the service sectors in the city are interrupted, which has recently created immense dissatisfaction among the city-dwellers. Given the city's power crisis and geophysical situations, applications of either stand-alone or grid connected PV systems would be very effective and pragmatic for power supplement. The conservative calculation of bright roof-tops from the Quickbird Scene 2006 of Dhaka city indicates that the city offers 10.554 km 2 of bright roof-tops within the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) ward area (134.282 km 2 ). The application of stand-alone PV systems with 75 Wp solar modules can generate nearly 1000 MW of electrical power, which can substantially meet the city's power demand.

95/00907 Nuclear electric's approach to environmental management systems

Nuclear Electric operates the thirteen nuclear power stations in England and Wales that together contribute over 20% of the country's electricity generation. The company was formed in 1990 following the reorganization of the Uk electricity industry, taking over all the nuclear stations previously operated by the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB). Nuclear Electric (NE) competes in the Uk electricity market with the privatized generators National Power and PowerGen who inherited the fossil fuelled stations of the CEGB. This Paper outlines the nature of Nuclear Electric's existing environmental management systems, considers the implications of the adoption of a company environmental policy and looks at the exercise currently underway to incorporate the requirements of the policy into current management practices using VS 7750 as a vehicle