Countries South Of Sahara Research Articles

Écouter la critique du Sud

The chasm between anthropology and sociology according to the researchers' interest for an object located in the North or in the South could not be completely dispelled even though its pointlessness is unanimously admitted. Criticism proves weakened as it is only based locally and cannot target the logics with, both in the North and in the South, lead to suffering and inequalities. African countries south of Sahara took over criticism, integrated it in an increasingly protean thinking. However it is clearly more and more considered as the most structured doctrine in opposition to a market-oriented globalisation.

Value focused rationality in AIDS policy

A health policy analysis to contain the effects of the HIV epidemic in Norway has been carried out. It was performed as a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis where participants in a decision panel used personal values to weight benefits and costs of alternative policies. The analysis is of particular interest since Norway afterwards adopted a controversial HIV policy: the authorities warned the general population against sexual relations with immigrants from countries south of Sahara. The policy might reap benefits, but a certain cost was to stigmatise that group. This paper describes the analysis and defends the underlying consequentialistic ethics against other approaches involving rule-based ethics and benefit–cost analysis. The main argument is based on Hume's insight that reason alone does not prompt action; values will always be involved and should therefore be more explicitly focused on. The paper concludes that we need an extended notion of rationality that includes well-foundedness of values. Decision-makers should try to reach an emotional equilibrium where their values concerning the issue at hand become stable. The paradigm of decision analysis provides useful methods to approach this situation, although it must be considered only an input to policy rather than something producing a final answer.

Towards global eradication of rinderpest.

Summary: Rinderpest is still the greatest scourge of domestic cattle and buffaloes in tropical Africa and Asia. Despite large-scale mass vaccina­ tion campaigns, outbreaks of the disease continue to spread to countries from where it was once eradicated. During the past few years an increased incidence of the disease has affected several countries in West, East and Central Africa, the Middle East and South-East Asia. The Sahelian drought this year might force large-scale migration of cattle from Chad and Mali, and thereby increase the spread of the disease to countries south of Sahara. Currently a panzootic of rinderpest is sweeping across tropi­ cal Africa, and an epidemiologist has already claimed that a million cattle have died or been emergency slaughtered. This calamity coupled with drought, famine and political strife has resulted in a disaster of the century. Global eradication of smallpox has shown that it is possible to eradic­ ate a disease by human endeavour. Rinderpest is also a severe disease of domestic cattle and is of great economic significance. It does not pro­ duce persistent, recurrent and subclinical infection, and a safe and effec­ tive cell-culture vaccine is available. With international financing and organisation, global eradication of rinderpest should be possible within a period of a few years. The paper describes the present situation of the disease, efforts made to control and eradicate it in the recent past, and suggests ways and means to achieve these goals.

Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On members of the Convolvulaceae , especially on species of Ipomoea (Quamoclit, Merremia ) and Convolvulus . Economic hosts include Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato, I. pes-tigridis and probably I. aquatic (= I. replans - water spinach); I. horsfalliae, I. purpurea and Calonyction aculeatum are amongst ormentals attacked. DISEASE: White rust of sweet potitto. common white (blister) rust of Ipomoca (Convolvulus etc.). Sporangial pustules are produced on lower leaf surfaces, (petioles, stem and flowers), separately from the oospores, the latter often developing in pronounced swellings, galls or elongated tumour-like growths of stem and branches (flowers, petioles, roots) (Singh & Bedi, 1966; Farlow, 1889). The disease may cause trailing species to assume an upright habit (11, 545) and individual branches may show a witches broom effect. Diseased plants can also exhibit chlorosis, general distortion, defoliation and flower abortion (Singh & Bedi, 1965, 1966; Harter & Weimer, 1929). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread on Ipomoea and Convolvulus spp. in tropical and warmer temperate regions. Main areas incluide North America (USA), tropical and South America (most countries); Africa (Moroco, Sudan and countries south of Sahara); S.W. Europe (S. France, Italy, Malta); S.W. USSR (Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) and Asia (India, Pakistan and Far East); Australia (Queensland) and Pacific. Apparently not recorded in S.E. Europe, nor in Middle Eastern countries from Egypt through to Afghanistan. See under notes for distribution on I. batatas . TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangia and by short distance water dispersal of sporangia and zoospores. Initial infection by oospores from overwintered host tissue can occur (Harter & Weimer, 1929; 39, 750).