Countdown Timer Research Articles

Correlation Between Level of Physical Activity Using GPAQ and Exercise Capacity Using 6 Min Walk Test in Non-Insulin Dependent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: This study was designed to find the Correlation Between the Level of Physical Activity and Exercise Capacity in Non-Insulin Dependent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Purpose: To find the Correlation between the Level of Physical Activity and Exercise Capacity in Non-Insulin Dependent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Materials and Methods: Materials required for this study were Countdown timer (or stopwatch), Two small cones, Chair, Worksheet on a clipboard, Sphygmomanometer. It was a correlational study design. The sampling method used was Convenient type of sampling. Sixty subjects with non-insulin dependent type 2 were included in this study. The written informed consent was taken. Informed consent document was signed, retained by the principal investigator and a copy was given to the participant. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and 6 Minutes walk test was used to study the Physical Activity and Exercise Capacity respectively. All the data obtained was statistically analysed using proper tests. Results: The results showed positive significant (p value < 0.0001) correlation between the level of physical activity and exercise capacity, Physical activity level correlates statistically with distance walked in percentage. Conclusion: Our study concluded that Physical activity level correlate statistically with distance walked in type 2 diabetic patients.

Online advertisements with scarcity messages and the association with attitudes for functional and symbolic aspects of vitamins and supplements

Purpose Scarcity appeals in advertising can increase consumer purchase intentions. This study aims to examine the impact of different online scarcity message appeals and the association with consumer attitudes for functional and symbolic aspects of vitamins and supplements. Design/methodology/approach This survey of 789 participants evaluated the scarcity appeals of high-demand message, limited-time message, low-stock message and countdown timer and the association with consumer attitudes for functional and symbolic aspects of vitamins and supplements. Findings The results showed that high-demand messages as compared to regular advertising messages was significantly associated with increased functional and symbolic scale scores. African Americans, Hispanics and Asian/Asian Americans were each significantly associated with increased functional and symbolic scale scores as compared whites. Advertising deception of veracity was significantly negatively associated with symbolic scale score but not associated with functional scale score. Advertising deception of ethical was significantly positively associated with symbolic scale score but not associated with functional scale score. Practical implications In conclusion, high-demand messages may be a particularly useful type of scarcity appeal to use in online advertising for vitamins and supplements. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study of online advertising message scarcity types and how they are associated with consumers attitudes for functional and symbolic aspects of vitamins and supplements.

The Effectiveness of eHMI Displays on Pedestrian-Autonomous Vehicle Interaction in Mixed-Traffic Environments.

External human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) serve as communication bridges between autonomous vehicles (AVs) and road users, ensuring that vehicles convey information clearly to those around them. While their potential has been explored in one-to-one contexts, the effectiveness of eHMIs in complex, real-world scenarios with multiple pedestrians remains relatively unexplored. Addressing this gap, our study provides an in-depth evaluation of how various eHMI displays affect pedestrian behavior. The research aimed to identify eHMI configurations that most effectively convey an AV's information, thereby enhancing pedestrian safety. Incorporating a mixed-methods approach, our study combined controlled outdoor experiments, involving 31 participants initially and 14 in a follow-up session, supplemented by an intercept survey involving 171 additional individuals. The participants were exposed to various eHMI displays in crossing scenarios to measure their impact on pedestrian perception and crossing behavior. Our findings reveal that the integration of a flashing green LED, robotic sign, and countdown timer constitutes the most effective eHMI display. This configuration notably increased pedestrians' willingness to cross and decreased their response times, indicating a strong preference and enhanced concept understanding. These findings lay the groundwork for future developments in AV technology and traffic safety, potentially guiding policymakers and manufacturers in creating safer urban environments.

Design of Coin Sensor based Mobile Charging System

Abstract—Today, mobile phones play an important role not only in the modern world of communication, but also in our daily lives. The mobile phone business is currently worth billions of dollars and supports most features of all mobile phones with different operating systems. Therefore, running these phones requires a public charge, which should be useful to the general public. Hence, keeping mobile phones charged has become a more significant task. In this project, we designed a prototype for mobile battery charging on coin insertion. A coin-based mobile charging system provides an alternate solution to all mobile users for charging their mobile phones during travelling or emergency where they may not have access to conventional power banks. This system can be used by shop owners, the general public and can be implemented in public places like railway stations and bus stand to provide mobile charging facilities. This system can also be implemented in commercial complexes, colleges, and offices. This coin based mobile charging system charges the mobile phone when the valid coin is inserted. So the coin acceptor used recognizes the coin inserted and signals the Arduino Uno for further action. When a coin is inserted, it signals the Arduino Uno and starts charging the mobile phone providing a 5V power supply through the charging slot. The Arduino Uno starts a reverse countdown timer to display the charging time . left for that mobile phone using LCD display. Further the user adds another coin, the Arduino Uno adds to the currently remaining time and once again decrements the countdown. Keywords: Arduino Uno, coin-based mobile charging system, LCD display, mobile phone. Index Terms—Arduino Uno, coin-based mobile charging system, LCD display, mobile phone.

Exploring the effects of traffic light countdown displays on the driving behaviours of drivers with different personality dispositions: A VR-simulated study

The dilemma zone, where drivers must decide whether to stop or proceed through an intersection as a traffic signal turns yellow, poses a substantial risk for traffic accidents. One factor affecting the dilemma zone is the inconsistency of green light countdown displays across intersections. This VR simulation study aims to investigate how different countdown display settings impact driver behaviour in the dilemma zone. Using a simulated traffic intersection developed using Unity3D, 31 participants completed driving tasks under 5 different green light countdown displays. Vehicle speeds were collected objectively in the experiments. Questionnaires were employed to assess drivers' hesitation levels and personality dispositions. The results from the statistical analysis reveal that drivers with diverse personality dispositions exhibited consistent hesitation levels across countdown displays. While longer countdown displays tended to reduce drivers' hesitation, the countdowns set between 5-10 seconds resulted in lower vehicle speeds through the intersection compared to other shorter or longer settings. This indicates that the optimal green light countdown display for mitigating the dilemma zone is 5-10 seconds. Findings of the study provide useful insights into the relevant research field. Transportation departments may apply these findings to improve driver safety, refine policies, and standardise countdown timers across intersections.

PERANCANGAN SIMULASI COUNTDOWN TIMER PADA ALAT KESEHATAN BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO DAN SIMULASI WOKWI

A countdown timer is a device or function in software that is designed to count down time from a starting point until it reaches zero. Its function is simple, namely to provide a visual or auditory indication of the remaining time remaining before a certain event or time limit is reached. The countdown timer implemented in this health device aims to provide clear time warnings to users regarding certain times related to health monitoring. For example, when using inhalers for asthma patients, a countdown timer can provide a countdown warning before the next inhalation, helping patients to follow the medication schedule more regularly. In this Countdown Timer series, we use an Arduino Uno manager to display it on the I2C 2x16 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and various other components. By implementing logic methods for countdown timers and alarms when the time reaches zero, it can provide an effective and efficient solution for monitoring critical time in various health applications, such as the use of inhaler medication for asthma patients. Further implementations may include integration with an RTC module for better timing accuracy and the use of additional sensors for more complex functions.

Effect of The Countdown Timer On Driver Conduct When A Yellow Flight Is Displayed At An Intersection

Effect of The Countdown Timer On Driver Conduct When A Yellow Flight Is Displayed At An Intersection

Impact of countdown timer on drivers’ anticipation at the onset of yellow at signalized intersections

ABSTRACT Countdown timers at traffic signals display the time remaining for a phase to terminate, influencing driver behaviour. Studies on their effects at the onset of yellow have generally focused on drivers’ stop/go decisions and dilemma zone, without explicitly addressing how they help drivers anticipate the signal change and make ‘informed decisions’. Therefore, this study first analysed the impact of countdown timer on drivers’ anticipation by comparing brake initiation, deceleration, and speed in the absence and presence of countdown timer. Next, driver behaviour was studied using ‘Accelerated Failure Time’ models. A driving simulator experiment was designed for data collection, with demographic and additional driving behaviour data gathered through a questionnaire. When countdown timer was present, drivers anticipated the onset of yellow, resulting in significant variations in driver behaviour. These variations, in turn, influenced the duration of braking and the time taken to cross the stop line from the onset of yellow.

Stress affects navigation strategies in immersive virtual reality

There are known individual differences in both the ability to learn the layout of novel environments and the flexibility of strategies for navigating known environments. However, it is unclear how navigational abilities are impacted by high-stress scenarios. Here we used immersive virtual reality (VR) to develop a novel behavioral paradigm to examine navigation under dynamically changing situations. We recruited 48 participants (24 female; ages 17–32) to navigate a virtual maze (7.5 m × 7.5 m). Participants learned the maze by moving along a fixed path past the maze’s landmarks (paintings). Subsequently, participants experienced either a non-stress condition, or a high-stress condition tasking them with navigating the maze. In the high-stress condition, their initial path was blocked, the environment was darkened, threatening music was played, fog obstructed more distal views of the environment, and participants were given a time limit of 20 s with a countdown timer displayed at the top of their screen. On trials where the path was blocked, we found self-reported stress levels and distance traveled increased while trial completion rate decreased (as compared to non-stressed control trials). On unblocked stress trials, participants were less likely to take a shortcut and consequently navigated less efficiently compared to control trials. Participants with more trait spatial anxiety reported more stress and navigated less efficiently. Overall, our results suggest that navigational abilities change considerably under high-stress conditions.

Integrating computational thinking in elementary STEM using the engineering design process

AbstractModel‐eliciting activities (MEAs) challenge students to interpret a problem and collaboratively create solutions using the engineering design process. This Innovation to Practice article describes how science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) teacher educators can use MEAs to build elementary teachers' understanding of computational thinking (CT). Our Countdown Timer MEA is aligned with Grade 2 mathematics and computer science standards. We discuss how this MEA created opportunities for teachers in an online graduate STEM education course to engage as learners in unplugged and plugged CT activities. Teachers used algorithmic design and debugging to model a digital display and to create block‐based code for a recess countdown timer. Teachers' reflections on how their learning experiences were different than those offered in step‐by‐step CT lessons allowed teachers to envision how MEAs can promote important CT dispositions of persistence in open‐ended problem solving and tolerance for ambiguity. By aligning MEA design and facilitation with the phases of the engineering design process, teacher educators can use modeling to engage elementary teachers in facets of CT that are transferable to the elementary STEM classroom.

Riding the green wave – How countdown timers at bicycle traffic lights impact on cycling behavior

The promotion of cycling is essential for city planners aiming at sustainable mobility. Against this backdrop, we evaluate the “Leezenflow” system, a green wave assistant designed specifically for cyclists and is installed 110 meters in front of a traffic light in Münster, Germany. The system indicates the remaining time of the current traffic light phase through an expiring bar. This is intended to help cyclists adjust their speed in order to cross the traffic lights when green, and consequently optimize their cycling flow. We conduct a natural field experiment to analyze the system’s impact on cycling flow and safety, and find a statistically significant impact on cycling flow. The number of cyclists that have to stop at the red lights decreases by 6.6%. The data also indicate positive effects on traffic safety. The results of the natural field experiment confirm and put into perspective the feedback of an accompanying online survey. The Leezenflow system can thus help city planners to promote cycling, thereby enabling more sustainable mobility.

Unintended consumption: The effects of four e-commerce dark patterns

Dark patterns, the manipulation and deliberate presentation of information to influence consumer decision-making, can lead to unintended purchases and overconsumption. Past studies have established the prevalence of dark patterns in e-commerce. Yet, few studies have investigated the differential effects of dark patterns on the consumption choices of different groups of consumers. Similarly, few studies have examined the effectiveness of interventions countering dark patterns which may reduce unintended consumption. This study seeks to 1) investigate the effects of low-stock message, activity message, countdown timer, and limited-time message dark patterns and its influence on product selection decisions, 2) determine if demographic variables would predict susceptibility to dark patterns, and 3) explore the effectiveness of video- and activity-based dark patterns awareness intervention. 195 adult volunteers aged 19 to 53 participated in this experiment. Results indicated that participants were significantly more likely to select products with dark patterns. The use of limited-time message dark pattern was significantly more effective than other dark patterns in inducing consumption. Older individuals tend to be more susceptible to dark patterns. No clear evidence for the effectiveness of video- and activity-based dark patterns awareness intervention was found. Several study limitations were noted. We note how companies can support cleaner and responsible consumption by refraining from using dark patterns. On individuals, the implications of dark patterns on unintended consumption, in a world with aging populations and post-pandemic accelerated e-commerce were discussed.

What Is behind In-Stream Advertising on YouTube? A Remote Neuromarketing Study employing Eye-Tracking and Facial Coding techniques.

Not all elements displayed in a YouTube in-stream video ad are attributable to the ad itself. Some of those are automatically introduced by the platform, such as the countdown timer and the time progress bar. In recent years, some authors started exploring the effects associated with the presence of such non-ad items, providing valuable findings. However, objective evaluation of viewers' visual attention is lacking in this context as well as emotional investigation. In addition, previous research showed how the manipulation of seemingly negligible details can yield dramatically different outcomes in the context of in-stream advertising. To extend knowledge, the authors explored the effects of the non-ad items' presence by employing eye-tracking and facial coding techniques in combination with self-reports in a between-subjects experimental design focusing on the YouTube 15-s, mid-roll, non-skippable in-stream ad format. Results showed that the ad format currently employed by YouTube performs worse than its equivalent without the non-ad items on all the investigated measures and than its equivalent in which the non-ad items' presence was experimentally reduced on facial coding disgust, self-reported disgust, ad irritation, and ad attitude. Managerial insights and challenges concerning the future of in-stream advertising and neuromarketing are highlighted.

The "STAR WARS: The First Jedi" Program-Effects of Gamification on Psychological Well-Being of College Students.

Background: College students are particularly susceptible to developing mental health problems. Gamification can be a powerful teaching strategy to favor motivation and behavioral changes for the improvement of psychological well-being. Purpose: To analyze the effect of a 14-week gamification-based physical education teaching program on psychological well-being of college students. Materials and Methods: A total of 112 college students (21.22 ± 2.55 years) were recruited and assigned to a gamification-based group or a control group. The intervention group participated in a gamification-based program under the framework of "STAR WARS" science fiction sage. Participants from this group used a mobile app with a countdown timer and the way for them to gain lifetime was by doing physical activity (PA) and formative challenges. The control group did not experience the gamification approach itself as their classes were based on traditional methodology. They were asked to maintain their usual lifestyle and were not required to do PA. Emotional intelligence, personal initiative, entrepreneurial attitude, resilience, and self-efficacy were self-reported. Results: The gamification-based group showed a significantly higher improvement of emotional intelligence (P ≤ 0.006), personal initiative (P ≤ 0.033), entrepreneurial attitude (P < 0.001), resilience (P = 0.002), and self-efficacy (P < 0.001), compared with the control group. Overall effect sizes were of medium magnitude for emotional intelligence and personal initiative, large magnitude for entrepreneurial attitude, and small magnitude for resilience and self-efficacy. Conclusion: Gamification and the use of mobile apps may become powerful teaching strategies to motivate college students toward healthier lifestyle behaviors that have psychological well-being benefits.

Can Skip Control Always Increase the Effectiveness of Splash Advertisements in Mobile Apps? The Moderating Effect of User Habits

Splash advertisements have been one of the most fastest-growing advertising in mobile apps. Given the intrusiveness of ads, mobile splash advertisements introduced skip control as an interactive design to increase users’ active role in advertising. This study aims to explore how skip control of splash advertisements affects ad effectiveness, given the moderating role of user habit. This research opted for an experimental approach by using a self-developed mobile app. The study conducted three experiments by randomly launching splash advertisement conditions (i.e., skippable ad vs. non-skippable ad, top skip button vs. bottom skip button, and countdown timer vs. non-countdown timer). In total, 505 participants representing the characteristics of Chinese mobile users were recruited in three experiments. The findings show that each design of skip control has different effects on ad effectiveness in terms of ad acceptance and avoidance. Additionally, the type of user habits (i.e., clicking, watching, and skipping habits) has positive moderating effects on the relationship between different designs of skip control and ad effectiveness. This study fulfills the urgent need to investigate the impact of the skipping design on ad effectiveness moderated by different types of user habits.

MODEL OF PEDESTRIAN CROSSING BEHAVIOUR BASED ON ROAD TRAFFIC AND HUMAN FACTORS: A CASE STUDY OF MALAYSIA’S SHAH ALAM CITY

The present study intends to develop pedestrian crossing behaviour models based on road traffic and human factors. A questionnaire was distributed to 663 pedestrians in Shah Alam. Respondents were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their risk perceptions and attitudes pertaining to walking and road crossings. This study identified two human factors that influenced pedestrian crossing behaviour: the “risk-taker” and the “rule-follower.” The modelling analysis revealed a substantial correlation between human factors and crossing behaviour. Analysis of pedestrian crossing behaviour is useful to evaluate the implementation of novel pedestrian crossing environments. The study offers insights applicable to urban planning and policy approaches for reducing pedestrian accidents by utilising strategies such as extended signal timing, audible signals, countdown timers, and optimising intersection design to improve pedestrian safety.

A VT-HMM-Based Framework for Countdown Timer Traffic Light State Estimation

Traffic lights are important components of traffic systems, and perceptual tasks on traffic lights are crucial for intelligent agents on the road. Auxiliary countdown timers, providing the remaining time of the current traffic phase, improve the safety and smoothness of the entire traffic system. This work proposes a state estimation framework for countdown timer traffic lights. Time-domain information is adequately integrated into a variable transition Hidden Markov Model (VT-HMM), and our system provides optimal estimates of traffic light colors and countdown numbers based on noisy detection inputs. A dynamic state transition matrix is designed based on a 1-step transition logic and a probability of the number of transitions related to the current state sojourn duration. A recursive decoding method based on the Viterbi algorithm is proposed to update all the state candidates and select the optimal state chain. Extensive experiments evaluate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed work. The performance boundaries of this system are also found under various input noise levels. The source code is available here: https://github.com/ShuyangUni/countdown-timer-traffic-light-estimation

Exploring the Influence of Signal Countdown Timers on Driver Behavior: An Analysis of Pedestrian–Vehicle Conflicts at Signalized Intersections

Although signal countdown timers (SCTs) are likely to enhance efficiency at signalized intersections, there is little research on how they affect road users’ behavior. The present study explores factors associated with driver behavior through two approaches to examine how SCTs influence drivers’ actions toward pedestrians violating red lights. In the first approach, through an on-road questionnaire survey, the self-reported behavior of 369 drivers when crossing an intersection enabled with SCTs was analyzed. In the second approach, the drivers’ behavior was studied through naturalistic driving studies at two signalized intersections equipped with SCTs in Babol, Iran. Analyzing vehicle–pedestrian conflicts indicated that the presence of SCTs had a significant influence on driving behavior. Also, the ending seconds of green lights, as critical times of the SCTs, led to changes in driving behavior. Increasing the vehicle speed, changing lanes, and concurrent increases of speed and changing lanes were the common driver actions affected by critical times of the SCTs. Finally, the effect of critical times on drivers’ actions during conflicts was modeled by using the binary and multinomial logistic methods. The results show that SCTs are an external factor that can lead to risky driver behavior, such as errors and violations that might increase the potential for pedestrian accidents.

Design and Construction of a Low-Cost Pressure and Temperature Sensing Mattress with Software-Based Digital Countdown Timer for Bedsore Control and Prevention

Design and Construction of a Low-Cost Pressure and Temperature Sensing Mattress with Software-Based Digital Countdown Timer for Bedsore Control and Prevention

Machine Learning Supporting Enhanced Optimized Spacing Delivery between Consecutive Departing Aircraft

The Optimised Spacing Delivery (further referred to as OSD) tool has the objective of calculating the necessary time spacing between two consecutive departing aircraft in order to fulfil all required spacing and separation constraints. OSD, developed in SESAR 2020 Wave 1 [1] is based on analytical models [2] to predict aircraft trajectory and speed profiles. The use of this tool by Air Traffic Controller supports the safe, consistent and efficient delivery of the required separation or spacing between consecutive departure pairs by providing the time required between departure aircraft pairs via an automated count-down timer to the tower runway controller. In order to improve OSD, this paper introduces the enhanced Optimised Spacing Delivery (further referred to as eOSD) tool which builds on the OSD tool using Machine Learning techniques to make more accurate predictions of aircraft behaviour (e.g. trajectory/climb profile, speed profile) and wind on the initial departure path, so further optimising spacing delivery between consecutive departures. Zurich airport data were used to develop and asses the performance of the eOSD tool compared to the OSD tool.