Advanced Countries Research Articles

EDUCATION AND INDIGENOUS DEVELOPMENT: An Opportunity for Achieving the Goal of the Country

India is a diverse nation with various cultural traditions and communities. Each state possesses unique life skills and talents that contribute to the survival and growth of both local communities and the states themselves. For India to achieve economic growth and emerge as a global leader, it needs to harness these talents. Education plays a crucial role in uncovering hidden potential, developing individual skills, and using them for the country's advancement. This study primarily explores the impact of education on the indigenous development of India. To address the research question, a thorough analysis of various educational institutions was conducted, and data was collected. The findings indicate a growing demand for vocational and skill-based subjects to meet individuals' financial needs. However, a lack of human and material resources poses a significant challenge to both individual and indigenous development in the country. By 2047, every educational institution should be equipped with robust digital infrastructure and sufficient human and material resources. This includes not only internet access but also the effective integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, data science, coding, and other vocational subjects into the educational process. The educational framework for a "Viksit Bharat" (Developed India) should begin with a well-rounded and innovative curriculum. This curriculum must emphasize holistic development, focusing not only on academic excellence but also on life skills, emotional intelligence, and vocational training. Keywords: Indigenous people, Education, heritage, language, curriculum, community, Viksit Bharat

Impact of Women Empowerment in the State, Market and Social Domain: Empirical Evidence of Developing Countries

The authority to carry out a job is a matter of delegation of power and jurisdiction. When women are empowered, they can make their own decisions and have access to resources. When a society strives for growth in its social and economic spheres, it is said to be developing socially and economically. Half of the world's population comprises women, who comprise a significant percentage of society via their reproductive and productive labor. This article examines the significance of women's empowerment in socio-economic progress, which is crucial for a country's advancement since it recognizes and incorporates women's influence into the economy to enhance their situations. This article falls under the qualitative category since it relied on supplementary methods to gather data. The study examines how empowering women in developing countries may lead to positive socio-economic change in society, the market, and the state. Filling a vacuum in our understanding, this research employs theoretical frameworks and case studies to assess how women's empowerment affects development via the state, the market, and society. The implications, methodology, and linkages are examined using quantitative data and qualitative observations from developing countries. Out of all the population categories, the one for political approval produces the fewest results. Statistics under support the representation of women in political institutions, internet accessibility, and the judicial system. To measure women's empowerment, researchers often use the Women's Empowerment Index. Many studies have used this measure or one of its variants to assess empowerment; examples include the agricultural level, the Women's Empowerment Index (Weeai), and empowerment indices for women in livestock.

The Spillover Effect of US Monetary Policy: A Literature Review

In an era of globalization, the interconnectedness of financial markets means that monetary policy decisions in one country, particularly the United States, can have significant global repercussions. This interconnectedness necessitates a deeper understanding of how US monetary policy influences economic conditions worldwide. This paper reviews the impact of US monetary policy through various channels on advanced and emerging countries differently. The research finds that US monetary policy involves an element of uncertainty. In advanced countries, this uncertainty primarily influences the term premium component of yields, whereas in emerging countries, it affects the expected component of yields. Furthermore, the impact of US monetary policy shocks varies with the business cycle, having a larger effect when growth is weak outside the US. Different channels of spillover include interest rate differentials, exchange rate movements, capital flows, financial market reactions, and changes in risk perception and sentiment. For advanced countries, significant impacts are seen in interest rate spillovers, exchange rate dynamics, financial market volatility, and global trade and economic growth. In emerging countries, the effects are pronounced in exchange rate channels, capital flows, financial stability, term premium, risk perception, and local monetary conditions. Solutions include strengthening financial regulation, diversifying economic structures, building foreign exchange reserves, managing capital flows, improving monetary policy frameworks, fostering regional cooperation, promoting long-term investment, and enhancing data transparency.

Financial cycle synchronization in the advanced and systemic middle-income economies: evidence from a dynamic factor model

Financial cycles are widely regarded as key drivers of global financial conditions and major contributors to international financial crises. Understanding the extent to which these cycles are interconnected is essential for developing early warning systems to predict financial crises and for informing the design of macroprudential and monetary policies. In this context, a dynamic factor model and time-varying Granger causality (TVGC) are employed to assess the degree of financial cycle synchronization between advanced economies and systemic middle-income countries (SMICs). Our data spans the period from 1980Q1 to 2023Q4. The analysis reveals that a common factor—shared by both advanced and systemic middle-income economies—plays a significant and persistent role in driving financial cycles across these regions. Notably, the influence of this common factor intensified following the 2007–2009 global financial crisis, highlighting the growing financial interconnectedness between these economies. These results strongly support the argument for closer coordination of macroprudential policies between advanced economies and SMICs. The findings from the TVGC analysis further reinforce the conclusions drawn from the dynamic factor model. Specifically, the TVGC results indicate a bidirectional causality between the financial cycles of advanced economies and SMICs, suggesting mutual influence. This bidirectional relationship underscores the importance of enhanced policy coordination across these economies to mitigate systemic risks.

Introducing green structure based on the pattern of TOPSIS method by grey wolf algorithm

The surge in construction expenditures on the one hand and environmental pollution on the other hand have led to the suggestion of native structures in accordance, which is common in advanced countries. In this research, the meta-heuristic method is used to select the optimal design based on the objective functions determined in four structural frames in the study area of Tabriz metropolis. The target functions in this research include the parameters of cost and construction time, CO2 emitted due to the production of materials and the weight of the structure, which was considered based on the type of performance and the effect of each of these functions in the studied frames. As a result, the minimum and maximum construction time is 20.95% and 30.19%, respectively, of the total construction time of all structures related to Intermediate Steel Moment-Resisting Frame and Intermediate Reinforced Concrete Moment-Resisting Frame, as well as Intermediate Steel Moment-Resisting Frame with Special Concentrically Braced Frame with a value of 20/36% The lowest amount of CO2 emission caused by the production of materials among the studied frames was allocated to it. It was determined based on the target functions and introduced as a green and environmentally friendly structure.

Party Positioning Under Populist State Leaders

Abstract The implications of rising parliamentary representation of populist parties have been thoroughly studied but little is known about the impact of populist state leaders on party positions. In this article, we study mainstream parties' strategic responses when a populist takes over as the leader of a nation. We use content-analytical data and large language modelling to measure positions expressed in manifestos from parties from 51 democracies between 1989 and 2018. Employing methods for causal inference from observational data, we find that right-wing populist state leaders induce mainstream parties to differentiate their positions on multiculturalism, possibly leading to polarization of the party system. Under left-wing populist leaders, mainstream parties adopt more homogenous or differentiated positions, depending on the policy category and other contextual factors. Parties are generally more responsive in emerging than advanced countries and in presidential than parliamentary systems.

Towards a New Approach to External Public Audit in Romania — A Brief Essay

Our paper analyzes recent transformations in the field of external public auditing in Romania, with a particular focus on the transition toward a modern, performance-oriented approach aimed at improving processes. The reforms initiated by the Romanian Court of Accounts aim to adopt best international practices, moving away from traditional coercive methods such as „error hunting” and a focus on sanctions. The proposed „pure” auditing approach emphasizes the formulation of actionable recommendations and effective measures, grounded in professional missions and rigorous performance analysis. The paper also highlights the progress made in increasing the transparency of the Court of Accounts' activities, including the development of guidance mechanisms and uniform practices for external auditors and audited entities. In the context of accelerated digitalization, the institution has implemented modern solutions for data collection and processing, contributing to the prompt drafting of reports and providing better assistance to beneficiaries. These developments position Romania's external public auditing on an upward trajectory, with the potential for alignment with the standards of similar institutions in advanced countries, while also offering substantial support to the majority of good-faith entities. To capture the new directions adopted in external public auditing in Romania, after this brief Introduction (1), we focus on the issue of The renunciation of the jurisdictional function of the Court of Accounts (2) and the topic of Breaking away from the past through continuous reform measures (3), concluding with a Conclusions section (4).

Debates in Sociology

This paper focuses on the theoretical debates in sociology that acted as the driving force in its course of development drawing heavily from the thinking of Alvin Gouldner. Revolutionary transformation in the French society in late eighteenth century and the subsequent social disorder created the background of the development of positivism by Comte with the advocacy of restoring social order. Intermingling of different theories also took place as in the case of positivism furnishing the context for the emergence of structural functionalism. Interpretative sociology brought new dimension to the understanding of social phenomena by highlighting the perspective of the actors instead of the observer. In this vein it also discusses the emergence of intersubjectivity, ethnomethodology and related theoretical views. For obvious reason the paper deals elaborately with the perspective of Marxism. It underlines that structural functionalism presents society as an interwoven equilibrium while Marxism views the same as a conflicting whole with the effect of domination by the ruling class. This paper elaborates on the basic tenets of historical materialism as couched in Marxism. However, Marxist prognosis faltered in advanced capitalist countries of the Western hemisphere calling for new theoretical insight. Within Marxism it happened by examining the causal background of the continuation of capitalist countries, elaborated in this paper in the section on structural Marxism. The premise of sociology also necessitated the emergence of Durkheim and Weber who argued for different perspectives for the understanding of social order. The contributions of system theory and interactionism are duly acknowledged in this paper to weave a comprehensive intellectual tapestry being linked with debates and argumentation. The parallelism of system and individual brought dualism in sociological theory and Anthony Giddens took up attempt to draw a conflation between the two, unfolding a new dimension in the debate ridden sociological theories. The paper concluded with the discussion of Derrida and Lyotard to unfold the novel approach of post-modernism in challenging the claim of universality of modern theories.

Should mathematicians worry with PISA and TIMSS math results?

Since the end of last century, international large-scale assessment studies have been providing systematic information about countries’ education results. The news they convey regarding European education are not at all reassuring and have worsened with school closures and the disruption due to the recent Covid-19 pandemic. The size of the education losses and the distance of most European countries to other areas of the world, namely South East Asia, are often overlooked. A simple statistical analysis shows most European students are about one to two school years behind their peers in most advanced countries and regions, and the gap is increasing. These facts will negatively impact European workforce, economic competitiveness, and development. They will most likely also negatively impact mathematics higher education and research in our continent. To recognise the problem is the first step to cope with it. [1]

Poverty, Development and Hunger in a Global Age

This paper opines that the issues of poverty, development, and hunger have become increasingly prominent since the end of World War II. It stresses that in the early phase, this occurred as decolonization failed to bring about economic and social progress in what was then portrayed as the Third World, at the same time that industrially advanced Western countries were experiencing historically unprecedented levels of economic growth. As global economic disparities widened, some argued that colonialism had given way to ‘neocolonialism’, political domination having been replaced by more subtle but no less effective economic domination. Others heralded the emergence of a ‘North–South divide’. This paper emphasizes that in this context, bodies as different as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), on the one hand, and a host of development Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and activist groups on the other, came to view the task of reducing the gap between rich countries and poor countries as amoral imperative. However, the paper stresses that poverty, development, and hunger are complex and deeply controversial issues. It examines the orthodox mainstream understanding of poverty, development, and hunger, and contrasts this with a critical alternative approach. Consideration is given to how successful the development orthodoxy has been in incorporating and thereby neutralizing the concerns of the critical alternative. The paper then closes with an assessment of the likelihood of a globalization with a human face in the twenty-first century.

An Overview of the R&D of Flywheel Energy Storage Technologies in China

The literature written in Chinese mainly and in English with a small amount is reviewed to obtain the overall status of flywheel energy storage technologies in China. The theoretical exploration of flywheel energy storage (FES) started in the 1980s in China. The experimental FES system and its components, such as the flywheel, motor/generator, bearing, and power electronic devices, were researched around thirty years ago. About twenty organizations devote themselves to the R&D of FES technology, which is developing from theoretical and laboratory research to the stage of engineering demonstration and commercial application. After the research and accumulation in the past 30 years, the initial FES products were developed by some companies around 10 years ago. Today, the overall technical level of China’s flywheel energy storage is no longer lagging behind that of Western advanced countries that started FES R&D in the 1970s. The reported maximum tip speed of the new 2D woven fabric composite flywheel arrived at 900 m/s in the spin test. A steel alloy flywheel with an energy storage capacity of 125 kWh and a composite flywheel with an energy storage capacity of 10 kWh have been successfully developed. Permanent magnet (PM) motors with power of 250–1000 kW were designed, manufactured, and tested in many FES assemblies. The lower loss is carried out through innovative stator and rotor configuration, optimizing magnetic flux and winding arrangement for harmonic magnetic field suppression. Permanent magnetic bearings with high load ability up to 50–100 kN were developed both for a 1000 kW/16.7 kWh flywheel used for the drilling practice application in hybrid power of an oil well drilling rig and for 630 kW/125 kWh flywheels used in the 22 MW flywheel array applied to the flywheel and thermal power joint frequency modulation demonstration project. It is expected that the FES demonstration application power stations with a total cumulative capacity of 300 MW will be built in the next five years.

Assessment of Circular Economy Development in the EU Countries Based on SAW Method

The transition to a circular economy is important in achieving sustainability, promoting resource efficiency, and reducing environmental impact. This paper aims to assess the development of a CE in EU countries and highlight the use of environmentally friendly practices for its development. Decision-making methods based on various criteria provide a solid basis for evaluating complex and multidimensional circular economy (CE) initiatives. Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), the widely used MCDM method, facilitates sorting and selection according to the generalised results obtained according to weighted criteria. Due to its simplicity and ease of use, this method is particularly useful for assessing CE development in different countries. The evaluation will be based on a comprehensive overview of the available literature and empirical data, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of the CE’s development initiatives in the European context using the SAW method. The results show that while significant progress has been made in the EU’s transition to a circular economy (CE), disparities among Member States and data limitations hinder a comprehensive assessment. Italy, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Spain are among the most advanced countries in achieving a circular economy’s objectives. The study proposes a novel MCDM-based framework that effectively evaluates CE performance, identifying key strengths and weaknesses across countries. By focusing on competitiveness and innovation indicators and incorporating environmental factors, the framework offers valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders.

Тенденции влияния «Группы семи/восьми» на глобальное климатическое управление

This article reviews the changing priorities and commitments of the Group of 7 (G7) and Group of 8 (G8) on climate change and energy security and highlights the trends of their influence on the global climate agenda. The main research method is content analysis of the groups’ documents adopted from 2005 to 2023. The study reveals that, at all stages of cooperation, the G7 endeavoured to secure commitments from emerging market and developing countries to increase their contributions to emissions reduction and accelerate the transition to a low carbon economy. As early as 2009, the advanced countries sought to prevent carbon leakages, regarding a comprehensive climate agreement in Copenhagen as a possible solution. The main principles, priorities, and tasks for attaining global energy security were defined in the 2006 leaders’ statement on global energy security and the St Petersburg action plan. The G7’s Rome and Hamburg initiatives on energy security, adopted after the G8’s suspension, in essence continued the course toward building competitive, diversified, sustainable, and low carbon energy systems, but without Russia. The new paradigm determined a different hierarchy of priorities: promotion of flexible gas markets, including more integrated liquified natural gas (LNG) markets, regulatory and public funding support of investment in energy infrastructure that cannot be built according to market rules, development of oil and natural gas resources from unconventional sources, and enhanced cooperation on critical infrastructure, transit routes, supply chains, and transport. This course was consolidated in subsequent years and entered a new stage in 2022. Since 2021, the G7 has been increasing efforts to renew the global rules and to shape new mechanisms and institutes of global climate governance. The establishment of the climate club, Just Energy Transition Partnerships (JETPs), the Partnership for Global Infrastructure Investment (PGII), adoption of the principles of high integrity carbon markets, and the setting up of new engagement and containment platforms increase the risk of a fragmentation of the established climate governance system and its gradual substitution by a new order functioning in the interests of the G7 and its allies. In view of these risks it is necessary to deepen cooperation with the BRICS+ group led by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa and other emerging market and developing countries to coordinate and promote within the key multilateral institutions, including the United Nations (UN), the Group of 20 (G20), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), a concerted position on the inadmissibility of eroding the existing global climate governance system with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at its centre or the use of climate goals and regulation as protectionist and discriminative instruments, and to advance practical implementation of the principle of common but differential responsibility

The Other Side of “Neutrality”. Russian War in Ukraine and Ambiguous Stance of the Global South Countries

The unprovoked Russian aggression against Ukraine that precipitated in 2022 into all-out war, evoked a broad condemnation all over the world but the practical measures against the aggressor state varied remarkably at the national level. The major dividing line transpired between the wealthy liberal democratic states of the so called "first world" and less advanced (and mostly authoritarian) countries of the Global South. While the former group introduced a broad range of sanctions against Russian officials and legal entities and provided substantial military and economic support for Ukraine, the latter typically refrained from any serious moves that may impede their "business as usual" with Moscow. The current article weighs up the arguments that justify (or rebuke) the allegedly "neutral" position of the Global South in regard of the Russian-Ukrainian war, and explores how, if at all, this position can be changed toward a broader support of Ukraine and defense of the normative principles of the international law violated by Putin’s rogue state. The analysis proceeds in three steps. First, I examine available data of the UNGA vote on several resolutions regarding Russian war in Ukraine to determine the factors that most likely influenced the positive/negative vote of the Global South countries. To further develop my preliminary observations, I employ the content and critical discourse analyses to discover to what degree different factors are recognized by international experts and politicians, how they are interpreted, and which arguments are used to justify (or rebuke) the allegedly ‘neutral’ position of the Global South in regard of the war. In a way of conclusion, I mull on how, if at all, the generally indifferent/ambiguous position of the Global South nations can be changed toward a broader support of Ukraine and defense of the international law violated by a rogue state.

The Food‑Energy‑Water Nexus Optimization: A Systematic Literature Review

The sudden rise in population and the need to sustain natural resources have subjected many researchers to another dimension of an interesting study, such as integrating food, energy and water into a single entity. Tampering with natural resources, especially food, energy, or water, could be an aspect that hinders the requirement to meet the world’s growing city needs. The food-energy-water nexus has become even more difficult due to agricultural globalization, the essential task of which is to secure regional food and water. Therefore, the systematic literature review in this article critically investigates food interactions with energy and water optimization for sustainable development and illustrates the key points, networks, and gaps within this literature. The databases from Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect were the key retrieved data in this study from 2010 to 2024. A total of 641 research journals, book chapters and conference papers were systematically reviewed. The results based on country mapping analysis strongly favour advanced countries, for example, Germany, the United States , and the United Kingdom, recording almost more than 40% of published articles; while China, including other developing countries, record more than 5% of food-energy-water nexus research. In addition, several food-energy-water nexus articles are restricted to about one-quarter of subject categories, such as water resources, environmental sciences and green sustainable science technology. The results also depicted that the food-energy-water nexus method encourages inter-sectoral and multilevel governance, scholarly and private sector, thereby supporting the intricacies and inadequacies in attaining the sustainable development goals. The prioritization of the food-energy-water nexus approach, particularly during the incident of COVID-19, can be a complete method to sustainably exploit natural resources to support the attainment of environmental sustainability. Thus, studying the integration of food, energy and water would produce better knowledge in advancing the flexibility of natural resources and decreasing multifaceted global poverty.

Hüquq texnologiyaları və onların vəkillik sahəsinə inteqrasiyası

Since the end of the last century, the wide spread of digital technologies has had an important impact on the development of many fields. Technological innovations, like in other professional fields, are increasing their impact on the field of advocacy day by day. Some legal technologies reduce lawyers' bureaucratic burdens and perform repetitive tasks, while others help citizens or companies solve simple legal problems without the need for a lawyer. This article examines the concept of Legal Tech, the areas of use of legal technologies, their categories and their application in the field of advocacy, and highlights how lawyers can provide more efficient and better quality legal assistance by using legal technologies in the performance of their profession. The article also touched upon the issues of using artificial intelligence in the legal profession, the practice of applying legal technologies in foreign countries and the level of development of these technologies in our country. Thus, the extensive use of legal technologies by a number of advanced countries of the world, especially the application of technologies based on artificial intelligence in international and national legal systems, has made an important contribution to the development of this field. Keywords: legal technologies, lawyer, electronic advocacy, artificial intelligence, e-government, e-court, e-discovery, technological applications, data security.

ENERGY SECURITY POLICY OF UKRAINE: STRATEGIC CHALLENGES AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

The issues of energy security are among the decisive factors in determining domestic and foreign policy most countries of the world. The article is devoted to the evolution of the concept of energy security of Ukraine from the beginning of the 20th century to the present. Also raised are the problematic issues of the formation of the concept of international energy security at the current stage, which poses problems of a global nature to Ukraine, taking into account the risks that arise, which are resolved through dialogue between states. Which is especially important in the conditions of Russian aggression on the territory of Ukraine. The article analyzes the practical approach to the concept of “energy security”, reveals the main concepts of “energy security”. Based on the study of the concept of energy policy of countries that are importers, exporters and countries through which energy resources are transited, an attempt is made to identify unified approaches to the content of this concept. The analysis of the current international legislation showed the absence of a single formulation of the studied concept, which is based, in our opinion, on the difference in approaches and multifacetedness. At the same time, the authors indicate the need for a scientific analysis of this concept precisely from a legal point of view, which is justified by the need for constant regulatory support of the conditions necessary to ensure energy security. The article is devoted to the description of the main renewable energy sources and their use in Ukraine, which is dictated by the energy policy. According to experts, the potential of renewable energy sources is significantly higher than the total consumption of fuel and energy resources, which can reduce emissions of the latter into the atmosphere. Therefore, the need to immediately build a “green economy” in Ukraine is substantiated. Based on the theory and taking into account the similar experience of advanced countries, the directions, planned paths and mechanisms of accelerated development of Ukraine’s energy security policy were selected.

Development of Morality and Ethics in Educational Institutions under the Office of the Vocational Education Commission Pathum Thani Province

Background and Aims: Developing a nation to compete with advanced countries requires prioritizing human resource development, with education serving as the foundation of this progress. Quality education establishes a sustainable knowledge base, essential for achieving economic, social, and political growth. This study aims to: (1) evaluate the level of moral and ethical development among staff in vocational institutions governed by the Vocational Education Commission in Pathum Thani Province; (2) compare staff perspectives on moral and ethical growth based on variables such as gender, position, and age; and (3) identify effective strategies to enhance moral and ethical standards within these educational institutions in Pathum Thani Province. Methodology: The sample group for this research included 348 personnel from institutions under the Office of the Vocational Education Commission in Pathum Thani Province during the 2023 academic year, selected via stratified random sampling. Research tools comprised a questionnaire using a 5-point rating scale, which had an Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) value ranging from 0.80 to 1.00, a reliability coefficient of 0.83, and a structured interview. Data analysis utilized statistical methods such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, along with t-tests, F-tests, and pairwise comparisons using Scheffe’s method. Results: The research results indicated that: (1) The overall level of morality and ethics development in educational institutions under the Office of the Vocational Education Commission in Pathum Thani Province was rated high across all dimensions, with consistently high ratings for each specific aspect. (2) Comparative analysis revealed significant differences in morality and ethics development based on gender and position at the 0.05 significance level, but no significant differences were found based on age. (3) Guidelines for enhancing morality and ethics emphasized systematic professional oversight, recognition of outstanding personnel, and structured curricula for moral and ethical growth. The Office of the Vocational Education Commission highlighted merit-based assessments grounded in moral principles, clear standards, and well-defined workloads. Additionally, educational administrators demonstrated effective leadership by modeling rational behavior, prioritizing reason over emotion.

The Many Republics of Hunger

This article is the Sixth Sam Moyo Memorial Lecture delivered by Professor Utsa Patnaik during the SMAIAS/ASN Summer School on January 16, 2023, in Harare. Professor Patnaik argues that the discourse in development economics is so completely dominated by fallacious ideas emanating from the conservative economics departments of universities in advanced industrial countries, and economists in the Global South tend to be so completely hegemonized by these fallacious ideas that they pay little or no attention to long-term trends in their own economies that impact adversely the welfare of the poorest of their own populations. A most important long-term trend—to be precise, the trend over the last four decades of neoliberal policies—has been the declining per capita consumption of food grains in countries of the Global South, associated with their increasing opening up to free trade under the incessant pressure of industrial nations.

Human resource management in the armed forces: An investigation into the monetary incentive systems for military personnel

How do the armed forces pay and compensate military personnel? In this article, this question is addressed by investigating the monetary incentive systems in place in the armed forces in twelve NATO and NATO-partner countries. The primary objective is to understand how the armed forces, in a variety of advanced countries, structure their compensation and personnel policies. The countries’ monetary incentive systems are analyzed and compared using a Request for Information distributed by the Norwegian Ministry of Defence to NATO and NATO-partner countries. The secondary objective is to motivate the research community in the nexus between personnel economics and defense economics to study monetary incentives in the armed forces in a cross-national perspective. There is great potential to learn from the experiences of compensation policies in other armed forces.