Country Partnership Strategy Research Articles

Korea’s Country Partnership Strategy and Bilateral Trade: Establishing a Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract Is the establishment of Korea’s Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) since 2011 associated with increases in Korea’s exports to and imports from its Sub-Saharan African (SSA) partners? Two cases of Korea’s CPS for SSA countries — Ethiopia and Mozambique — indicate that an association can be established between the CPS inception and increases in Korea’s exports of manufactured products to and imports of primary commodities from its priority partners. At the same time, the study revealed that improvement in the trade balance in favor of the priority partners depended on the type of primary commodities in which those countries specialize. Specifically, priority partners specializing in minerals exports experienced a dramatic improvement in their trade balance with Korea relative to their counterparts specializing in agricultural exports.

對개발도상국 특혜무역협정 확대 및 활용 방안: 아프리카와 대양주 지역을 중심으로(Korea's Strategy on Trade Agreements with Developing Countries in Africa and the Pacific Regions)

對개발도상국 특혜무역협정 확대 및 활용 방안: 아프리카와 대양주 지역을 중심으로(Korea's Strategy on Trade Agreements with Developing Countries in Africa and the Pacific Regions)

An Analytical Approach for CPS Preparation for Korea’s ODA: Focusing on Environment, Science and Technology Innovation Sector

The Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) sets out an important milestone for development assistance. It provides the rational and guidance in overall Official Development Assistance (ODA) decision-making process at a high level from selecting priority countries, focus of assistance areas to the volume of aids. In current CPS preparation process, it involves diagnostic and analytical assessment on economic, social, security status and aspects of development ownership of the recipient country. Although not all development issues could be comprehensively covered by the CPS, the rational for priority sector selection and the process should be clearly established from its initial assessment stage and should appropriately reflect emerging and burdening development issues. This paper presented the potential for a macro-level diagnostic approach for prioritizing countries and its areas of development interests, especially in climate, environment and innovation context. With the use of aggregated country-level indicators, cluster analysis was applied to group countries by the similarities of its indicator value, and principal component analysis was conducted to identify contributing variables that best explains the attributes of each clusters. The attributes of each clusters were described and compared with the priority areas in the current CPS framework. As a result, the current framework prioritized assistance in sectors such as education, water and sanitation, transport and regional development that focuses on enhancing agricultural practices. This indicates that selection of priority sectors in the CPS preparation process should be firmly rooted in the analysis of development issues that could be initially assessed by analyzing appropriate indicators. Methodology proposed in this paper could be useful to prepare CPS in the future, additionally in the areas of environmental conservation, science and technology innovation for developing countries.

Agricultural Aid Allocations of Korea in Five sub-Saharan Countries: Aid Policy Implications for Agriculture-Rural Development

Background:The Official Development Assistance, or ODA has been an invaluable source to assist developing countries in their economic and social development. Of the major ODA donors, the Republic of Korea (Korea) became a significant player in ODA and a role model. Providing its ODA, Korea designates the priority partner countries to which 70% of Korean bilateral ODA is allocated and formulates a country partnership strategy for each priority partner country.Objective:This study focuses on five sub-Saharan countries that were designated as Korea’s priority partner countries during the period of 2011-2020 and takes a detailed look at Korea’s ODA to their Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD) during the same period. With the five countries and ARD, this study intends to examine a hypothesis; the worse its food security and agricultural development was at a national level, the larger Korea’s ARD aid the country received.Methods:To test the hypothesis, data collected from World Bank, Global Hunger Index Reports and Korea ODA Statistics are sorted and analyzed. Then comparisons are made between Korea’s grant disbursements to ARD and the status of food security of the five African countries: Ethiopia, Ghana, Mozambique, Rwanda, and Uganda.Results:Results from the data indicate that there seems little consistency between the status of agriculture and food security of the five African countries and the allocated amounts of Korean ARD grants.Conclusion:Therefore, selection criteria for ARD grant allocation should exist and policy suggestions are made for Korea to formulate more consistent and systemic strategies for ARD support in sub-Saharan countries.

Examining the Roles of Korean Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) for Ethiopia: Future Directions

Examining the Roles of Korean Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) for Ethiopia: Future Directions

Whose Vision 2020? The World Bank’s development and educational discourse in Rwanda

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I argue that the World Bank’s development strategy in Rwanda is unsuitable for long-term sustainability. By applying content analysis I consider the strategic goals as outlined in the World Bank’s Rwanda – Country partnership strategy for the period 2014–2018, and Learning for All: investing in people’s knowledge and skills to promote development, 2011; and Rwanda’s Vision 2020; to show how the Bank’s pursuit of narrow economic parameters is to the detriment of issues such as social inequality and the suppression of dissent. Given Rwanda’s traumatic recent history, I argue that the contours of Bank policy, which evolved from ‘rolling back the state’ to ‘good governance’ in recent years – understood as selective collaboration with bureaucratic elites in stable, but often authoritarian regimes must incorporate credible plans that address the current human rights abuses, shortcomings in the rule of law and democratic deficit in the country. Furthermore, I argue that Rwanda and the Bank's recent focus on ‘knowledge’ is in essence an educational discourse that is skewed in favor of neoliberal, economic activity – what has been called ‘knowledge capitalism’ (Wanner 2009).

캄보디아 성평등을 위한 개발협력 방안 연구 (Korea’s Development Cooperation for Gender Equality in Cambodia)

Korean Abstract: 본 연구는 캄보디아에 대한 성평등 개발협력 사업 분석을 통해 한국의 보다 실효성 있는 성평등ODA 사업 발굴 및 확대를 제안하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 성평등 ODA 추진을 위해 이중전략이라는 국제사회 성평등 원조 담론과 현황에 기반하여 직업훈련, 농촌개발, 보건, 공공행정의네 분야를 선정해 성평등 ODA 사업을 분석하고, 향후 추진 방향을 제시하였다. 한국정부의 성평등 ODA 사업에 대한 정책적 시사점은 다음과 같다. 이중전략을 기반으로 장기적인 사업으로 수행될 필요가 있다는 점, 사업을 기획할 때부터 성평등을 고려할 수 있는 강제적 이행조치가 필요하다는 점, 고위급과 실무자들의 성평등 ODA에 대한 의지 및 인식 제고 향상이 필요하다는 점, 그리고 캄보디아 여성부를 활용할 것과, 사업의 방식에 있어서 프로그램 기반 접근방식으로 추진할 것을 제안하였다. English Abstract: The aim of this research is to suggest a more effective direction for Korea’s gender ODA projects through an analysis of gender-related development cooperation efforts in Cambodia. Based on the Korea- Cambodia Country Partnership Strategy and Cambodia's National Strategic Development Plan, we selected four areas (TVET, rural development, health and public administration) to analyze gender projects in related fields and suggest future directions.

Oda (Country Results Management and Country Evaluation: Approaches, Donor Practices and Implications for South Korea)

Oda (Country Results Management and Country Evaluation: Approaches, Donor Practices and Implications for South Korea)

(An Analysis on the Criteria and Methodology of Priority Recipient Selection for Country Partnership Strategy)

Korean Abstract: 우리나라는 국제개발위원회(DAC: Development Assistance Committee) 가입을 계기로 원조체계를 개선하기 위한 다양한 노력을 기울이고 있다. 그 중 하나가 중점협력국 선정을 체계화하려는 노력이다. 그 결과 2010년에는 26개 중점협력국을 선정하여 이를 2011년부터 적용하고 있다. 그러나 중점협력국 선정과 관련하여 선정기준 및 선정과정의 적절성을 둘러싸고 비판이 제기되기도 하였다. 이런 배경하에서 본 보고서의 일차적인 목적은 합리적인 중점협력국 선정기준과 그것을 이용한 선정방법을 제시하는 것이다. 이와 더불어 본 보고서는 중점협력국 선정과 관련된 다른 문제, 즉 중점협력국의 적정 수, 선정절차, 정보공개범위 등에 관해서도 대안을 제시하고자 한다. English Abstract: South Korea has provided serious efforts to reform the structure and process of ODA since the country joined OECD DAC in 2009. Selecting and managing “priority countries” has been one of those efforts, but it has led to controversies regarding the relevant standards and methods. This study addresses these controversies and further explores a theoretical and methodological alternative to such limited strategies regarding the selection of priority countries. In addition, this study seeks to deal with other related issues, such as the proper number of priority countries, the adequate procedures, and the degree to which the relevant information needs to be released. Methodologically, we use the following strategies: (1) review of past studies; (2) conduct case studies that reflect the experiences of traditional donor countries; (3) employ regression analyses to explicate the factors determining the selection of priority countries in other advanced donor countries; and (4) use of the Delphi technique to assign proper weights to the factors considered. Taken together, this study demonstrates the utility of a mixed method in order to suggest an alternative approach to the selection of priority countries. The analyses of past studies and cases lead us to consider the following four principles as crucial in selecting priority countries: (1) development needs of aid-receiving countries; (2) strategic correspondence; (3) international norms; and (4) aid-effectiveness. First, development needs involve the degree to which recipients need foreign aid in connection with their income-level and the level of poverty. Second, strategic correspondence refers to the extent to which economic and diplomatic interests overlap between a donor and a recipient. Third, respect for international norms indicates the necessity of adhering to globally-recognized norms involving proper ODA. Finally, the principle of aid-effectiveness involves the extent to which the provision of ODA might be used in ways to effectively solve the problems facing the recipient countries. Motivated by those principles, we suggest dozens of quantitative indicators that might highlight the principles and justify the designation of certain countries as priority countries. When using the proposed quantitative strategy, one needs to consider the following caveats: (1) The quantitative strategy needs to be supplemented with a qualitative approach because of the salience of non-qualifiable factors and/or concerns and the possibility that selected indicators might lack a proper level of reliability. (2) No country considers only the quantitative approach for the selection and management of priority countries. It is equally important to consider the pitfalls of the arbitrary use of a qualitative method because it might result in policy biases that weigh down donors’ interests or strategic considerations. Considering the caveats, we select and present twice as much potential priority countries at the first stage, and suggest that policy-makers need to choose the final priority countries at the second stage in conjunction with various diplomatic considerations. In recognition of the importance of assigning proper weights to the indicators proposed, we conducted a Delphi survey for dozens of experts specializing in international development in Korea. The survey results assign 38% for development needs, 17% for strategic correspondence, 20% for international norms, and 25% for aid-effectiveness. The assigned weights for each principle area determine the actual weight of each indicator that corresponds to the demarcated principle area. The assigned weights might need to be modified in ways to balance the survey results reflecting positions of development experts and the real diplomatic considerations coupled with the sentiments of policy-makers. Considering the possibility of such modifications, we assign 30-35% for development needs, 25-30% for strategic correspondence, 25-30% for respecting international norms, and 15-20% for aid-effectiveness. Furthermore, we make several suggestions and/or recommendations regarding the processes by which to officially determine the list of priority countries and the proper levels of public disclosure of information. More specifically, we suggest public discussion of the selection strategy, consultation with experts, in-depth discussion among policy makers, and reporting the strategies and discussions to the National Assembly. With respect to the degree of public disclosure, we suggest that the public disclosure needs to be confined to the broad strategies and plans involving the selection of priority countries.

Oda : (A Study on Aid Predictability: Focusing on Multi-Year Rolling Planning and Budgeting Framework)

Korean Abstract: 2011년 제4차 부산세계개발원조총회(HLF 4)에서 모든 협력 대상국가에 대한 3~5년의 중기 연동지원계획(rolling plan)을 2013년까지 제공하기로 하고, 원조예산의 수립절차와 집행계획을 개혁하여 원조의 예측가능성을 높이는 데 국제적인 합의를 도출한 바 있다. 특히 한국은 부산 글로벌 파트너십의 집행위원회에 공여국 대표로 선출되어 부산총회 합의사항 이행을 위한 방안 및 이행계획 수립에 적극적으로 참여하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 다른 OECD 개발원조위원회 회원국들이 중기 원조예산을 어떻게 수립하고 이행하는지 비교ㆍ분석하고, 호주의 원조정책을 주요 사례로 ODA 예산절차, 예측성 강화방안을 어떻게 마련하고 있는지를 조사하였다. 이를 통해 한국의 중기 원조예측성 향상 방안에 대한 정책과제와 시사점을 얻고자 다른 주요 선진공여국의 원조예산 및 계획의 운용 메커니즘을 검토하여 원조예산의 효율성을 높일 수 있는 방안을 종합적으로 분석하였다. English Abstract: At the Fourth High Level Forum held in Busan in 2011, OECD Development Assistance Committee(DAC) member countries pledged to ensure that by 2013, they would provide partner countries with rolling three- to five-year indicative forward expenditures and/or implementation plans. Also, they made an agreement to enhance aid predictability by reforming the process of establishing and implementing the aid budget. Nevertheless, a limited number of studies reviewed the donor countries’ ODA budget systems and its operation mechanism to find the way to promote the effective use of the aid budget. This study examines how donor countries establish and implement multi-year aid budgets and applies the results to the Korean ODA budget system in order to improve mid-term aid predictability. The main findings of this study are as follows. First, several DAC members have made efforts to improve mid-term aid predictability by linking the forward strategic spending plans with their ODA budget process. Mokoro Ltd.(2011) has categorized aid planning and budgeting systems of OECD DAC member countries into three types; agency-wide rolling multi-annual programme, agency-wide cliff-edge multi-annual programme, and no agency-wide multi-annual programming with country-level multi-annual programming. Second, the Australian budget system, adopting no agency-wide multi-annual programming with country-level multi-annual programming, is selected as a good example that can be applied to the Korean system. Australia has been reforming its ODA policies since 2010. In order to increase aid effectiveness and predictability, Australia adopted the rolling four-year budget plan, aid budget system by program, and performance evaluation system on achievements of policy objectives. Third, Korea, however, does not present the explicit budget plan in the process of establishing Country Partnership Strategy(CPS). Thus, it is difficult to improve the effectiveness of mid-term plans as well as aid predictability. Moreover, Korea lacks a performance management system that enables reasonable distribution of the ODA budget by gathering feedback on performances of previous projects. The results from this study provide some policy recommendations as follows. First, Korea needs to develop a performance management system for ODA to utilize the feedback on previous performances as the standard of establishing and distributing the aid budget. Second, Korea should improve the budget structure to introduce multi-year ODA planning and mid-term budget system which are suitable for ODA projects that extend periods of time. Third, Korea should reduce the number of priority partner countries from 26 countries to 15 to 20 countries. In addition, consulting with partner countries, Korea should establish a three-year operation plan for each country and priority project support plans to enhance aid predictability.

(Case Studies on the Operation and Managing Framework of Country Partnership Strategy)

Korean Abstract: 2000년 UN 새천년개발목표(MDGs: Millenium Development Goals) 채택 이래로 원조의 효과성 증진을 위한 노력이 꾸준히 이루어져 왔다. 또한 OECD는 2005년 파리선언과 2008년 아크라 행동계획을 통하여 공적개발원조(ODA: Official Development Assistance)의 효과성 제고를 위한 5대 원칙을 채택하고 수원국의 개발과 성과를 중심으로 하는 원조정책의 중요성을 강조한 바 있다. 중점협력국 제도는 최근 국제사회가 점차 더 중요하게 고려하고 있는 원조의 효과성 제고에도 적합한 제도로 평가되고 있어 공여국 사이에서 널리 운영되고 있다. 중점협력국 제도는 원조 정책의 한 형태로서, 공여국들이 몇몇의 원조대상 국가 또는 지역을 우선 대상국 또는 우선 대상지역으로 선정하고 대상 수원국 또는 지역들의 개발목표에 따라 개별적이고 집중적으로 지원하는 방식을 의미한다. 공여국들은 중점협력국 제도를 통하여 제한된 자원을 대상 국가와 개발 필요에 따라 적절하게 배분하여 효율적인 원조정책을 운영할 수 있도록 도와준다. 또한 사전적으로 수원국의 개발요구와 필요를 충분히 고려하여 원조계획을 수립하고 지속적인 성과 관리를 통하여 효과성을 제고시킨다는 점에서도 높은 평가를 받고 있어, 대부분의 OECD 국가들이 중점협력국을 선정하여 운영한다. 중점협력국 제도는 공여국의 전체적인 원조체계의 틀 속에서 한 부분으로 존재하기 때문에, 따라서 공여국의 장기적 원조 목표와 비전 그리고 조직체계가 중점협력국 제도 운영에 상당한 영향을 미친다. 다시 말해서 중점협력국 제도는 궁극적으로 공여국이 추구하는 장기적이고 거시적인 원조정책의 일환이자 하나의 정책수단이며, 그 자체가 최종의 목적이 될 수 없다. 그러므로 공여국의 장기적 원조 목표와 비전, 그리고 전체적인 운영체계는 중점협력국 운영과 관리체계에 상당한 영향을 주는 요소이다. 구체적으로 중점협력국 제도는 크게 중점협력국 선정과 운영으로 구분될 수 있다. 중점협력국을 선정할 때에는 공여국의 개발정책 목표, 수원국에 대한 분석 및 정치외교적 관계에 관한 고려 등과 같이 공여국 입장에서의 기준과 수원국의 개발정책 의지, 원조 필요 분야와 사항, 수원국의 거버넌스 실태와 과거 경험 등과 같은 수원국 입장에서의 기준이 모두 고려된다. 선정 이후의 운영은 이 두 기준의 접점을 찾고 원조 효과를 극대화시키는 일련의 원조계획 수립, 이행 및 평가 과정으로 이루어지며, 그 핵심에는 국가협력전략(CPS: Country Partnership Strategy) 문서가 있다. 중점협력국 운영제도를 이해하기 위해서는, 공여국 원조정책의 목표와 비전 그리고 전반적인 조직체계에 관한 거시적인 밑그림과 함께, 공여국 정부의 어떤 기관이 어떠한 기준과 방식으로 국가협력전략 문서를 작성하여 원조계획을 수립하는지, 그리고 이를 누가 어떻게 운영하고 평가하며 성과관리를 하는지에 관한 미시적이고 실무적 차원의 분석이 수반되어야 할 것이다. English Abstract: In implementing their global commitments such as the principles of the Paris Declaration in 2005 and the Accra Agenda for Action in 2008, donor countries and international development organizations have long been concerned about ways to improve the effectiveness of their international development programs and aid policies. Country Partnership Strategy (CPS), sometimes referred to as Country Assistance Strategy (CAS), is a widely adopted policy instrument for the purpose of designing an effective and efficient aid program at the country level. As a result, most of the OECD DAC countries are actively adopting the CPS policy by carefully selecting priority recipient countries and establishing detailed and practical CPS implementation plans with guidelines. This study basically aims to examine such country-level aid strategies as CPS, with a particular focus on its operation and management framework of three selected countries - Spain, France and New Zealand. Each of the cases has its own merit that is considered in the study, when compared to Korea’s current CPS framework and management.

ETHIOPIA: Country Partnership Strategy

Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical SeriesVolume 49, Issue 9 p. 19689C-19690A Policy and Practice ETHIOPIA: Country Partnership Strategy First published: 06 November 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2012.4752.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume49, Issue9November 2012Pages 19689C-19690A RelatedInformation

Iran's Energy Policy and India's International Orientation

1 Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Vol. XXXIV, No. 1, Fall 2010 Iran’s Energy Policy and India’s International Orientation Mahnaz Zahirinejad* Introduction Iran is a major player in the world energy (hydrocarbon) market. It is estimated to hold 11.1 percent of the world oil reserves (132.0 billion barrels of oil), and 15.3 percent of the world’s natural gas reserves (970.8 trillion cubic feet).1 This provides the country with a strategic leverage in defining world hydrocarbon regime. The Iranian state draws 42.5 percent of its revenues from oil resources, accounting in turn for 80 percent of its exports.2 Although Iran enjoys distinct status in the hierarchy of world hydrocarbon exporters, it remains critically dependent thereby vulnerable to the world hydrocarbon regime because of its rentier character. Iran has not only become a net importer of petro products but it faces serious challenge to retain its export supplies as well. This clearly means that the country might loose its global energy leverage despite its huge energy resources. Iranian state thus needs a friendly global hydrocarbon regime to augment its energy power. The emerging Asian energy market does have potential to contribute to the recovery of Iranian energy power. Iranian state is looking proactively towards the Asian countries especially India. *Mahnaz Zahirinejad was recently awarded a PhD degree from the Centre for West Asian Studies, International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. The area of her research concentrates on critical study of the Middle Eastern Countries particularly Iran and Iraq’s foreign and energy policies.mzahirinejad@gmail.com 1 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2005, http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_ publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/2010_downloads/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2010 .pdf( 15 May 2010). 2 ECO; Trade and development Bank, Iran Country Partnership Strategy, (2009-2010): 3-9. http://www.etdb.org/StrategiesAndResearch/Countries/CSPReports/ReportsLibrary/ IRAN.pdf (14 October 2010). 2 However, Iran’s energy relation with India has been influenced by the new orders that are ruled by the powers particularly the United States. With attention to the new world order, the present study is an attempt to analyze the implication of the new world politics on Iran-India energy relation. Theoretical Structure With the reunification of Germany, the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and disintegration of the Soviet Union, the traditional bipolar military structure in the world was brought to an end, realists started to describe new world politics. Based on the realism approach the rise of new European powers and rampant nuclear proliferation across Europe was predicated. However, two decades after the end of the Cold War, most Central and Eastern European (CEE) states have joined the democratic European Union (EU). There has been no arms race and instead of a group of powers competing over European spoils, the EU has become the common, peaceful project for Western and CEE states alike.3 Thus, the pessimistic assessment of the post-Cold War future of CEE states by realists has been proven wrong. In these circumstances, some liberal philosophers started to challenge realism. Joseph Nye and Robert Keohane were among them. Keohane argues that “…realism is particularly weak in accounting for change, especially where the sources of that change lie in the world political economy or in the domestic structure of states.”4 Thus, theory of complex interdependence came out as a result of changing the world during the 1970’s, by Joseph Nye and, Robert Keohane. Theory of complex interdependence provides a better understanding of changing security concerns of the states.5 Keohane and Nye, in their book “Power and Interdependence”, have highlighted the current interdependence feature of the world politics. The initial assumption of Keohane and Nye in the era of interdependence is that the very nature of international relations is changing. The world has 3 Dylan Kissane, “Realist Theory and Central & Eastern Europe after the Cold War,” Paper presented at the’3rd CEU Graduate Conference in the Social Sciences’ conference. Central European University. Budapest. Hungary, (2007):25-27. 4 Robert ,Koehane, Seven Theory of World Politics: Structural Realism and Beyond (New York Press, 1986), 159. 5 Hüseyin, Isiksal, “To What Extent...