Counterterrorism Strategy Research Articles

APPRAISAL OF THE CAPACITY OF NATIONAL COUNTER TERRORISM STRATEGY TO PREVENT AND COMBAT TERRORISM IN NIGERIA

The standing policy adopted by Nigerian states to fight against terrorism is known as the National Counter Terrorism Strategy (NACTEST). This tactic has five pillars, namely: to forestall, to secure, to identify, to prepare, and to implement. Most of the literature engages on reasons for the emergency of terrorism, the effect of terrorism, or the strategy adopted by the terrorist to perpetrate their heinous activities. However, little attempt has been made to evaluate the efficacy of Nigeria's strategy against terrorism, especially NACTEST. Based on this backdrop, this paper is an attempt to examine the performance of Nigeria in identifying terrorist plans and its preparations to thwart them. These are two major and critical pillars of the NACTEST document (to identify and prepare). The paper adopts secondary methods of data gathering and content analysis for analyzing both primary and secondary data as a source of information gathering and content analysis methods for analyzing the generated data. The paper also adopted protracted social conflict theory to analyze the reasons for terrorism and the methods adopted by the Nigerian government to address those motivating factors. It was discovered that the Nigerian government has been able to prevent attacks by terrorists by identifying some sources of terrorist funding in Nigeria. However, it was discovered that, as far as the capacity of the government is concerned, security agencies still lack the necessary capacity to efficiently explore and detect terrorist attacks before they occur. The paper recommends more engagement of civilians and community stakeholders in fighting against terrorism in Nigeria.

Application Of Counterterrorism In Eradicating Criminal Acts Of Terrorism Into Indonesian Positive Legislation

Through counterterrorism policies, the government can mobilize various public work sectors which ultimately improve the quality of security and welfare provisions by the state. Improving the handling of terrorism convicts in prison to prevent recidivism, for example, will improve the detention system, immigration system and civil registration. This is of course with an important note that the policy of responding to terrorism is carried out in a coordinated manner. So, not only certain institutions within the country, but all state institutions must have a clear role in responding to terrorism. The formulation of the problem discussed is: How can counterterrorism efforts prevent and overcome terrorism? and How is counter-terrorism implemented in eradicating criminal acts of terrorism into Indonesian positive law legislation? The research method used in this research is normative juridical research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Discussion: The application of counter-terrorism in eradicating criminal acts of terrorism in Indonesia has been integrated into positive legal legislation through Law no. 5 of 2018. This law strengthens the legal framework by expanding the definition of terrorism, tightening supervision, and giving greater authority to security forces, as well as introducing preventive measures such as preventive detention and deradicalization. The role of the National Counter-Terrorism Agency (BNPT) has also been strengthened to coordinate counter-terrorism strategies. The legislative process in Indonesia which follows the civil law tradition requires regulations to be written in writing. Establishment of Law no. 5 of 2018 was also influenced by the phenomenon of acts of terrorism which prompted the acceleration of the revision of Law no. 15 of 2003. Encouragement from society (bottom-up) and responses from political actors accelerated the ratification of this law, even though there were various challenges related to expanding authority and human rights. In dealing with terrorism, Indonesia applies two main approaches, namely the criminal justice model and the war model. The criminal justice model views terrorism as a legal violation that is handled through law enforcement, while the war model views it as an existential threat that requires a military response.

The Impact of Islamic Extremist Terrorist Attacks on the British Muslim Community

This study investigates the impact of Islamophobic hate crimes on the British Muslim community in the aftermath of the 2017 terrorist attacks in the UK (United Kingdom), which were largely linked to Islamic extremism. Using qualitative research methods, the project explores the psychological and social consequences experienced by Muslim communities, focusing on hate crimes and discrimination. Through participant questionnaires, the study identifies key themes such as heightened anxiety, fear of public safety, and altered online behaviours. Respondents reported feelings of paranoia, identity questioning, and social withdrawal, reflecting the emotional and mental toll of Islamophobia. Additionally, the rise in Islamophobic abuse, both in person and online, demonstrates the widespread prejudice faced by Muslims post-terrorist incidents. The research highlights gaps in current counter-terrorism strategies, particularly in addressing the secondary harm inflicted on Muslim communities. Victims often felt neglected by law enforcement, leading to calls for more robust protective measures, such as increased police presence in vulnerable areas and better communication between authorities and Muslim communities. Participants also recommended educational reforms to raise public awareness of Islamophobia and more responsible media coverage to prevent further stigmatization of Muslims. The study emphasizes the importance of policy changes to reduce hate crimes and foster social cohesion.

The impact of the Prevent Agenda on social work: a systematic literature review

The Prevent Agenda, introduced in 2006, is a counter-terrorism strategy aiming to address radicalisation and extremist behaviour. This systematic literature review (SLR) focuses on its impact on child protection social work, examining how it influences roles, responsibilities and decision-making processes. Analysing articles, governmental reports and relevant literature, the review explores outcomes, such as improved inter-agency communication and heightened awareness of radicalisation risk factors. However, much more pronounced in the literature are very significant concerns that arise about potential biases in targeting, marginalising Muslim minorities and alienating families from support. This SLR offers insights into the multifaceted effects of Prevent on child protection social work, families and communities. Identifying trends and knowledge gaps contributes to understanding how counterterrorism intersects with child welfare. The review’s implications inform policy, professional training and future research for a balanced approach to national security and child and family well-being.

The Trojan Horse Affair and the coloniality of ‘British values’

ABSTRACT British values were formally defined and institutionalised in the aftermath of the Trojan Horse Affair in 2014 and as part of the UK’s counterterrorism strategy. In this article, I analyse the idea of “British values” as an element of coloniality and ask why the UK’s counterterrorism rhetoric, of which Prevent is a part, is centred on the concept of “British values”. The article shows how the discourse, and the promotion of British values, serves as a securitising and categorising agent which essentialises specific groups of people. In the contemporary context, this affects Muslims in particular, who are constructed as “other” and naturally hostile to or incompatible with British values. It argues that the rhetoric of the concept of “British values” and its application has been used as a form of distinction, not just today but also historically; this distinction has been built on colonialism and is sustained through coloniality. Through “British values”, the civilising mission lives on within the UK’s counterterrorism strategy and within Prevent more specifically.

Terrorism in Pakistan Impact on National Security

Terrorism presents a substantial obstacle in the current global political landscape, leading to changes in approaches to national security. The 9/11 attacks had a significant and far-reaching effect, on South Asia, notably in Pakistan, prompting leaders such as President George W. Bush to intensify worldwide counter-terrorism efforts. This research examines the relationship between terrorism and national security, focusing on Pakistan's experience with cross-border terrorism from Afghanistan, particularly in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The study argues that terrorism surpasses conventional conflict standards and poses existential risks to national security. The study also highlights the impact of terrorist spillover from Afghanistan on Pakistan's territorial integrity, political sovereignty, and core institutions. The study also highlights the degradation of civil freedoms, economic pressures, and social divides due to terrorism. The research advocates for strong counter-terrorism strategies and global collaboration to strengthen national security and maintain global peace. The research advocates for a comprehensive strategy to address terrorism, emphasizing self-sufficiency and global cooperation, aiming to successfully battle terrorism while preserving national autonomy and democratic government in international affairs.

The Islamic State – Khorasan Province (ISK): an assessment of current operations

ABSTRACT The rise of the Islamic State – Khorasan Province (ISK) from 2015 to the present began largely unnoticed as an insurgency in Afghanistan and has recently been observed as a growing terrorist threat around the globe. This assessment examines the historical precedent, evolution, and strategic objectives of ISK by way of delving into its origins in the jihadist extremist template, and into its operations by area, which increasingly are those outside of its immediate provincial boundaries, expanding into regional and beyond. Tied to its kinetic operations is a robust and modern media capability and strategy that is serving to elevate the status of the group, enable it a global networked capacity, and draw recruits and other resources. While remaining tied to the hierarchy of IS central, ISK is free to perpetuate extremist ideology and brutal tactics as envisioned by early IS originator Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. The upward cycle of, and battlefield momentum gained by ISK in both the physical world and online presents both a challenge and an urgent necessity for counter-terrorism strategies in both temporal realms.

Sky Is the Limit: Examining the Evolution of Indo-Israel Defence Relations

The symbiotic relationship between India and Israel is underpinned by their parallel experiences following the tumultuous partition. The steadfast adherence to democratic principles, joint efforts to counter belligerent neighboring states, and the mounting specter of transnational terrorism have further cemented their bond. This research paper delves into the evolution of India's diplomatic entente with Israel. Geopolitically, the two nations have collaborated in counterterrorism, defense, intelligence coordination, research, and advancements in the scientific and technological domains. Their bilateral cooperation has extended to encompass agriculture, water resource management, trade, tourism, and cultural exchange, consequently bolstering their strategic partnership for mutual benefit. This paper scrutinizes the intricate strategic alignment forged between India and Israel in 1992, which marked the conclusion of a protracted diplomatic estrangement spanning over four decades subsequent to their declarations of independence. It principally focuses on their concerted endeavors in counterterrorism, encompassing initiatives such as mutual information sharing, implementation of counterterrorism strategies, amplification of telecommunications infrastructure, and fortification of internet networks. The study supplies a comprehensive scrutiny of the multifaceted challenges confronting India in combatting terrorist threats within its borders, taking into consideration both international dynamics and domestic political barriers that influence the country's collaborative pursuits with Israel. Moreover, it meticulously evaluates the catalytic role of the Narendra Modi administration in strengthening the defense alliance between the two nations.

‘Fundamental British values’: navigating nationalism and teacher practice

ABSTRACT Attempts to locate ‘Britishness’ within a context of loyalty to a set of shared values, have drawn upon discourses rooted in both contemporary and Imperial British histories. A central plank of the approach adopted since the early 2010s is the ‘Fundamental British Values’ (FBV), emerging from the British counter-terror strategy Prevent (2011). This paper interrogates the responses of school staff to the FBV, particularly expressions of discomfort regarding the policy’s nationalist overtones drawn from staff interviews, policy documentation and on-site photography obtained from an inner-south London primary school,. These responses are explored using Appadurai’s (1990) conception of ‘scapes’ in relation to globalisation, which highlight some of the strategies used by staff to manage this discomfort relative to their statutory duties. Finally, the broader implications and ideological foundations of the strategies chosen by staff are examined and spaces for deeper engagement with the FBV are examined.

Critical Analysis of Status of Counter-Terrorism Strategies in Manda, Lamu County, Kenya: A Multifaceted Examination of HUMINT and SIGINT

This paper presents a critical analysis of counter-terrorism strategies in Kenya, with a specific focus on the multifaceted examination of Human Intelligence (HUMINT) and Signals Intelligence (SIGINT). The study employed a sequential explanatory mixed-methods research design integrates both qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a thorough understanding of Kenya's efforts to combat terrorism. The target population of this study encompassed participants involved in counter-terrorism activities in Kenya. This included officers in security agencies such as the National Intelligence Service and the Kenya Defense Forces which formed our target population. A total of 93 officers participated. The respondents were drawn through purposive sampling. By addressing multiple levels of involvement, the paper provides a holistic view of counter-terrorism strategies and their impact. Quantitative data was collected through surveys administered to a representative sample of security personnel in the NIS and KDF. Qualitative data on the other hand was collected through interviews. Semi-structured interviews were done with key informants, such as heads of the National Intelligence Service and Kenya Defense Forces helped capture the nuanced perspectives on HUMINT and SIGINT. STATA and Statistical Package for Social Scences (SPSS) Software were used to analyze quantitative data from the survey. The statistical significance between the average expectations and average perceptions in both security agencies was analyzed using two-sample t-tests. Additionally, the significance of the gaps between the agencies was assessed with Hotelling’s T-squared test at a 5% significance level. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were also used to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between the independent variable (s) and the dependent variable. The study generally found that the indicators of the HUMINT strategy were effective in countering terrorism except for source penetration. Further, the study determined that all indicators of SIGINT strategy were ineffective in countering terrorism except for interception of communication and timely warnings.

Legitimacy of Social Justice in the Terrorism Regulations: Insight from Several Countries

<p>Indonesia continues to experience recidivist terrorism regularly as a result of the injustices it faces. As a result, it is critical to prioritize the legitimacy of social justice for both victims and perpetrators, as well as adopt a humanitarian approach to non-criminal terrorism to mitigate and avert criminal acts of terrorism. This research aims to analyze the legitimacy of social justice in counterterrorism environments. This research employs normative juridical research to compare the counterterrorism regulations of several countries that incorporate social justice legitimacy. The findings of this research show that, <em>first</em>, it is crucial to integrate procedural justice and legitimacy principles into counterterrorism initiatives to preserve public confidence in the justice system, prevent exploitation, and uphold human rights. <em>Second</em>, it is critical to compare other countries' terrorism regulations to understand and evaluate their strategies for enhancing international cooperation and preventing terrorist attacks. In response to persistent terrorist threats, the United Kingdom, Pakistan, and the European Union implemented more ambitious counterterrorism strategies and incorporated social justice into their policies. To achieve effective and socially just terrorism regulations, Indonesia must adopt regulations in these countries.</p>

The false dawns over Marawi: examining the post-Marawi counterterrorism strategy in the Philippines

ABSTRACT Following the 2017 siege of Marawi, the Philippines’ counter-terrorism approach has grappled with an increasingly fragmented and unpredictable landscape. Despite claims of victory, the aftermath of Marawi underscores the need to reassess and critique the country's counter-terrorism strategy. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the post-Marawi terrorist environment and evaluates the efficacy of strategies adopted by Philippine security forces. While detailing changes in strategy, policy and capacity-building efforts, the paper argues that the focus on the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) in Sulu has overshadowed broader security concerns, including the resurgence and the proliferation of other rebels. The paper concludes that 7 years after Marawi, while steps have been taken in the right direction, the opportunity to fundamentally reset counterterrorism has been squandered. A more nuanced and comprehensive approach requiring further investment and infrastructure is needed. This represents the first assessment of both the new military and non-military interventions by the Philippine state. The analysis reveals how US security assistance to the Philippines has become more politicized on anti-corruption and human rights issues and how progressive policy changes will be undone if Marawi itself is not rescued from bad governance and the neglect of the community that lost the most.

RELIGION AND VIOLENCE: TERRORISM AS A GLOBAL ISSUE

This research aims to explore the phenomenon of terrorism and radicalism, as well as the factors underlying their spread. Using a qualitative approach, this research involved in-depth interviews with former members of terrorist groups, security practitioners, academics, and government officials. Ethnographic studies and content analyses of documents, social media, and propaganda materials were also conducted to understand the internal dynamics and communication strategies of terrorist groups. The results show that terrorist groups utilise social media and digital platforms to spread radical ideology and recruit new members through narratives that manipulate political, economic, and social issues. Preventing terrorism requires a comprehensive approach that involves international cooperation, education that emphasises human values and tolerance, and equitable economic development. Effective de-radicalisation programmes are also essential to help individuals affected by radical ideologies return to society. This research makes an important contribution in developing more effective prevention and counterterrorism strategies, by understanding the factors that drive terrorism and radicalism and identifying comprehensive prevention measures.

Ethiopia and Kenya's Experience and Vulnerability to Al-Shabaab and Their Counter-Terrorism Strategies: A Comparative Analysis

Ethiopia and Kenya's Experience and Vulnerability to Al-Shabaab and Their Counter-Terrorism Strategies: A Comparative Analysis

Issues and Perspectives on Cyberterrorism and Information Security in Nigeria

The advent of information and communication technology (ICT) and the internet in Nigeria offer endless opportunities and also raise a lot of concerns bothering on cybercrime, cyberterrorism, information and human security. Recently, Nigeria has experienced an unprecedented surge in cybercrime, with potentially disastrous consequences for the country's socioeconomic and sustainable growth. Consequently, the complexities and horrific nature of cyberterrorism in recent times have increased proportionately which calls for prompt action. This study therefore, examines the effects of cyberterrorism on information and human security in Nigeria. Anchored on the technology-enabled crime and risk society theory and integrative literature review approach, the study revealed that, aside from the fact that information security is important for the continued existence of individuals, organisations and government in Nigeria, different terrorist and secessionist groups in Nigeria such as Boko Haram have been using the Nigeria’s cyberspace to mobilize and train its members, raise funds as well as propagate their nefarious agenda. The study however recommends among many things that, the Nigerian government should strengthen the Cybercrime Prohibition and Prevention Act 2015 while also ensuring the establishment of strong legal, institutional and security frameworks in line with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2341 (2017) and the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (GCTS) in order to fight cyberterrorism in Nigeria.

THE DOCTRINE OF SUFI PHILOSOPHY AS A POWERFUL ANTIDOTE TO GLOBAL TERRORISM

The rise of global terrorism presents a critical challenge to peace and stability worldwide, fueled by divisive ideologies that promote hatred and violence. There is a growing need for alternative frameworks that promote understanding, tolerance, and reconciliation. This paper explores the doctrine of Sufi philosophy as a powerful antidote to global terrorism, examining its principles and practices in fostering peace and countering extremist ideologies. A comprehensive review of literature on Sufi philosophy, Islamic mysticism, and counter-terrorism strategies was conducted to elucidate the principles and practices of Sufism in promoting peace and countering extremist narratives. The findings reveal that Sufi philosophy embodies principles of love, compassion, and spiritual enlightenment, potent antidotes to the rhetoric of hatred and violence propagated by extremist groups. Sufi teachings emphasize the interconnectedness of humanity, fostering a culture of tolerance, understanding, and mutual respect. In conclusion, the doctrine of Sufi philosophy offers a transformative framework for countering global terrorism by addressing its root causes of ignorance, fear, and alienation. Through its emphasis on love, compassion, and spiritual enlightenment, Sufism provides a compelling alternative to extremist ideologies, inspiring individuals and communities worldwide to embrace a path of peace, unity, and understanding.

A Case Study on The Security Challenges and Counterterrorism Strategies in The India-Afghanistan Relations from 2001 To 2014

In this research paper, I have thoroughly described about the topic “A Case Study on The Security Challenges and Counterterrorism Strategies in The India-Afghanistan Relations from 2001 To 2014”. Between the years 2001 and 2014, the relationship between India and Afghanistan was marked by substantial security issues. These challenges were principally caused by terrorism and instability in Afghanistan, which were primarily fuelled by the insurgency of the Taliban. Because India is a neighboring country, it was very worried about the possible spillover consequences that may result from terrorism and unrest throughout the area. Afghanistan remained unstable and posed a continuing danger to the security of the area, even though the Taliban rule was overthrown by the invasion led by the United States after the attacks of September 11, 2001. India's strategy for resolving these difficulties consisted of a multi-pronged approach that included political engagement, economic cooperation, and measures to enhance the ability of Afghan security forces. The Istanbul Process and the Heart of Asia-Istanbul Process are two examples of regional and international efforts that were undertaken with the intention of stabilizing Afghanistan. India had a significant part in both initiatives. Nevertheless, despite these efforts, the security situation in Afghanistan remained uncertain, and India continued to face threats from terrorist groups that were operating from inside Afghan territory. When these obstacles were present, the relationship between India and Afghanistan saw substantial alterations. These transformations included increasing collaboration and engagement, which were driven by common strategic goals. These interests included counterterrorism, energy security, and regional influence. In addition to shedding light on the difficulties and ongoing efforts that are necessary to solve these problems and promote stability in the area, the time that is being investigated provides unique insights into the security dynamics that are defining the relationship between India and Afghanistan.

International Political Dynamics and Islamic Jurisprudence: Understanding the Roots of Terrorism

This paper critically examines the intricate challenges involved in defining terrorism, emphasizing the political instrumentalization of Islam as a perceived threat. It delves into the multifaceted nature of terrorism by exploring various definitions and the underlying political motivations. The study then transitions to an in-depth analysis of Islamic jurisprudence's unequivocal stance against violence and terrorism, highlighting the consistent and unanimous condemnation by Islamic scholars. By scrutinizing the ethical principles that govern warfare in Islam, including the protection of non-combatants and the conditions under which violence is permissible, the paper offers a nuanced and comprehensive perspective on how Islamic teachings fundamentally oppose terrorism. This analysis is supported by references to primary Islamic texts (Quran and Hadith) and classical jurisprudential sources, ensuring a thorough understanding of Islamic legal principles. Furthermore, the paper addresses the broader socio-political implications of framing Islam as synonymous with terrorism. It examines the impact of this narrative on public perceptions, policy-making, and the rise of Islamophobia. The study also considers the strategic motivations behind this framing, particularly in the context of post-9/11 geopolitical dynamics and the subsequent "War on Terror." This paper aims to explore Islamic teachings that prohibit violence and terrorism, the debates among Islamic scholars regarding the punishment for such acts, and the geopolitical motivations behind portraying Islam as a threat. By doing so, it seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of this framing on international relations, public perceptions, and counter-terrorism strategies. The paper concludes with a set of strategic recommendations aimed at promoting accurate representations of Islam. These recommendations emphasize the importance of nuanced and informed public discourse, the role of educational initiatives in dispelling myths and stereotypes, and the need for collaborative international efforts to enhance global counter-terrorism strategies. Additionally, the paper calls for fostering international cooperation to address the root causes of terrorism, such as political repression, socio-economic inequalities, and foreign interventions, thereby promoting a more just and peaceful global order.

Requisites of Deradicalisation: Study on the De-Ideologisation of Indonesian Ex-Terrorists

Studies on terrorism in Indonesia heavily emphasize a security-first approach, which has had profound implications for counter-terrorism strategies, policies, and terrorist imprisonment. This approach, however, fails to properly grasp the internal “deep experience” of terrorists. There are currently 289 terrorist convicts serving their prison sentences in 113 Correctional Institutions throughout Indonesia. Until 2017, over 60 convicted terrorists have been documented for recidivist behaviour and repeating their crimes. This phenomenon raises the question of the possibility of de-ideologization of terrorists in incarceration and if Indonesia’s criminal justice system is truly effective in deradicalizing terrorists. Our study explores this question by interviewing three different groups: ex-terrorists who have served their prison sentence, terrorists who were still incarcerated in prison, and former sympathizers of ISIS who had been deported back from Syria to Indonesia. We explored the social elements and actors that constituted their radical view, their experiences in prison, and the factors that had led them to abandon terrorist activities or disavow their support for ISIS. We conclude that social-legal policies aiming to effectively reduce the ideological reproduction of terrorism cannot be carried out using a heavy-handed security approach, but sociological insights are required to grasp the allure and kernel of truth behind terrorist acts.

Understanding Counter-terrorism Strategies of Police Against the Changing Dynamics of Terrorism in Bangladesh

Understanding Counter-terrorism Strategies of Police Against the Changing Dynamics of Terrorism in Bangladesh