Country Of Emigration Research Articles

Box Jenkins ARMA Model for Forecasting Bangladesh's Remittance Inflow

This study uses Eviews software in order to determine the best Box-Jenkins ARMA model for forecasting the growth rate of remittances in Bangladesh by utilizing time series data from the year 1980 to 2022. In our study, we used the Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test (ADF Test) to check the stationarity of the time series data. This test shows that data is stationary at level 0, i.e., Remittance (0). By performing several selection criteria for the lowest SIGMASQ and the lowest value of AIC and BIC, we obtain ARMA (1, 1), which is the best model for forecasting remittances in Bangladesh. Diagnostic tests additionally demonstrate the stability and acceptability of the parsimonious model that has been given for remittance prediction in Bangladesh. The study's findings reportedly demonstrate that Bangladesh's remittance inflows are declining. The article makes the case that, in order to increase remittance inflows into Bangladesh, the country's emigration policy needs to be strengthened.

Governance and obstacles in the reception and social and labour integration of asylum seekers in Spain

Changes in migratory flows have transformed Spain from a country of emigration to one of the main destinations for international migration. And it has also become one of the most important European countries in the reception of asylum seekers and refugees in the last decade. With an unprepared reception system, the State has faced this challenge by decentralising socio-labour integration responsibilities to third sector entities. This article aims to analyse the institutional approach to the management and integration of asylum seekers, studying changes in the management of the reception and integration system for this group. Through documentary analysis and descriptive statistics, we observe a greater streamlining of certain processes, particularly after the arrival of asylum seekers from Ukraine in 2022. However, structural deficiencies remain, hindering the processes of matching labour supply and demand.

The Emigration Conundrum: EU Countries of Origin of Migrants Between Integration and Demarcation

AbstractBased on an analysis of parliamentary debates and party manifestos from 2000 to 2022 in three EU countries of emigration, this article responds to the following question: How emigration is discussed in the political discourse, by whom and why? The research on Poland, Portugal and Romania reveals that parties of the left and right address the societal impacts of emigration whilst simultaneously acknowledging the appreciation of citizens of EU freedoms. Tackling this conundrum, parties call for domestic demarcation for an issue that is partially European. They advocate for state intervention to improve working and living conditions and express concern for the sustainability of the national community responding to demographic changes. The variation amongst the case countries is evident in the dominance of a rightist framing in Central and Eastern Europe, emphasizing state intervention and concerns for the nation, and a leftist framing in Southern Europe, advocating solely for state intervention into the economy. Differently structured party systems and strength of cleavages explain this variation.

Understanding Left-Behind Places in a Contrastive Approach

Abstract How are left-behind places in a country compared to other types of places in an Eastern European country? A typology of local human development is designed and tested for the case of the Romanian society. The United Nations model of human development (structured by the three dimensions of education, economic development and health) is adapted to the local level and two contrasting measures are designed – an index and a typology of local human development. The typology resulted from a cluster analysis. It is validated by bi-variate and multivariate analysis (multinomial regression). High emigration rates, irrespective of the destination, do not bring lower development to the local origin in Romania: the destination of migration counts. There is a higher probability, in 2018, of left-behindness in localities with a higher number of emigrants to Italy in the years preceding 2011. Human development is highly differentiated by destination countries of emigration and by historical subregions. It is especially for such contexts that the quantitative approach could be misleading. Public policy targets could be better identified if qualitative and quantitative approaches are simultaneously used. The proposed approach could be adopted by keeping the same dimensions and measuring them by available and appropriate indicators.

Return Migration and Reintegration in Serbia: Are All Returnees the Same?

The Republic of Serbia is traditionally a country of emigration, especially since the 1960s. As a result of this emigration, return migration has become an increasingly intensive migratory process in the 21st century. This study aims to examine the factors behind return migration, as well as to explore the characteristics of the reintegration process in Serbia, including the sustainability of return. This paper is based on a survey (N = 172) and interviews (N = 20) conducted with return migrants in Serbia. The research findings point to the diversity of the return migration factors, among which a longing for the country of origin is singled out as the most important. Regarding the reintegration process, this study highlights several differences that are apparent between retired returnees on the one hand and other returnees (students, employed, unemployed) on the other. The results show that the satisfaction with quality of life upon return is higher among older returnees and that the satisfaction with quality of life decreases as the respondents’ level of education increases. It is also found that the sustainability of return is connected to the life satisfaction and that respondents who plan to migrate again are the least satisfied with the quality of life compared to those who plan to stay and those who have not decided yet. This paper provides insights into some of the critical elements of the return migration and reintegration process in Serbia. Since return migrants can contribute to sustainable socio-economic development due to their human, social and financial capital, this study may be of relevance to the development of strategies and the implementation of policies in the domain of migration governance.

The Immigration Advantage in the U.S.-China Strategic Contest for STEM Talent

executive summary: This essay argues that recruitment of globally mobile scientists, researchers, and inventors gives the U.S. an advantage in great-power competition with China, but one the U.S. risks squandering. main argument The U.S. has a powerful asymmetric advantage over the People's Republic of China in advancing its global technological leadership: the ability to draw on the top talent from around the world. The recruitment of international talent in STEM fields is a major force multiplier for U.S. scientific and technological enterprises, especially in critical and emerging technologies and defense-related industries. Attracting top international talent is not a tool that China can easily replicate. For all its efforts to lure its own émigrés back and attract international students, China is still a net emigration country, while the U.S. is the top destination for immigrants, especially scientists and inventors. However, the deteriorating conditions of legal pathways to immigration for high-skilled STEM experts threaten to undermine this strategic advantage. policy implications • The U.S. is becoming less attractive for globally mobile international talent over time, largely due to the onerous and worsening conditions facing legal immigrants. Most notably, there is a mismatch between the number of people allowed to apply and receive permanent residence each year, leading to untenably long—and growing—backlogs and associated wait times. • The U.S. could increase its innovative output by expanding the quantity and improving the quality of international STEM researchers welcomed to the country. It could do so through changes in laws and regulations or merely by better recruiting and retaining talent through increased uptake of existing programs. It could also achieve greater contributions from talent it already has recruited by removing visa barriers restricting innovation-generating activities. • Efforts by the Chinese government to transfer technologies illicitly through espionage pose a serious risk. This risk needs to be managed with care to protect sensitive information without setting back U.S. technological development.

Development and causes of migration in lagging regions in the years 2017–2021: a case study of the Slovak Republic

Migration represents a process where people leave their homes for various reasons. The aim of the article is to evaluate the level and development of migration in Slovakia and to identify its causes in the Gemer region, which is among the least economically productive regions of Slovakia. We quantified the development and level of migration based on secondary data through selected analytical indicators of migration. We determined the motivations of the residents of the Gemer region to migrate using a questionnaire survey. Until 2004, Slovakia was an emigration country, but in recent years it has turned into a destination country. However, the situation is not the same for all regions of the country. A negative migration balance persists in the Gemer region, although restrictions related to the coronavirus pandemic have slowed this trend. We found that up to 21 % of respondents from the region migrate for work. Up to 45 % of respondents want to move out of the region, while in 64 % of cases the migration is motivated by economic reasons. The opinion on migration is influenced by the gender of the respondent but is not related to the level of education achieved.

Immigration from Yugoslavia to Sweden 1966–1971: An Analysis of the Impacts of Firms and State

Abstract In the period 1947–1972, large numbers of migrants arrived in Sweden to perform work, particularly in the manufacturing industry. The largest number of migrants came from Finland. Prior to the 1960s, Yugoslavia had not been a significant origin country for immigrants in Sweden, but immigration from Yugoslavia to Sweden increased in that decade. The question posed in the article is: how did Sweden become interlinked with Yugoslavia as an emigration country? The article focuses on the part played by firms and their interaction with state authorities. Swedish employers developed preferences for Yugoslav workers in the 1960s, because they were viewed as skilled within the engineering industry. They were also viewed as a stable workforce, particularly in relation to Finnish workers. Furthermore, the article analyses how the labour market authority shaped immigration from Yugoslavia; it could guide firms towards the recruitment of workers in Yugoslavia.

Dual citizenship policy in sub-saharan Africa: A Comparative Analysis of Nigeria and Angola

In recent decades, recognition of dual citizenship has been one of the ways countries have sought to maintain ties with emigrants and immigrants. Sub-Saharan African countries, which are mainly countries of emigration, have been a part of this trend, however not all of them. This research paper investigates the cases of Nigeria and Angola, two dissimilar countries in the region that have both recognized dual citizenship, to discover reasons that fueled the policy. It finds out that the political dynamic of a democratic transition is an underlying factor that led to the acceptance of dual citizenship in both countries.

Role of Education in Economic Integration of the Albanian Emigrant’s: A Multinomial Regression Approach

The objective of the study is to analyze role of educational level of immigrants in the country of origin, training, and the recognition of school documents in economic integration and employment. In this study, the motivation and the reasons for sending and the destination of the use of remittances was analyzed. The Cassarino's model theoretical approach was used in this study to explain the new models of integration. In this study, the descriptive statistics method and logistic regression modeling is used. The data analysis shows that 68.7% of returned immigrants feel happy after returning compared to 31.3% who do not feel happy after returning. The main destination of the use of immigrant remittances based on the data results were for family needs, 97.9% of the responses affirm that and 2.1% affirm the use for other purposes. The group of immigrants without education have a very high relative chance of using remittances to meet the needs of their families. The role of equivalencies of education documents in the status of employment was analyzed, where 7.5% declared that the education documents of the country of emigration were known, 84.1% declared that they were not known, and 8.3 % gave the other answer. Differences exist regarding the employment status for immigrants whose education documentation was known. For an immigrant whose education documents are recognized, the chance of being employed is 3.07 times higher than an unemployed person and 4.41 times higher than the self-employed group. Participation in vocational training courses in the countries of immigration increases the chance of perceiving the economic situation as very good by 2.15 times higher compared to those who perceive it as unchanged. It is necessary to collect the data and information about reintegration of migrants in their country of origin. 
 
 Received: 2 September 2023 / Accepted: 21 December 2023 / Published: 5 January 2024

Emotions and Strategies in the Face of the Border(ing): The Lived Experiences of Filipino Migrants in Mainland China

Even though the People’s Republic of China is still considered a country of emigration rather than immigration, there is a growing number of foreigners who move there for work. In this article, I explore the lived experiences of migrants originating from the Philippines. I focus on their understanding of and affective encounters with the border and with bordering practices. Furthermore, I analyze the strategies these migrants employ to navigate their situations and secure their stay in the country. By doing so, I aim to contribute to the flourishing literature on the situation of migrants based in Mainland China, and to an understanding of the on-the-ground consequences of the Chinse immigration system’s regulations and practices. Based on 20 in-depth interviews, I argue that migration is not merely related to the migrants’ rational decisions and their execution thereof, but rather, that the whole process is accompanied by a range of emotions, varying in kind, intensity, and anchorage. For the Filipinas and Filipinos interviewed here, despite their differences, the strongest reactions were caused by the shape of the state regulations in place, which were perceived as a source of the sense of insecurity and instability.

Pensamento estatal e hierarquias sociais entre Itália e Tunísia. Da história à identidade

Abstract The paper draws on the notion of State though as critically discussed by Sayad and on related concepts (nationalism at a distance, integration) to analyse how the State naturalises the division between nationals and non-nationals, building unequal social hierarchies between immigrants and natives that affect the construction of the (social and individual) identities of the migrants themselves. The paper starts with a historical contextualisation of the relations between Tunisia and Italy. First, we show how the opposite migrations that have crossed the Mediterranean have been embedded in unequal racial and symbolic hierarchies characterising Italy and Tunisia, Europe and Africa. Then, we further delve into this dynamic by exploring the identity constructions of Tunisian migrants in Italy, which are sensitive to the demands of the country of immigration (seeking to maintain a given social hierarchy within its borders) and those of the country of emigration (striving to remain connected to its emigrants to extract maximum profit from them).

Migration policy in Albania: institutional aspects

After the fall of the communist regime Albania turned from a closed country into a country of net emigration. The article examines the evolution of Albanian migration policy from 1990 to 2022. The purpose of the study is to identify the approaches to the regulation of international migration in the context of the integration of Albania into the EU. The research is based on the state and supranational sources in the field of migration: legislative and regulatory acts, strategies, action plans, international agreements. The period under consideration is divided into two almost equal parts in relation to the level of participation of Albania in the regulation of migration. The first period (until the mid-2000s) is characterized by a relatively passive stance, relying primarily on external forces which regulate migration from Albania, such as other countries of the region and the EU. With the adoption of the Strategy for Migration Management in 2005 Albania took a more active stance, focused, on the one hand, on comprehensive and multidirectional interaction with the Albanian diaspora and, on the other, on reducing emigration by creating new jobs. It is revealed that the measures taken to return the representatives of the diaspora to the country and reduce the emigration activity of the current inhabitants of Albania are not enough. The diaspora plays a significant role in the economy of Albania, however, it does not seek re-emigration. The effect of job creation was largely offset by the European migrant crisis.

Co-production for the integration of migrant human capital into the decent work

During the last few years, the mass exodus of Venezuelan citizens to other countries has turned Venezuela into an emigration country, with Peru receiving the second-highest number of migrants. This article explains the co-production process of integrating Venezuelan migrants and refugees into the host society under decent work conditions. This is a qualitative, cross-sectional explanatory case study covering the second half of 2022. It shows that within the co-production effort, civil society organisations entail a role in creating collective mechanisms and spaces to enable communication and information, helping to identify existing problems and vulnerabilities, and finding alternatives to mitigate them. Additionally, in the process of integrating migrants’ human capital under the decent work condition there is the relevance of migrant-based civil society organisations, due to the fact that they can enhance trust and the quality of the interaction and dialogue with the beneficiary public, identify their specific needs and potential solutions and, therefore, increase the quality and efficiency of the services provided.

COVID-19 and labour market adjustments: policies, foreign labour and structural shifts

ABSTRACT The paper looks at one of the most dynamically evolving migration processes in contemporary Europe – labour migrants in Poland. Poland, until very recently a typical emigration country started receiving large numbers of migrants only after 2014. This process, however, cannot be explained in supply terms only. In fact, it was also a strong structural demand for foreign workers that played at least an equally important role. This newly established migration system has been tested during the pandemic along with policy adjustments and economic changes. We claim that despite the very fact that the ‘essential workers’ rhetoric was almost absent in the Polish public discourse, foreign workers played a significant role in securing the continuous operation of many sectors of the economy. The paper shows that the role of migration in Poland has changed along with the transition from a net-sending to a net-receiving country, but still it worked as a safety valve during the pandemic. We argue it was possible because of liberal rules regarding international movement and work abroad. By focusing on the role of exogenous shocks and by considering the very specific migration system in Poland, this paper contributes to the growing literature on the labour market-immigration nexus.

Global Connections: Examining the Role of Remittances in Economic development

Abstract This article surveys the main effects of remittances on economic development. The focus is to emphasise how the money sent back by emigrants in their home countries impacts factors such as imports or foreign direct investment that can influence the economy’s evolution. All countries from European Union countries were included in the analysis, but we have been focusing on the post-communist EU countries, which were the focus of this article. The econometric model used is the multiple regression with the fixed-effect model (FEM) and the random effect model (REM) based on panel data. Our findings underline that remittances have a solid and significant influence on the economic development of emigration countries, especially among former communist countries. Finally, the research strengthens the current literature on remittances and economic development through an empirical analysis that focuses on recent data.

Stabilising or Dynamising Approach—Changes in the Employment System for Foreigners

Since Poland started the transformation from a country of emigration to a country of immigration, the legal environment related to the employment of foreigners has been constantly changing. These changes seem to be of a bumpy nature, although they implement in a relatively consistent manner certain assumptions that can be called systemic. This article will analyse main directions of legal changes related to the employment of foreigners in Poland, specifying at the same time the objectives that the legislator intended to achieve when introducing them. This will make it possible to show the organisational priorities of labour market regulation and the values that the national legislator aims to protect. Such an analysis, in turn, will make it possible to assess legislative actions and (in the case of their approval) to indicate further necessary improvements made in the spirit of the existing ones or (in the case of their criticism) to set new directions of actions.

Uczestnictwo obcokrajowców w kulturze lokalnej. Studium przypadku Krakowa

The Participation of Foreign Residents in Local Culture. A Case Study of Kraków The article focuses on participation in local culture from a lesser-studied perspective of foreign nationals residing in Polish cities, drawing on a case study of Kraków. In the first part of the article, the authors outline the context of the migration transition in Poland, meaning the passage between a country of net emigration towards a country of net immigration, which has dynamically changed the urban landscape. Next, the results of an exploratory study on foreign residents’ attitudes and experiences of culture in the public sphere in Kraków are presented, which are the testing ground for the analysis of the changing nature of engagement at the local level. This study points to several conclusions for further analysis, namely the overwhelmingly positive evaluation of the cultural sphere by foreign nationals, the potential for social anchoring through this sphere, and the new narratives of local identity that are emerging as a result.

The ship as home: homemaking practices amongst Filipino seafarers at sea

The complexities that attend global mobilities have shown us how migrants recreate home by drawing from their countries of emigration and immigration. In so many ways, any homemaking practices are embedded in home’s mobile and sedentarist aspects. Amongst overseas Filipino workers (OFW), this means the performance of Filipino traditions like fiestas, and consumption of Filipino food whilst at the same time learning the language of their destination countries and partaking of their cultural and social practices. Filipino seafarers, however, present us with an interesting case: they perform homemaking practices within the constrained and limiting spaces of the ship where they both work and live. Filipino seafarers have a transportable home ready for unpacking and reconstruction on every ship that they board, drawing less on what the ship offers, but more on what reminds them of home back in the Philippines. Drawn from data gathered from more than a decade of engaging with seafarers on board ships and ashore, this article focuses on the homemaking practices of Filipino seafarers viewed as a means to meaning-making, where ships conceived as non-places could be turned into home, and seafarer wellbeing is specifically defined as self-preservation on board and continuing authority back home.

Yesterday, today, tomorrow; environmental refugees

Migrations, which are as old as the history of mankind, have taken place for many reasons and have increased with the addition of new ones. Although wars and economic concerns are among the main causes, environmental problems have been one of the reasons that should be accepted in today's world. Environmental problems that threaten the lives of all living beings, especially human beings, pose numerous risks. Moreover, these risks have reached unlimited and global dimensions. One of these risks is the forced migration of people due to various environmental problems, especially climate change. Those who have experienced this migration are defined as "environmental refugees", and they occupy an important place in recent literature. While many of the problems associated with the millions of migrants are still unresolved today, the fact that environmental refugees are being added with increasing momentum clearly demonstrates the importance of including this issue in research agendas. It is also a fact that migration poses serious problems not only for the migrants who are its subjects, but also for the countries of emigration. The importance of the subject from both sides and the fact that it is pregnant with many problems, which can be seen with the domino effect, made it necessary to study the subject in detail. Based on these considerations, in the study; the history of environmental refugees, its causes, problems, environmental refugees mobility in recent years, possible future scenarios, socio-social-economic dimensions are discussed, evaluation and solutions are given.