Counter Hegemony Research Articles

Covid 19 Tragedy as a Momentum for Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah to Support Palestine : A Coxian Perspective

The purpose of this study is to provide solutions recommendations so that Palestine can get out of the double tragedy. Palestine is said to be experiencing a double tragedy because Palestine is a victim of Israeli colonialism as well as experiencing the Covid 19 pandemic. This research used Robert Cox perspective, are concept of independence economic management through strategy of take advantage of foreign aid and concept of historical bloc which used by Palestinian people for free from Israeli colonialism. The organizations movements analysed in this study are Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah. This research resulted in two solutions recommendations, namely, first, NU and Muhammadiyah should strengthen cooperation in providing assistance to the Palestinian people. This is done in order to create economic independence for the Palestinian people so that they can become a social force capable of fighting Israeli colonialism. Second, NU and Muhammadiyah should strengthen cooperation to support the historical bloc so that Palestine can be free from Israeli colonialism. Actually, both of organizations can become social power which have ability of counter hegemony Israeli power. This research is a correlative/predictive research, namely by explaining Robert Cox's concepts to find out possible solutions that can be taken to solve problems.

CONCLUSION: VITRUVIAN MAN AND VIRTUOUS WOMAN A RETROSPECTIVE ON THE HOMO BENE FIGURATUS THROUGH LEONARDO DA VINCI AND HARMONIA ROSALES

On September 16, 2017, the then-thirty-three-year-old Afro-Cuban American artist Harmonia Rosales presented her oil painting Virtuous Woman at her first art gallery exhibition, called ‘Black Imaginary To Counter Hegemony (B.I.T.C.H.)’, at the Simard Bilodeau Contemporary in downtown Los Angeles. The work is based on Leonardo da Vinci's famous visualization of Vitruvius’ description of the homo bene figuratus, that is, of the ‘ideal’ or ‘well-formed’ human being on whose symmetry and proportions the construction of temples should be modeled (Vitr. De arch. 3.1; fig. 5.3). Rosales retains the presentation of a nude human figure in an interlocking square and circle on a background covered in handwriting. Yet Rosales’ rendition of the lettering is even less easily legible than the Italian paraphrases of, and expansions upon, Vitruvius’ Latin that the left-handed Leonardo had written in mirrored script around his sketch. Moreover, Rosales’ painting fills not the page of a book, but a large canvas damaged at the edges and marked by red-orange blemishes. Most importantly, the person at the center is no longer the stern and, to a modern viewer, White-presenting man of da Vincian fame. Instead, she is a Black woman (fig. 7.1).

Counter Hegemony in the Implementation of Cremation Ceremonies in Tuka Customary Village in Badung Regency, Bali

Counter Hegemony in the Implementation of Cremation Ceremonies in Tuka Customary Village in Badung Regency, Bali

Counter hegemony of beauty concept by The Body Shop Instagram ad: A semiotic analysis

<p>Western beauty standards have dominated the perception of Indonesians for so long. It is mentioned that beautiful women should have smooth white skin, pointy noses, tall bodies, and straight hair. This view has also been the guideline for beauty product manufacturers in producing and advertising their cosmetics. Therefore, conventional cosmetics advertising models are usually white skinned women that have wide eyes, tall bodies, and straight hair. This study aims to describe how The Body Shop tries to fight against the hegemony of the concept of beauty that has dominated before, which called counter hegemony. This research is a descriptive qualitative research that using Charles Sanders Pierce's semiotic analysis method, which focuses on the sign (representant), the meaning of the sign (interpretant), and the object. The research based on six photos and advertising narrations that aired on Instagram @thebodyshopindo on October 9, 2021. The results showed that The Body Shop has countered the hegemony of the dominant beauty concept by displaying signs of resistance in the form of a firm narrative which means inviting women to always believe. themselves with their natural beauty, not pursuing flawless white skin. The object is a female model with dark skin, not slim, and not smooth.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

Gen-Z Local Wisdom Campaign Agenda in the Framework of Counter Hegemony, Digital Hegemony, Cultural Hegemony

Gen Z is currently facing challenges from foreign hegemony that comes with digital technology. The research analyses Gen-Z local wisdom campaign agenda in framework of counter-hegemony, digital-hegemony, and cultural-hegemony. This study uses a method based on research-based development, involving 100 Gen-Z participants with a series of discussion agendas and a local wisdom campaign on their social media. Result show that local wisdom content can be a solution for educating young people to have positive activities such as getting to know local values, increasing nationalism, and counteracting negative impacts of foreign cultural hegemony. It concluded that local wisdom can be a counter to hegemony that takes place in the new era of digital hegemony, as form of cultural hegemony.

Counter Hegemony of Matriarchy in The Black Family Race

The phenomenon of the black race in a world that is always depicted as a people who are cornered on the edge by short animated films. Hair Love is an American animated short film written and directed by Matthew A. Cherry. This animated short film was used by Matthew A. Cherry to respond to the discrimination and ugly stereotypes that occur in a black racial family, especially an African-American father. This research was conducted to determine how the counter hegemony matriarchy is depicted in the film Hair Love. The method used in this research is John Fiske's semiotics which is divided into 3 levels, namely; reality level consisting of code appearance, behavior, movement and expression; representation level consisting of camera code and characters; the ideological level found by the counter hegemony ideology against the matriarchy. The approach applied in this research is descriptive qualitative. From the results of this study, it is found that there is a counter hegemony and matriarchal ideology behind this short animated film. The practical matriarchal hegemony counter was launched in the film scene produced by Sony Animation. Show that the rejection of matriarchal domination is created to support black fathers / husbands to educate and nurture their children.
 
 Keywords: Cons of Hegemony; Matriarchy; Black Race; Semiotics; Film

Images as Afro-positivist narratives and counter hegemonic strategy: A study of #TheAfricaTheMediaNeverShowsYou

To arrest the negative stereotypes of Africa in and outside the African continent, a number of civil society organizations and activists have launched various social media-assisted initiatives aimed at showcasing the positive facets of African cultures as well as the beautiful touristic attractions existing on the continent. One of such initiatives is the #TheAfricaTheMediaNeverShowsYou movement launched in 2015 to combat the negative and colonial stereotypes of Africa through the sharing of beautiful images and videos of Africa on Twitter. The movement encouraged Africans of all horizons to share attractive images of Africa, particularly the ones that are rarely or never shown on mainstream media. Six years after the project was launched, it is high time to evaluate its strength and know some of its merits and implications. In line with this aphorism, this paper uses secondary sources and a qualitative analysis of images and videos shared on Twitter to examine the contribution of the #TheAfricaTheMediaNeverShowsYou movement to the imperative of challenging colonial representations of Africa. It specifically discusses the genesis, trans-nationalization and promises of the project; and assesses the movement in the light of two philosophico-cultural currents/theories namely Afro-positivism and counter hegemony. The paper argues that the #TheAfricaTheMediaNeverShowsYou movement put to question the popular but problematic belief that Africa is all about negativisms. It started a visual-assisted conversation not only about the wonders found on African soil but also about some of the cultures which non-Africans have often viewed as problematic or controversial. Such a conversation is a proof that Afro-optimism is still much alive on the continent and that; Africans are conscious that the fight against colonial stereotypes is a perpetual battle which must be fought even with the help of new digital cultures such as digitalized image-based activism.

KARAKTER ANTI-HERO SEBAGAI COUNTER-HEGEMONI SUPERHERO DALAM FILM DEADPOOL: ANALISIS COUNTER-HEGEMONI ANTONIO GRAMSCI

Myth is an essential part in superhero roles. In modern superhero acts, a character may possess more than one myth. Thus, this portrayal is an ideal power to create supremacy. An author, even a director could employ the newly-created myth to overcome hegemonic power. As stated in Gramsci, there is an instrument to control, even surpass ideology. In the Deadpool 1 & 2 movie, the myth of superheroes is interpreted as the instrument of hegemony. The aims of this study are to find out what kind of superhero hegemony that will be countered in the Deadpool movie, what are the counter hegemony element in the Deadpool movie, and how are the Deadpool’s effort and his preparations doing ideological battle against the superhero existence. This research uses hegemony and counter-hegemony theory according to Antonio Gramsci. This research applies descriptive qualitative method. The findings are Deadpool’s act of violence and his merc-with-mouth assuming his role as an anti-hero. However, Deadpool finally encountered the existing myth of superheroes ideologically. Unexpectedly, Deadpool offers a solution to the existing hegemony.

STRUGGLE AGAINST HEGEMONY IN THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN AND THE KITE RUNNER

Novels The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain and The Kite Runner written by Khaled Hosseini have similarities in describing struggle against hegemony. The term of “hegemony” is related to a domination of dominant group to subordinate group through agreement. In addition, this hegemony can also include physical violence to strengthen the domination. Meanwhile the term “Struggle” means that there are also resistances against the hegemony. These two novels were analyzed by comparative literature theory by Susan Basnett and Antoni Gramsci’s theory about hegemony. Focus of this research is how the writers describe hegemony and counter hegemony in social environment through literary work. This research aims to describe hegemony from dominant group to subordinate group in several kinds such as culture, ideology, intellectual and moral leadership, and state. This research also describes about several resistances, such as active, passive, and humanistic resistance. The result of this research is that there are similarities and differences of hegemony and counter hegemony based on state of factor of American and Afghanistan. The similarities can be found in the struggle, such as passive and humanistic resistance. Meanwhile for the difference in hegemony, the novel The Kite Runner includes physical hegemony through war and assassination. For the difference in struggle, The Kite Runner provide an active resistance toward a dominant group.Keywords: Hegemony; Counter Hegemony; Comparative Literature

Counter Hegemony of Cultural Art Innovation against Art in Digital Media

Culture is the most critical thing when driving innovation. This paper aims to discuss the counter-hegemony of Drama Gong against modern entertainment arts today with the dynamics of openness innovation. The research method used is qualitative and uses triangulation analysis. Basic qualitative data were obtained by examining two stories of Drama Gong, namely: (1) Angling Dharma (the 1980s) and (2) Jayaprana (2020). Data were collected through observation, document review, and interviews with artists and art observers of the Drama Gong culture of Bali. Qualitative descriptive analysis was carried out by applying the theory of semiotics and the theory of symbolic interaction. The results showed that to maintain its existence since the 1980s Drama Gong performance art has been revitalized as a form of counter-hegemony to today’s modern entertainment arts. The counter-hegemony concerns three things, namely: (1) the innovation of Drama Gong performance art, (2) the application of new technology to support the packaging and performance of the Drama Gong, and (3) efforts to maintain the function of the Drama Gong as a way to teach Balinese culture.

Resistance and counter hegemony of Ma'ya tribe to bureaucratic hegemony practices in Raja Ampat, West Papua

The establishment of a regional marine conservation area in Raja Ampat is a hegemonic practice carried out by the Raja Ampat bureaucracy with conservation NGOs, such as TNC and CI which has reaped various responses. There are people who accept the presence of conservation areas and those who do not. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the resistance and counter-hegemony responses of the Ma'ya tribe in the conservation area to the practice of bureaucratic hegemony in Raja Ampat, West Papua. The research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection by observation, in-depth interviews, FGD and documentation, and the results of the research are presented in a descriptive narrative. The results of the study show that the resistance of the Ma'ya tribe in Raja Ampat to bureaucratic hegemony in the conservation area is through blocking and taking over the monitoring post of the conservation area; prosecution of customary land rights, and reluctance to involve themselves in conservation activities. Counter-hegemony practices are carried out through the formation of customary fishing areas and the struggle for the establishment of regional regulations regarding the rights of indigenous Ma'ya tribes.

Restrictions on Some Western Songs: A Counter Hegemony Effort by the West Java Regional Indonesian Broadcasting Commission

Restriction on the broadcasting of 17 western songs considered full of sexual aspects in the Indonesian province of West Java has given rise to polemic and criticism. Various reactions, both negative and positive, emerged. Instead of supporting the restriction the Indonesian public appeared to blatantly oppose the policy made by the West Java Regional Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPID). It is interesting to analyze and study this phenomenon more deeply through the great concepts of Gramsci’s counter hegemony. Of course, a mature and strategic counter hegemony is needed to counter western music hegemony in the country. The study of counter hegemony has not been widely discussed, especially when it comes to the counter of the counter hegemony itself and this can be the novelty of this study. This phenomenon is analyzed through critical perspective by conducting literature study in several online media sites related to the topic of this research. The results show that the counter hegemony which was not carried out systematically and strategically with regard to the restrictions on the broadcasting of 17 western songs in the province of West Java did not yield a fruit in the form of the hegemony’s downfall. The hegemony of western songs remains strong. The failure of counter hegemony will strengthen the hegemony of western songs in Indonesia. For its part, it is necessary to have mature planning and strong collaboration between political society and civil society to make the counter hegemony run well in an attempt to undermine the hegemony.

An Exploratory Study of Critical Aspects of Counter Hegemony and Hindu Governmentality in India

The aim of the research is to identity, examine and analyze the views and facts related to Indian governance, politics and Hindu Governmentality. The whole study is based on focusing on Counter hegemony and Governmentality in the context of India. Bringing the social, economic and political transformation is highly significant for making progress and to achieve a place in the era of globalization. Indian governance and Indian politics are currently focusing on maintaining equality, fairness, and justice so that problems within the country related to misuse of authority and power could be successfully tackled and reduced. Transformation in governance is imperative to bring a positive change in government of a state. The term Governmentality has been developed from the genealogical exploration of the modern states as the ‘problem of government’. The problem of government is embedded in promoting sovereignty and conducting bio-politics, therefore, such concepts also provide an opportunity to analyze government and how power is being used with considering the freedom. This research focuses on analyzing the current form of sovereignty in India under the PM Modi’s regime. His regime and analysis of his ways of governing have significantly increased the attention of the people around the world. Modi’s governmentality is mainly influenced by religious ideologies, which he is using as counter-hegemonic actions in order to end secular governmentality. This research have closely analyzed the concepts of governmentality and counter hegemony in order to understand the Indian politics and Indian governance. Hindu Governmentality brings by the Prime Minister Shri. Narendra Modi as his aim for transitioning the Secular Governmentality to Hindu Governmentality. Another significant aspect of this research is that it identified that understanding the act and rationality of government alone is not possible to be understood through ‘governmentality’. Therefore, the counter hegemony has been an important concept to understand the transition of Indian government from secularism to Hindu nationalism. Hindu Governmentality executed by the Narendra Modi enhances the confidence of Hindu population in respect of following their individuality and religion. The Hindu values, perceptions, motifs and ideas are included in the current government’s policies and strategies that come from the Hindu nationalist perception of PM Narendra Modi. In all these years of Modi being the Prime Minister, he has been hinting at various social and political actions that would bring transformation and will bring transition in government from Secular governmentality to Hindu Governmentality. Counter hegemony explains the organic intellectuals that come from working class when become the new leaders, they operate as counter hegemony. Modi’s governmentality had influenced the majority of Indian population (as the majority population is Hindu) and promoted Hinduism as the dominant religion to challenge the normative or existing hegemonic political arrangements. Therefore, this paper concludes that religion is being significantly used in India as counter hegemony to create Hindu Governmentality.

Venezuelan Strategy for Agreeing on ALBA in Facing Trade Expansion United States of Latin America

In 2004 Venezuela and Cuba have agreed on a regional collaboration in Latin America called Alternative Bolivarian Las Americas and abbreviated ALBA. This collaboration is formed as a resistance facing U.S. trade expansion to bring a mission neoliberalism. With the formation of ALBA, Venezuela is the regional co-operation leaders making strategic measures to face Neoliberalism. In 2010 ALBA has had a total of 10 member countries. As a counter hegemony, ALBA also worked in three spaces. In the space of ideas, countries members need complementary principles of solidarity and cooperation to achieve prosperity and equitable regional development. At the institutional space, the idea is then integrated into ALBA.

EXISTENTIAL STRUGLE OF GERMAN LANGUAGE TOU GUIDE IN PT. NUSA DUA BALI TOUR AND TRAVEL, TUBAN, BADUNG

The growth of new tour and travel agents in Bali targeting the tourist market from Germany has created intense competition among travel bureaus. This causes a decrease in the number of German tourists who use the services of a travel agency PT. NDBT. The purpose of this study was to analyze the existential struggle that occurred at PT NDBT conducted by German-speaking guides. The research problems are 1) how the hegemony and counter hegemony that occurred in PT. NDBT, the factors causing and the implications for the PT NDBT. This study uses a qualitative method. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The theory used is the theory of hegemony, social practice theory and the theory of communicative action in an eclectic manner. The results showed that the existential struggle carried out by German guides on the corporate hegemony practice of PT. NDBT against guides as a coordinated party is a counter hegemony. Supporting factors for the German-speaking touristic licensing struggle is the decline in the number of German tourists using PT.NDBT services in Bali. As a result, the implication posed by the existential struggle is the desire to stimulate themselves in carrying out scouting work. In addition, guides must also increase knowledge of the German language and knowledge of the field of guidance. Existential struggle also has implications for the meaning of communication for fellow German tour guides.
 Keywords: existential struggle, German tour guides, tourists, Germany, travel agency.

Assimilating Gender Subversion into Counter Hegemony: A Journey from Personal to Societal Disruption in a Fairy Tale

The fairy tales depict dissatisfied characters, whose individual potential and capabilities are limited under specific gender categories and societal hegemony. Thus, the characters, thus, rebel against the conventions, through gender subversion, and countering the hegemony forces. Thus, the paper is built on the theoretical frameworks of gender subversion, by Judith Butler (1990) and counter-hegemony by Antonio Gramsci (1971). The qualitative research thematically analyzed the character of Alex Bailey from, The Enchantress Returns by Chris Colfer (2013). The findings revealed that subverting gender gives confidence at the personal level, to counter-hegemonic forms at the social level. The findings also revealed that Alex was criticized, tormented, and discouraged for the subversion of the gender rules and norms, but, she encountered the prevailing hegemony and transformed at the societal level. The transformations are not necessarily massive, but, are sufficient enough to affect Alex and her actions.

From Carbon Democracy to Carbon Rebellion: Countering Petro-Hegemony on the Frontlines of Climate Justice

This essay combines salient instances of climate justice activism in key battlegrounds against the fossil fuel industry in the United States and Canada with theoretical interventions in studies of corporate power, grassroots democracy, and counter hegemony. It explores Timothy Mitchell's Carbon Democracy and the term’s relevance to understanding the conditions in which climate justice activists must combat the entrenched interests of fossil fuel companies. It suggests that Carbon Democracy is a helpful concept for understanding how fossil fuel dependency both shapes and distorts democratic governance. Drawing upon insights in three case studies - activism against Chevron in Richmond California, the Water Protectors and the Dakota Access Pipeline at Standing Rock, and the First Nations-led fight against the Trans Mountain Pipeline in British Columbia - the essay supplements Carbon Democracy with two more terms: Petro-Hegemony and Carbon Rebellion. These reveal three power relations, namely consent, compliance, and coercion, upon which fossil fuel companies depend and in which climate justice activists must strategically intervene to move beyond conditions of Carbon Democracy. I show that dual power is a logic of strategic intervention that climate justice activists are successfully using to intervene in all three of these relations to reign in corporate power and assert their own sovereignty.

Unsolved Trinity: The case of Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

This research aims to understand transboundary river conflict and cooperation in the context of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. The study addresses the basin level legal environment and the reasons for unclosed deal from a perspective of power politics. The paper argues that power asymmetry affects cooperation in the absence of a quality institution. To mitigate such tension, benefit sharing principle needs to be introduced into the current negotiation, while Ethiopia should bring collaborative offers to downstream states in order to balance power. Furthermore, building common-ground through managing water-food-energy-environment nexus may protect each riparian from the negative impacts of counter hegemony.

M. Butterfly Filminin Yapı Sökümcü Analizi

It can be claimed that the representations of femininity and masculinity in the cinema reinforce the dominant masculine discourse. Not only representations of femininity and masculinity, but also another dimension of the sovereign discourse about Eastern / Western societies in mainstream cinema. While East is depicted as powerful hegemonic, East is represented as a place that needs to be civilized. Furthermore, East is associated with femininity and the West with masculinity in the dominant discourse of the cinema. The film, M. Butterfly, reverses this hierarchical discourse formally. M. Butterfly was examined through the question of what power/identity is through taking into consideration of this reversed discourse of East/West and feminity/masculinity. The ambiguity of meaning was emphasized while questioning hegemony of West in this article. Moreover it was also aimed to analyze what forms of counter hegemony are while mentioning ambiguity of construction. The suicide of protagonist in M. Butterfly which is inspired of Madam Butterfly opera, was also taken into consideration while questioning what identity and gender are. This article is qualitative and deconstructive analysis was uses in the analysis of the film as a text. It was found that no structures were ultimately constructed in the film, and that the established structures were constantly changing.

The PKK's Newroz: Death and Moving Towards Freedom for Kurdistan

The PKK's patronage of Newroz has changed its historical and contextual development. Previous studies have shown how the PKK made Newroz into a festival for Kurdish ‘counter hegemony', but have not paid sufficient attention to the performance of the celebration itself and its concurrent role in the PKK's political universe. This article presents an ethnographic study of how Newroz became a vehicle for disseminating the PKK's political ideology, and how it reveals cosmological ideas about agency, time, social formations, and the eventuality of freedom. The paper argues that through celebrating under the auspices of ‘the martyrs', who are incorporated in the figure of Abdullah Öcalan, the dead become re-animated and promise the potential for the arrival of a new, free time as well as illustrate the social organization and personal agency needed to achieve it. The paper uses this to expand on theories concerning the relation of death to social life, and argues that Newroz shows how the dead may go beyond being vessels for social reproduction, to becoming potentially radically transformative figures. The source material derives from participant observation at Newroz in the PKK-controlled Qandil Mountains in Iraq in 2017, and from interviews and secondary sources from the celebration in the Maxmur refugee camp.