GDP Countries Research Articles

Bolstering resilience in a polycrisis scenario: A cross-country analysis on the role of IT

IMPACT The article provides insights for government investment decisions in resilience strategies. It suggests enhancing resilience through IT development and e-participation measures, particularly in high and medium GDP nations. Moreover, it highlights that low GDP countries should prioritize investment in infrastructure to address structural weaknesses and bolster resilience. These findings are valuable for both national investment strategies and supranational organizations aiming to reduce risk exposure in vulnerable countries.

ІННОВАЦІЙНІСТЬ ТА ПЕРЕДОВІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ В УКРАЇНІ ТА КРАЇНАХ СВІТУ

The article examines the leading indicators of socio-economic development of individual countries, including the share of GDP of individual countries in the world GDP, the share of the country's population in the world population, GDP per capita, and expenditures on R&D. It was determined that a larger share of GDP per capita allows for an increase in gross domestic spending on R&D, % of GDP. Ukraine has the lowest gross domestic expenditure on R&D compared to the analyzed countries, only 0.29% of GDP. While for China, this indicator is equal to 2.433%, for Hungary – 1.642%, and for Germany – 3.129%. A comparison of the position of Ukraine according to the components of the Global Innovation Index, which corresponded to other countries at different stages of economic development, made it possible to obtain the following results. First, Ukraine needs to catch up in all components with developed countries. Second, Ukraine can compete on the components of the innovation index with some newly industrialized nations, such as Mexico and South Africa. Third, Ukraine dominates the least developed countries in the components of the Global Innovation Index. Also, we analyzed the opportunities for frontier technologies in Ukraine and other countries. According to this index, Ukraine ranks 58th among 166 countries surveyed. The five countries, including the United States of America, Sweden, Singapore, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, are leaders. China took 35th place. According to the components of this index, Ukraine already has a good position in terms of information and communication technologies and skills – however, R&D, industry, and finance remain weaknesses. So, during the study, "bottlenecks" were identified. Insufficient support for R&D and low costs restrain the innovative development of Ukraine.

A monetary model of global peace and health

BackgroundThis study aims to expand on the concept of peace and health by drawing from Keynes' theory of the economic consequences of peace, in light of the global pandemic experienced in 2020 due to COVID_19.MethodsIn this paper, I will elaborate on the concept of ‘security’, as an indicator of peace in the time of biological shocks, in order to expand the definition of Keynesian precautionary motivation. This puts forth a new monetary policy model developed to make contributions to achieving global peace. In so doing, I will calculate the optimal growth rate of discount rate through utilizing the Global Peace Index (GPI), adjusted by the Case Fatality Risk (CFR) of COVID-19 in a dynamic shopping time monetary model. This analysis is comprised of the top 15 GDP countries as well as the 10 most and least peaceful countries in 2020.ResultsThe results indicate that households in more peaceful and healthy countries tend to hold less money compared to those in less peaceful and healthy countries. Besides, the discount rate needs to be reduced due to the outbreak of COVID-19 and the decrease in the level of peace in the economy.ConclusionInsofar as the imposition of fines through international legal circles on countries with an insignificant health and peace policy will increase the cost of liquidity, other alternative methods of financing will be affor dable for the countries.

A Spatial Economic Study of Rail Freight in the European Economic Area

The present study explores whether the European Union’s transport policy measures of the last decade have fulfilled the expectations, i.e. whether there has been a positive change in the field of rail freight transport in the region. Data on the volumes of freight transport in the recent period have been analysed with freight transport intensity as an indicator. The values have been then translated into a spatial econometric model, looking for spatiality in the European Economic Region, including countries such as Norway, Switzerland or even Russia, extending the scope of the study to 37 countries. It has been proven that there is a spatial correlation between rail freight transport performance and GDP in Europe, which has a positive effect on countries with high GDP and a negative effect on low GDP countries in terms of performance. There is a particularly high intensity of rail freight in the Baltic region, as well as in Ukraine and Russia. Furthermore, it can be stated that rail freight has not undergone any significant changes in the last 10 years.

Burden of Income Tax and Health Care Inequalities in India- An Empirical Analysis

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the burden of income tax and health care inequalities in India. Materials and Method: The data retrieved from various electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane library and other sources regarding individual income tax, allocation of GDP for health sector and the out-of-pocket expenditure of the public for the health sector among top ten GDP countries. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Results: Though India ranks the fifth place in GDP, it spends only 1.4% of GDP on the health sector, which was very low when compared to top GDP countries, so the public spends more out of pocket for the health sector (67.78%), which forcibly pushes them into poverty. Conclusion: The Government should make more effort and should allot more amount of GDP for the health sector in future for the beneficiaries of people.

Research on the Manufacturing Development in China under the US-China Trade War

This paper aims to analyze the current condition of high technology manufacturing in China in the context of a trade war between it and the U.S. Since China and the U.S. are the largest two manufacturing countries and also the highest GDP countries, the paper presents the trend of the manufacturing within these two countries and their comparative advantage. While Chinese manufacturing wins by large scale and low production cost, U.S. manufacturing wins by its control of high technology which is more valuable to manufacturing growth today. Given the ever-intense rivalry between China and the U.S. on high-end technology manufacturing, the paper then discusses the resulted difficulty faced by China as it is experiencing a high-tech supply shortage and the solution China has used to conquer the obstacles. The solution China employed has shown its effectiveness as several high-end manufacturing areas have achieved great progress in the year after the solution was imposed. The content of the paper is meaningful to the study of the relationship between China and the U.S. and the continuing growth of Chinese manufacturing as it records the biggest tension between the two countries and the resolution China takes to save its manufacturing from a broken technology supply chain.

Pengaruh Kurs, Inflasi, Ekspor dan Impor terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Negara Austria Tahun 2000 – 2020

This research aims to analyze the effect of Exchange Rate, Inflation, Exports and Imports on Economic Growth in Austria in 2000–2020. The method used in this study is Multiple Linear Regression. Exchange rate data, exports and imports were taken from the Worldbank (World Bank), Inflation data was taken from the IMF. The results showed that the exchange rate, inflation, exports and imports had no effect on economic growth in Austria. Likewise with a partial test of the exchange rate which has a positive effect on economic growth in Austria, inflation does not have a significant effect on economic growth, the level of exports does not have a significant effect on economic growth in this country, and imports have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. in GDP countries. Keywords: Inflation, Export, Import, Economic Growth

RESEARCH ON GLOBAL GDP AND CPI UNDER POST EPIDEMIC (COVID-19) BASED ON DECOUPLING INDEX MODEL

BackgroundIn 2021, COVID-19 came back, but the global economy is still recovering, which will lead to long-term economic failure. This is because the differentiation of short-term economic trends will have a lasting impact on medium-term economic performance. In the past 2021, the world's major economies have rebounded to varying degrees. The spread of the novel coronavirus epidemic, the continuous rise in energy prices, the outbreak of the supply chain crisis and higher than expected inflation have also slowed down the pace of global economic recovery.Research Objects and MethodsThe delta virus is spreading rapidly, and the newly mutated omiclone virus is also spreading rapidly, which brings more uncertainty to the duration of the epidemic. All parties should take strong policy measures at the multilateral level to promote vaccination, address climate change, provide international liquidity and enhance the prospects of the global economy. In 2021, the five major GDP countries of the United States, China, Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom were repeatedly hit hard by the COVID-19 in 2019, and the global economic recovery was struggling. This paper studies the decoupling model between GDP and CPI of the top five countries in the global economy in 2021, and studies citizen anxiety under the construction of this model.ResultsOverall inflation in most economies is expected to peak in the last months of 2021 and return to pre epidemic levels by mid-2022. However, considering that the current recovery process is full of uncertainty, there is still great uncertainty about the inflation outlook, and for various reasons, inflation may exceed expectations. Clear policy communication and appropriate monetary and fiscal policies will help prevent inflation panic from leading to changes in inflation expectations. At the same time, the results showed that after controlling the demographic variables, the four variables could explain 10% of the variation of anxiety level (ar2-0.10, P < 0.01). The explanatory effect of self-efficacy on anxiety level was statistically significant. The regression coefficient was -0.336 (P < 0.01). The level of dignity has a significant inhibitory effect on the level of anxiety at the level of 0.01. Four variables can explain 22% of the change of depression level, f △ rr-0.22. P<0.01). The regression coefficient was 0.347 (P < 0.1). The level of optimism has a significant inhibitory and influence on the level of self depression, at the level of 0.01.ConclusionWhat is the prospect of economic recovery in the post epidemic era? In 2022, the most important factor in the global economic recovery is the evolution of coronavirus disease in 2019. Strong policy actions can usually curb inflation and inflation expectations, and the good and credible communication of the central bank also plays a very important role in anchoring inflation expectations. National authorities must be alert to triggers that could trigger a perfect storm of price risk. Therefore, inflation is a double-edged sword. We can't simply think of it as good or bad. On the contrary, we should adopt corresponding policies according to its position in the global value chain, the supply chain, hedge the impact of rising commodity prices, and price and control related products and key links, which will come from the further improvement of the global industrial chain and supply chain. Through the research, we found that citizens with higher levels of psychological capital have lower levels of anxiety and depression. Therefore, we can think that citizens with high internal psychological capital can alleviate the psychological pressure, anxiety and depression brought by psychological capital to a great extent through their own psychological quality. At the same time, we also found that relatively speaking, citizens with high individual psychological capital are less affected by family factors, work and life, traffic safety, their own health and future fear. Farmers with high level of psychological capital can better deal with the influence of family factors. They are full of hope for the future, optimistic about life and less worried about the impact of life.

Fiscal decentralization of the Visegrad Group countries as a key factor of development

The article investigates the process of decentralization of public administration in the Visegrad Group countries. The authors use the share of local budget revenues of Visegrad Group countries in GDP and the share of tax (own) revenues in the revenues of local budgets of Visegrad Group countries, as main indicators. The research examines the essence of fiscal decentralization and reforms of fiscal decentralization in Visegrad Four. It has been found that the purpose of fiscal decentralization was to increase the financial independence of the municipalities, but the local governments of the Visegrad Four countries still depend on the state budget and economic development of a country. In general, process of fiscal decentralization still has the national particularities.

THE IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC ON HUMAN CAPITAL. HUMAN CAPITAL INDEX

In the first half of 2020, as a result of the spread of coronavirus in the world and the implementation of preventive measures, the volume of production was sharply reduced, there were shortages in the supply of goods the service sector was limited. Additional difficulties for Georgia and many other developing countries have been created by the sharp decline in remittances from our citizens in other countries, which has become one of the reasons for the decline in retail trade. Countries whose tourism accounts for a significant share of their economy have been particularly hard hit. In countries where restrictions were delayed, more massive pandemic outbreaks occurred, with high mortality rates and severely restricted business activities. As a result, unemployment and poverty rates have risen. After the "repulsion" of the first wave of the virus, in many countries, including ours, there was a certain revival of the economy. However, this increased mobility has led to an even more devastating second and subsequent waves of the virus and the world is currently fighting yet another wave. The pandemic factor in Georgia, in parallel with the second, third and subsequent waves, was accompanied by an unstable political situation. This has become an additional pressure and impacted the economic downturn and the devaluation of the Georgian Lari. As in the rest of the world, the coronavirus pandemic in Georgia has had a direct impact on human capital, with a negative impact on education and human health. Unlike natural disasters, devastating effects of which on physical capital are far greater than on human, the pandemic has left factories, plants, infrastructure intact, but has had an extremely negative impact on human health, disrupting the learning process of pupils and students. The closure of schools and colleges and the transition to distance learning have resulted in the loss of much of the school year. A separate problem is the less efficiency of the distance learning process and the difficulties associated with knowledge testing. At the same time, the current situation exacerbates the divergence between different social strata in terms of access to full-fledged education. Pandemic kills thousands of people. Many of those who recovered from the pandemic suffer from both health and psychological problems. In the current situation the health sector is not given the full opportunity to deal with other diseases. Once the pandemic is over, significant investments will need to be made in both education and healthcare. The level of human capital development is an important factor for the economies of all countries. Differences between countries in GDP by 10-30% are caused by differences in the level of human capital development. It is noteworthy that the current shortcomings caused by the pandemic in the development of human capital will have a negative impact on many in the coming years. Since 2018, the World Bank has been implementing the Human Capital Development Project. Within the framework of this project, a so-called The Human Capital Index (HCI) was developed, which shows the productivity of the next generation of workers compared to the standard of complete education and perfect health. Due to the pandemic, this index has deteriorated in all countries of the world, including Georgia.

The effectiveness of audit committee and audit quality towards earnings management of ASEAN public companies

The auditing profession has become so important in the general society as well as the business world because of its responsibility in providing assurance in reporting assets such as sustainability and other information, which a variety of stakeholders have their interests in (Arens et al., 2016). The goal of this study is to observe the relationship between the audit committee and audit quality towards earnings management of public companies that operate in the food, beverage, and tobacco industry in the top three GDP countries in ASEAN between 2018 and 2020. The result from various tests in this paper indicates that audit committee independence and audit quality do affect earnings management significantly. On the other hand, audit committee size did not seem to show any significance in influencing earnings management.

ПРОЦЕСИ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ ТА ПРОПОРЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ СВІТОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article assesses the processes of globalization, which are accompanied by the spread of imbalances in the world economy both in the context of its individual sectors and in the context of individual regions and countries. The emergence of imbalances, especially global imbalances, are caused by numerous imbalances and trends in socio-economic, financial and information technology development. For example, in the period from 1992 to 2020, the share of developed countries in global GDP decreased from 83.6% to 59.6%. The share of gross investment in GDP for the group of developed countries is lower than the global figure by 0.1-2.5%, and for the group of developing countries – higher by 0.5-7.5%, especially since 2008 In the group of developed countries, the value of gross savings in GDP is lower than in the world as a whole, fluctuating from 23.6% to 19.1% and again to 23.0%. Instead, for developing countries. the figure exceeded the global level and reached 33.3% in 2020. Lack of savings is forcing individual governments to increase debt. In the group of developed countries this indicator had a steady upward trend and increased from 69.1% in 2001 to 102.3% in 2018. In the group of developing countries in the period 2000–2020 the maximum value of the indicator was 61 , 4% in 2005, the minimum – about 34% in 2008. The growth rate is projected to reach 54.5% in 2020. A classic example of global imbalances is the data on the dynamics of the balance of payments. During 2012–2021, there was an almost twofold increase in the negative balance for the United States and an increase in the positive balance for developing countries, especially in the region of Southeast Asia. Certain disparities in the growth of volumes are inherent in financial assets in certain sectors. In general, the non-bank financial intermediation sector increased 4.5 times in terms of assets during 2002–2020, the banking sector – 2.8 times, the assets of central banks – more than 8 times, the assets of government agencies – only 1.6 times.

Decomposing the Healthy Immigrant Effect: The Role of GDP of Birth Country in Immigrant Health.

Drawing on the social-ecological systems perspective of health, this study explores whether the deteriorating trend of immigrant health over time differs depending on immigrants' pre-migration macro-level factors in their birth country. Using the Household, Income, and Labor Dynamics in Australia survey (N = 1,847), we conducted an HLM analysis to examine the association among GDP per capita in the birth country, length of stay, and immigrants' health status post-migration. Support was found for both the negative association between the length of stay and health and the positive association between the GDP of the birth country and health. The negative association between length of stay and health was stronger among immigrants from low GDP countries compared to those from high GDP countries. Our findings suggest the importance of the population-level characteristics of the birth country in understanding healthy immigrant effect post-migration.

Asymmetric effects of tourism development and green innovation on economic growth and carbon emissions in top 10 GDP countries

This study aims to evaluate the impacts of international tourism development and green technology innovation on economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in the top 10 GDP countries between 1995 and 2018. Our preliminary findings reject the preposition of data normality, which instigate us to apply a novel method of moments quantile regression. The overall results suggest that international tourism development facilitates economic growth and increases carbon dioxide emissions asymmetrically across the different levels of economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, the economic growth impacts are relatively large for the comparatively more developed nations while the adverse environmental impacts are relatively larger for the comparatively less-polluted nations; thus, the tourism led-economic growth hypothesis is verified. On the other hand, green technology innovation is found to facilitate economic growth and mitigate carbon dioxide emissions, especially in the context of the relatively more developed and polluted economies.

Does capital structure influence the performance of corporate social responsibility? An analysis in companies of the world's largest economies

Companies are under external and internal pressure to adopt Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices. Positive and significant results of the relationship between CSR and financial performance are not always confirmed in empirical studies, demonstrating, thus, no consensus has been achieved in CSR literature yet. Thereby, we seek to understand the influence of capital structure on the performance of CSR practices, since there is a theoretical omission about intangible attributes. We formulated three hypotheses about the relationship between CSR and: the capital structure (H1); the debt financing (H1a); and the shareholder’s equity (H1b). We used a sample of 1,642 publicly traded companies on the 10 highest GDP countries. Using GMM 2SLS estimator, the results reveal positive and significant relationship between shareholders’ equity and CSR, while for the relationship between debt financing and CSR shown a negative and significative correlation. Our findings suggest that companies with higher scores of CSR tend to finance itself through equity. We found differences between countries related to the Capital Structure volume required to achieve a CSR positive index. Our findings provoke further debate concerning the reasons that conduct organizations to adopt such practices and foster new discussions about the aspects that involve social practices responsible adoption in companies.

A Study of Global Recession Recovery Strategies in Highly Ranked GDP EU Countries

Abstract The Global financial crisis of 2008-2009 severely impacted the developed economies of the world. It occurred at a time when most countries had started gaining economic growth, stability, and vibrance. Each country experienced a jolt to its economy, causing financial fragility, shocks, tragedy, and struggle. Attempts have been made to understand the root causes, economic instability, and the lessons learned from the great recession. Given the current situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, this research paper seeks to examine the global recession, its effect on the economy and finances. Our research is based on the qualitative analysis of comparing the impact of the global financial crisis and strategic recovery recession plans of the top five GDP countries in the European Union-particularly Germany, the UK, France, Spain, and Italy to draw some similarities between a recession and COVID-19 pandemic in terms of the economy. The findings indicate that the great recession had a devastating impact on the entire economy, and the world can learn valuable lessons. It notes that out of the selected five EU countries, Germany was the first to recover and bounce back by 2011, but Italy and Spain were severely hit and took longer to recover only partially. The recession recovery strategies demonstrate some similarities in economic and employment measures and differences concerning tax reforms and financial support packages initiated by all five countries. There needs to be a mechanism in which each country must prepare for untimely recessions. Thus, a developmental model has been created to enable countries to be more prepared when faced with recessions in the future years.

Valuing Density: An Evaluation of the Extent to which American, Australian, and Canadian Cities Account for the Climate Benefits of Density through Environmental Review

This study looks at the extent to which major cities in the United States, Australia, and Canada assess the climate impacts of densification through the environmental review process. Research indicates that greater urban density is associated with lower household greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in high GDP countries. Yet there is reason to believe that cities may be taking a parochial approach to evaluating the climate impacts of rezonings in their environmental reviews that fails to consider the environmental costs of maintaining low density. In this study, we survey the legal and policy frameworks governing the environmental review in American, Australian, and Canadian cities to determine the extent to which they consider and analyze the GHG benefits of land use changes that increase urban density. We also analyze environmental review documents for proposals to increase residential density in cities to determine the extent to which policy makers have incorporated empirical knowledge regarding the relationship between density and GHGs emissions into their environmental reviews of proposed land use changes. We find that very few cities of those we surveyed use a formal environmental review process for analyzing the GHG impacts of land use changes. In addition, the small number of cities in our survey that analyze the GHG implications of land use changes do not appear to comprehensively consider the broader GHG benefits of densification. In fact, cities that assess the GHG impacts of zoning changes appear more likely to consider densification as causing climate harms rather than climate benefits.

Güney Kore, Brezilya ve Türkiye'nin Ulusal İnovasyon Sistemlerinin ve Kalkınma Deneyimlerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Ulusal inovasyon sistemlerinin, ülkelerin büyüme ve kalkınma hedeflerinin gerçekleştirilmesinde önemli rolleri bulunmaktadır. Bu sistemlerin işletilmesinde ortaya çıkacak etkinlik farkları, ülkeler arasındaki teknolojik rekabetin ve gelişmişlik farklarının belirleyicisi olmaktadır. Bu açıdan teknolojik olarak başarılı ülkelerin ulusal inovasyon sistemlerinin incelenmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, G. Kore, Brezilya ve Türkiye’nin ulusal inovasyon sistemlerinin ve kalkınma deneyimlerinin temel inovasyon göstergeleri üzerinden karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Ülke performanslarının karşılaştırılmasında ulusal inovasyon sistemlerinin temel girdisi olarak ülkelerin Ar-Ge harcamalarının GSYİH içerisindeki payı ele alınmaktadır. Ulusal inovasyon sistemlerinin çıktısı olarak, yerli patent, ticari marka, endüstriyel tasarım başvuruları, bilimsel ve teknik makale sayısı ve yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatının mamul ihracatı içerisindeki oranı kullanılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, G. Kore’nin temel inovasyon göstergelerinde Brezilya ve Türkiye’den daha yüksek performansa sahip olduğu ve ulusal inovasyon sistemini daha etkin kullandığı görülmektedir.

Disease burden metrics and the innovations of leading pharmaceutical companies: a global and regional comparative study

BackgroundThe recent innovation activities of global top-tier pharmaceutical companies in accordance with global and regional health concerns were investigated in order to identify their innovations contributing to population health.Methods“Innovation activity” was defined as the number of drugs for which R&D activities have been reported within the last three years. Such activities were measured by collecting the data on drug developments and classifying them by developer company, phase of development, therapeutic use, and the country in which the development conducted. Subsequently, we examined and compared the correlations between the global innovation activities of the top 20 pharmaceutical companies and the disease burden measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by income level and region. In addition, this study analyzed the association between country-specific innovations and DALYs in the corresponding countries.ResultsAt a global level, the innovation activities were not associated with global DALYs. However, when analyzed by income level, the innovation activities were associated with DALYs in high income and upper middle income countries while it was not associated with DALYs in low middle income and low income countries. In terms of region, correlations were found between the innovation activities and DALYs in the European region, the Americas, and the Western Pacific region whereas such correlations were not found in the African, Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asian regions. Similar to the analyses by income level and region, correlations between country-specific innovations and DALYs were only found in high income or high GDP countries. In addition, an empirical analysis of several cases including Canada, Germany, South Korea, and the United Kingdom revealed that pharmaceutical innovation is more closely related to market size than disease burden.ConclusionsThis study identified that discrepancies between pharmaceutical innovation and public health needs, i.e., disease burden values, have persisted until recently. To alleviate this imbalance, both public and private sectors should not only fulfill their respective roles and responsibilities regarding these issues, but also make strategic and collaborative efforts such as Product Development Partnerships (PDPs) directed toward public health improvement.

Non Pharmaceutical Interventions, Hospital Overload and Excess Mortality: Statistical Analysis and Mathematical Study of the NPIs Results in ‘COVID 19’ Outbreak

This study observes the results of epidemic spread and mortality in three comparable countries in demographics and GDP, also affected by the spread of SARS COV-