Council For Mutual Economic Aid Research Articles

Zadania socjalistycznej nauki prawa w zakresie integracji nauk społecznych

Zadania socjalistycznej nauki prawa w zakresie integracji nauk społecznych

Economic Evolutions During the Cold War – Romania in the COMECON (1949-1965)

Abstract The purpose of this work is to present objectively and documented the evolution of Romania within the Council of Mutual Economic Aid (C.M.E.A. or C.O.M.E.C.O.N.) during 1949-1965. Choosing this period of time is not random: in 1949 COMECON was established at the initiative of Moscow, and the year 1965 represented the peak of the “dissidence” politics of Romania within the Council. The Romanian economy after the Second World War followed largely the same path as the other economies in Eastern Europe that entered the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union. The war and the new international situation in which Romania found itself at its end determined a dramatic rupture with the economic model followed in the interwar period. In the run-up to the end of the world conflict, the main interest of the hegemonic power in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, was to benefit from the resources of the countries in the area to compensate for the immense damage caused by the war. The exploitation of Eastern European economies intensified after Moscow became aware of the impossibility of obtaining substantial war reparations from Germany.

Income from the Privatisation of State Enterprises in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic in 1991-1994

The Privatisation process of State enterprises, in countries once being members of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid, is perceived as the main element of structural changes, leading to the economic system transformation and economic development. Although, privatisation cannot be understood as the main factor for the development of the market economy, however, its accomplishment influences the success of the other transformation elements, such as macro-economic stabilisation and economic activities’ liberalisation. Privatisation is a way of enforcing micro-economic changes in enterprises and introducing financial discipline. It gives a chance to increase productivity in the enterprises undergoing privatisation (as well as in economy) by establishing an atmosphere of competitiveness among them, and it also enables to eliminate subsidies (direct and indirect) from the State budget to an enterprise.

Centripetal and centrifugal forces in the CMEA: Prospects for the future

The profound changes in the public and political life of the East European countries and the implementation of fundamental economic reforms in many member-states of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid are putting on the agenda the need to accelerate the restructuring of the mechanism for their multilateral interaction and to work out fundamental decisions regarding a changeover to new conditions of cooperation in the CMEA. 1 1 “CMEA—On the Threshold of Major Changes. At the 45th Session of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid,” Pravda, January 10, 1990, in CDSP, No. 42 (February 14, 1990), p. 12. Either we will actually lose the CMEA, or we will build a sound economic organization based on new principles. 2 2 Quoted in L. Zhmyrev, “Good Foundation Laid— Pravda Interviews N.I. Ryzhkov,” Pravda, January 11, 1990, in CDSP, No. 42 (February 14, 1990), p. 18.

Stand der einheitlichen Wasseranalytik in der DDR

AbstractUniform analytical methods for water investigations have been available in the GDR since 1957 (chemistry) and 1961 (biology). The AUSGEWÄHLTEN METHODEN DER WASSERUNTERSUCHUNG (Selected Methods of Water Analysis) published between 1970 and 1976 in several parts of two volumes were based upon analytical methods which had been co‐ordinated within the framework of the Council of Mutual Economic Aid. The chemical, physicochemical, physical and electrochemical methods (vol. I) and the biological, microbiological and toxicological methods (vol. II) compiled here are obligatory by the technical standard TGL 28400 „Wasseruntersuchungen — Grundsätze zur Untersuchungsmethodik”︁ (water analyses—principles for the analytical methods). Now a survey of the further development of this collection of methods is given by the authors in their second edition of 1982 (vol. II) and 1985 (vol. I).

Accomplishment of programs of investigations of resistance to brittle fracture in the member countries of the council for mutual economic aid

The increase in requirements for reliability and reduction in metal consumption of critical machine parts and structural elements operating under extreme temperature and force conditions (power apparatus shells, pressure vessels, large-diameter piping, turbomachinery rotors and housings, etc.) leads to the necessity of evaluating their strength and life in the stages of design, production, and service taking into consideration various crack-type defects both of design and of technological character. For this purpose in metallurgical and machine building plants and also in technological, design, and scientific-research organizations it is necessary to determine not only the traditional standard characteristics of mechanical properties but also the parameters of the resistance of materials to the formation and development of cracks, which present the danger of the occurrence of brittle fractures leading to breakdowns and as the consequence to significant economic losses and frequently to contamination of the atmosphere.

A system of social indicators for the CMEA countries and for Hungary

This paper discusses the reasons for the growing demand for social indicators in Hungary and in other European socialist countries. A brief history of the construction of a system of social indicators within the framework of the Council of Mutual Economic Aid is given. The subsystems and the main indicators are described. The present practice and the problems of social classifications used in the social indicator systems and in social surveys are treated. In addition to the existing data sources of social indicators, sample surveys were considered to be necessary to provide a full and detailed view of Hungarian society. In addition to objective indicators, recently, subjective indicators have also been collected.

Role of merchant fleet In Soviet global strategy

The activities of the Soviet merchant fleet, Morflot, continue to cause anxiety to the governments, shipowners and shippers of cargo in the West. The USA passed the Controlled Carriers Act in 1978 mainly to regulate the uncommercial competition of Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CMEA) shipping. The EEC monitors certain Soviet shipping companies' operations and the OECD is currently considering the problem of competition from the merchant fleets of state-trading countries. Copyright © 1984 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Coordination of the Economic Plans of Cmea Member Nations for 1981-85

The regularly scheduled, Thirty-fifth Session of Council for Mutual Economic Aid, held in July 1981, summed up results of coordination of economic plans of CMEA member nations for 1981-85. After reviewing report of Soviet delegation, headed by N. A. Tikhonov, chairman of USSR Council of Ministers, Politburo of Central Committee of Communist Party of Soviet Union and USSR Council of Ministers noted that the completed coordination of economic plans and coordinated plan of multilateral integration measures for 1981-85 approved by session create a firm basis for progressive development of economy of fraternal countries and for their successful resolution of mounting social and economic problems.

Socialist Countries in GATT

The present stage in East-West economic cooperation has reached the point at which four socialist countries have become members of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and were thus admitted to the world trade system on the basis of non-discrimination and the most-favored-nation clause. Of those, Poland, Romania and Hungary are also members of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CMEA, Comecon) while Yugoslavia-not a formal member-is extensively engaged in the socialist system of economic cooperation. Trade between socialist and free economy countries has a long history, and foreign trade experts are quite familiar with socialist foreign trade techniques.1 Free world exporters and importers in a number of countries represent today an impressive business milieu professionally engaged in East-West economic cooperation. It is also true however that East-West trade operations are, compared with world trade volume, relatively insignificant. Even today, the foreign trade policy of the socialist countries seems to be directed at preventing their full integration into the world economic system. The main reason seems to be that the function of foreign trade is primarily to obtain financing for transforming the national economies of these countries into industrial societies, according to programs fixed in their long term economic plans.2 While this remains true today, it is also true that joining GATT was connected with an important change of mind as regards the function of foreign trade in socialist economies. The Communique on the 25th session of the CMEA (6 July 1971) stated that: The session declared that any country that is not a Comecon member can fully or partially participate in the implementation of the measures envisaged by the comprehensive program. The CMEA member countries will continue to develop economic, scientific and technical ties with

30 years of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid and International Cooperation of the USSR in the field of water power

30 years of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid and International Cooperation of the USSR in the field of water power

Democracy and equality — the basis of activity for the Council for Mutual Economic Aid

Democracy and equality — the basis of activity for the Council for Mutual Economic Aid

Organization of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid and fundamental stages in its development

Organization of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid and fundamental stages in its development

To the participants of the thirty-third session of the council for mutual economic aid

To the participants of the thirty-third session of the council for mutual economic aid

Collaboration among the member-nations of the Council of Mutual Economic Aid in automating ferrous metallurgy

Collaboration among the member-nations of the Council of Mutual Economic Aid in automating ferrous metallurgy

The Council of Mutual Economic Aid ? 30 Years

The Council of Mutual Economic Aid ? 30 Years

Applied ergonomics in the USSR

The article describes historical premises of ergonomics development in the USSR, the present state and main direction of applied ergonomics, and its effective data. The new stage of ergonomics development in the USSR connected with the organization of scientific and technological cooperation in the field of ergonomics between the countries that are members of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid is discussed. The scientific problems of ergonomics, to which a great number of studies are devoted in the USSR, are hardly touched in the article. (See also Editors' footnote on page 222).

Economic planning of Eastern Europe and the USSR — the role of agriculture

Because of the large recent fluctuations in Soviet agricultural output, and rising consumer expectations and demand for food in East European nations, the latest five-year plans of these countries are showing an increase in the importance attached to agriculture and the food industry. The article examines the state of agriculture in the CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Aid) countries and the probable effects of the plans on production and consumption. It appears that East European imports of grain are signs of prosperity rather than of gross inefficiency. The article indicates that grain production, and with it the trade balances, will improve significantly.

Intra-COMECON manpower migration.

While in West Germany the term Gastarbeiter or in England the term Immigrant Worker is used to mean the employed foreign worker from the comparatively less-industrially-developed Southern European and less-developed Asian African and Latin American countries - the East European CMEA or COMECON countries (members of the Council of Mutual Economic Aid) prefer to use the terminology of mutual contractual exchange of manpower in their intercountries multilateral labour exchange relations. The rights and obligations of the gastarbeiter of the Western Europe and the contracted exchange labour of the Eastern Europe are almost similar if not the same but there exists wage-discrimination working condition-discrimination and discrimination in the provision of lodgings between the indigenous workers and the immigrant workers in the West while the same is absent in the intra- community labour relations in the East. The history of immigrant workers in the Western Europe dates back about two and a half decades ago but the contractual labour-exchange scheme among the COMECON member countries started in 1965 with the signing of the GDR-Polish Labour Exchange Scheme for working of the Polish workers in the western bank of the Oder to help the GDR workers in the construction of oil and natural gas pipelines and railways. In the industrially developed western capitalist countries the number of immigrant workers went up to about 4 million in 1976 but it never passed the number of immigrant workers went up to about 4 million in 1976 but it never passed the number of 50000 at a time in the last four years the peak years of the COMECON mutual labour- mobility for deepening and developing further the socialist economic cooperation among the COMECON member countries as stated in the COMECON Comprehensive Programme of 1971 adopted in August of the same year at its Bucharest session. (excerpt)

The Twenty-Fifth Session of the Refractories Section of the Permanent Commission on Ferrous Metallurgy of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CMEA)

The Twenty-Fifth Session of the Refractories Section of the Permanent Commission on Ferrous Metallurgy of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CMEA)