Study Of Counterpoint Research Articles

Type 2 diabetes and remission: practical management guided by pathophysiology.

The twin cycle hypothesis postulated that type 2 diabetes was a result of excess liver fat causing excess supply of fat to the pancreas with resulting dysfunction of both organs. If this was so, the condition should be able to be returned to normal by calorie restriction. The Counterpoint study tested this prediction in short‐duration type 2 diabetes and showed that liver glucose handling returned to normal within 7 days and that beta‐cell function returned close to normal over 8 weeks. Subsequent studies have demonstrated the durability of remission from type 2 diabetes. Remarkably, during the first 12 months of remission, the maximum functional beta‐cell mass returns completely to normal and remains so for at least 24 months, consistent with regain of insulin secretory function of beta cells which had dedifferentiated in the face of chronic nutrient oversupply. The likelihood of achieving remission after 15% weight loss has been shown to be mainly determined by the duration of diabetes, with responders having better beta‐cell function at baseline. Remission is independent of BMI, underscoring the personal fat threshold concept that type 2 diabetes develops when an individual acquires more fat than can be individually tolerated even at a BMI which in the nonobese range. Observations on people of South Asian or Afro‐American ethnicity confirm that substantial weight loss achieves remission in the same way as in the largely White Europeans studied in detail. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes can now be regarded as an urgent signal that weight loss must be achieved to avoid a progressive decline of health.

Pembelajaran Kontrapung dengan Menggunakan Software Sibelius di Program Studi Pendidikan Musik Fakultas Seni Pertunjukan ISI Yogyakarta

The terminology of counterpoint comes from the Italian language “punctus contra punctum”. Counterpoint consists of two or more melodic lines. The basic counterpoint consisting of two melodic lines (it is usually called inventions two voices). In the study of counterpoint in Music Education Study Program at Performing Arts Faculty, Indonesia Institute of the Arts Yogyakarta, the researcher found that students facing the difficulty in making inventions two voices. Regarding solve the problem, the researcher using Sibelius software as a learning media. This research is a classroom action research with the aims to increase the learning result of students in learning counterpoint by using Sibelius software. The result shows that Sibelius software can simplify and accelerate in making two-part inventions. The data obtained from students’ result in making two-part inventions and questionnaires that distribute to students at the end of the semester. In the preliminary stage, the data showed that only 6 (16, 70%) out of 36 students got excellent marks. This percentage increases until the second cycle, there are 21 (58, 33%) out of 36 students got excellent marks. This result showed the increasing of student learning outcomes in study Kontrapung II by using Sibelius software on making two-part inventions.

Can we cure type 2 diabetes?

Can we cure type 2 diabetes?

The Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT): protocol for a cluster randomised trial.

BackgroundDespite improving evidence-based practice following clinical guidelines to optimise drug therapy, Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) still exerts a devastating toll from vascular complications and premature death. Biochemical remission of T2DM has been demonstrated with weight loss around 15kg following bariatric surgery and in several small studies of non-surgical energy-restriction treatments. The non-surgical Counterweight-Plus programme, running in Primary Care where obesity and T2DM are routinely managed, produces >15 kg weight loss in 33 % of all enrolled patients. The Diabetes UK-funded Counterpoint study suggested that this should be sufficient to reverse T2DM by removing ectopic fat in liver and pancreas, restoring first-phase insulin secretion.The Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT) was designed to determine whether a structured, intensive, weight management programme, delivered in a routine Primary Care setting, is a viable treatment for achieving durable normoglycaemia. Other aims are to understand the mechanistic basis of remission and to identify psychological predictors of response.Methods/DesignCluster-randomised design with GP practice as the unit of randomisation: 280 participants from around 30 practices in Scotland and England will be allocated either to continue usual guideline-based care or to add the Counterweight-Plus weight management programme, which includes primary care nurse or dietitian delivery of 12-20weeks low calorie diet replacement, food reintroduction, and long-term weight loss maintenance. Main inclusion criteria: men and women aged 20-65years, all ethnicities, T2DM 0-6years duration, BMI 27-45 kg/m2. Tyneside participants will undergo Magnetic Resonance (MR) studies of pancreatic and hepatic fat, and metabolic studies to determine mechanisms underlying T2DM remission. Co-primary endpoints: weight reduction ≥ 15 kg and HbA1c <48 mmol/mol at one year. Further follow-up at 2 years.DiscussionThis study will establish whether a structured weight management programme, delivered in Primary Care by practice nurses or dietitians, is a viable treatment to achieve T2DM remission. Results, available from 2018 onwards, will inform future service strategy.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN03267836. Date of Registration 20/12/2013Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12875-016-0406-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The Art of Partimento: History, Theory, Practice by Giorgio Sanguinetti (review)

INSTRUMENTS AND PERFORMANCE The Art of Partimento: History, Theory, Practice. By Giorgio Sanguinetti. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. [xiii, 385 p. ISBN 9780195394207. $49.95]. Music examples, bibliography, index, companion Web site.The subject of partimento practices, which came to prominence in the Neapolitan compositional school during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, has received considerable scholarly attention in the twenty-first century. Beginning in 2004 with Florian Grampp's four-part series of articles under the general title Partimenti-Musik fur Generalbass solo in Concerto: Das Magazin fur Alte Musik (I: Johann Matthesons Grose Generalbass-Schule, 21, no. 193: 23-29; II: Romische Quellen zur Partimento-Praxis, 21, no. 194: 23-27; III: Zur neapolitanischen Partimento-Tradition, 21, no. 196: 26-27; IV: Solistischer Generalbass in Nord-und Mitteldeutschland, 22, no. 199: 32-35), variety of topics pertaining to these practices and their influence on composers and pedagogues in Italy-and, indeed, throughout Europe-have been the subject of earnest investigation. Sanguinetti's effort in this area offers new and valuable insights into the historical background of this tradition; further, the book explores the theoretical implications of these practices, and guides the interested reader in the complex art of realizing partimento line as well.The book is divided into four large sections, with part 1 offering history of the tradition. In chapter 2, Sanguinetti presents basic definition: A partimento is sketch, written on single staff, whose main purpose is to be guide for improvisation of composition at the (p. 14). Partimenti were originally conceived as an alternative form of notation; early references to this term treat it as synonym for continuo. Indeed, Sanguinetti points out the superficial resemblance of partimenti to basso seguente keyboard parts, noting this important distinction: basso seguente part represents a synthesis of an existing composition, while partimento is plan for composition not yet in existence (p. 11). Out of this notational practice arose strong tradition of partimenti as pedagogical tools, method by which the Neapolitan masters could pass along information on variety of musical matters-realization of unfigured basses, continuo playing, rules for improvisation, contrapuntal principles, etc.-in concise and orderly manner.Chapter 3 presents thoroughgoing exploration of the history of partimento practices in Italy. Precursors to this tradition are examined, from the early uses of basso continuo, as outlined by Adriano Banchieri in his 1611 treatise L'organo suono, to the early Roman partimenti of Bernardo Pasquini (1637-1710) and, perhaps most significantly, Alessandro Scarlatti. While working in Rome, Scarlatti was student of Pasquini. Sanguinetti cites the connection between these two composers as central to the development of the partimento as both an art form and pedagogical device based on improvisation, tradition that Scarlatti would take with him when he returned to Naples in 1715 to resume his duties there, which included teaching.It is in Naples that the partimento achieved its greatest impact as an instructional device for communicating the principles of composition. Sanguinetti offers reappraisal of the idea of Neapolitan school of composition in chapter 4, and suggests that, since the influence of its adherents had such widespread effect, it might be more appropriate to speak of European school (p. 31). His subsequent outline of the history of the Neapolitan conservatories provides an excellent background for his description of the teaching methods found therein. Chapter 5 gives us synopsis of the pedagogical practices of these institutions, which emphasized the learning of basic bass schemata fused with the study of counterpoint. Both disciplines were necessary to the ultimate goal of fugal composition. …

Population response to information on reversibility of Type 2 diabetes

Following publication of the Counterpoint Study (on the reversibility of Type 2 diabetes using a very low energy diet), the extent of public interest prompted the authors to make available, on a website, general information about reversing diabetes. Shortly thereafter, individuals began to feed back their personal experiences of attempting to reverse their diabetes. We have collated this information on the effects of energy restriction in motivated individuals with Type 2 diabetes that has been achieved outside a research setting. Emails, letters and telephone communications received between July 2011 and September 2012 were evaluated (n = 77: 66 men, 11 women). Median diabetes duration was 5.5 years (3 months-28 years). Reversal of diabetes was defined as achieving fasting capillary blood glucose < 6.1 mmol/l and/or, if available, HbA1c less than 43 mmol/mol (6.1%) off treatment. Self-reported weight fell from 96.7 ± 17.5 kg at baseline to 81.9 ± 14.8 kg after weight loss (P < 0.001). Self-reported fasting blood glucose levels fell from 8.3 mmol/l (5.9-33.0) to 5.5 mmol/l (4.0-10.0) after the weight loss period (P < 0.001). Diabetes reversal was considered to have occurred in 61% of the population. Reversal of diabetes was observed in 80, 63 and 53% of those with > 20, 10-20 and < 10 kg weight loss, respectively. There was a significant correlation between degree of weight loss and reported fasting glucose levels (Rs -0.38, P = 0.006). Reversal rates according to diabetes duration were: short (< 4 years) = 73%, medium (4-8 years) = 56% and long (> 8 years) = 43%. These data demonstrate that intentional weight loss achieved at home by health-motivated individuals can reverse Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes reversal should be a goal in the management of Type 2 diabetes.

Banting Memorial lecture 2012: reversing the twin cycles of type 2 diabetes.

It has become widely accepted that Type 2 diabetes is inevitably life-long, with irreversible and progressive beta cell damage. However, the restoration of normal glucose metabolism within days after bariatric surgery in the majority of people with Type 2 diabetes disproves this concept. There is now no doubt that this reversal of diabetes depends upon the sudden and profound decrease in food intake, and does not relate to any direct surgical effect. The Counterpoint study demonstrated that normal glucose levels and normal beta cell function could be restored by a very low calorie diet alone. Novel magnetic resonance methods were applied to measure intra-organ fat. The results showed two different time courses: a) resolution of hepatic insulin sensitivity within days along with a rapid fall in liver fat and normalisation of fasting glucose levels; and b) return of normal beta cell insulin secretion over weeks in step with a fall in pancreas fat. Now that it has been possible to observe the pathophysiological events during reversal of Type 2 diabetes, the reverse time course of events which determine the onset of the condition can be identified. The twin cycle hypothesis postulates that chronic calorie excess leads to accumulation of liver fat with eventual spill over into the pancreas. These self-reinforcing cycles between liver and pancreas eventually cause metabolic inhibition of insulin secretion after meals and onset of hyperglycaemia. It is now clear that Type 2 diabetes is a reversible condition of intra-organ fat excess to which some people are more susceptible than others.

Directing Student Attention during Two-Part Dictation

This study is an exploration of undergraduate music majors' strategies in two-part dictation. Sixty volunteers received three dictation sessions—two that directed attention to rhythm first or pitch first, and one that was nondirected. The dependent measure, written dictation accuracy, was analyzed by means of separate pitch and rhythm scores. For six counterbalanced groups (n = 10), analysis of variance showed no order effects. A repeated measures MANOVA (accuracy by condition) showed a significant effect for condition (p &lt; .0001). Higher rhythm accuracy occurred in the rhythm-first condition when it was compared to the nondirected (p &lt; .05) and pitch-first (p &lt; .0001) conditions. Pitch accuracy was not affected by condition. Accuracy was unrelated to covariates examined (years of theory and counterpoint study, keyboard skill, and private strategy). Results suggest that in polyphonic dictation, attending to rhythm first and pitch afterwards may be an effective way of maximizing rhythmic accuracy.

The Study of Counterpoint. From Johann Joseph Fux's Gradus ad Parnassum

The Study of Counterpoint. From Johann Joseph Fux's Gradus ad Parnassum

REVIEWS OF BOOKS

REVIEWS OF BOOKS Get access Steps to Parnassus : the Study of Counterpoint. By Johann Joseph Fux. Translated and edited by Alfred Mann, with the Collaboration of John St. Edmunds, pp. 156 ( Dent, London, 1944.) 21s. E. B. E. B. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Music and Letters, Volume XXV, Issue 4, October 1944, Pages 249-a–249, https://doi.org/10.1093/ml/XXV.4.249-a Published: 01 October 1944

REVIEWS OF BOOKS

REVIEWS OF BOOKS Get access Sixteenth-Century Polyphony : a Basis for the Study of Counterpoint. By Arthur Tillman Merritt. pp 215( Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.; Oxford University Press, 1939 15s. 6d.) J. A. W. J. A. W. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Music and Letters, Volume XXI, Issue 3, July 1940, Pages 294–295, https://doi.org/10.1093/ml/XXI.3.294 Published: 01 July 1940