Extraction Of Cottonseed Oil Research Articles

Ultrasound- and Homogenization-Assisted Extraction of Cottonseed Oil Using Ethyl Acetate: Optimization and Evaluation of Oil Quality and Energy Aspect

Ultrasound- and Homogenization-Assisted Extraction of Cottonseed Oil Using Ethyl Acetate: Optimization and Evaluation of Oil Quality and Energy Aspect

Effective gossypol removal from cottonseed meal through optimized solid-state fermentation by Bacillus coagulans

BackgroundCottonseed meal (CSM) is the main by-product of the cottonseed oil extraction process with high protein content, which is an important protein source for feed industry. However, CSM contains free gossypol (FG), a toxic substance that is detrimental to animal health and greatly limits its application. Microbial fermentation is currently considered to be one of the most effective methods to reduce FG and other anti-nutritional factors in CSM. Previously, yeast and bacteria species are used for degradation of FG in CSM, but showing less detoxification efficiency. Bacillus coagulans combines the properties of both lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus, producing both lactic acid and spores, and is considered a potential probiotic. In this study, we aimed to evaluate and optimize the effect of the solid-state fermentation process using a Bacillus coagulans to gossypol removal contained cottonseed meal.Results36 B. coagulans strains were isolated and found to have the ability to remove free gossypol. Through the evaluation of strains and optimization of fermentation conditions including fermentation temperature, ratio of material to water, inoculation amount, fermentation time and pH, we have established a solid-state fermentation process using a Bacillus coagulans strain S17 on CSM substrate with 1:1 of the material-to-water ratio, 15% (v/w) seed inoculation, 2% expanded corn flour, 1% bran, and 0.3%-0.8% metal irons at 40 °C for 52 h. After fermentation, the FG content in CSM was reduced from 923.80 to 167.90 mg/kg with 81.83% detoxification efficiency. Meanwhile, the crude protein content in CSM increased from 47.98 to 52.82%, and importantly, the spore concentration of strain S17 reached 1.68 × 1010 CFU/g dry material.ConclusionThe study showed that B. coagulans have the potential strong ability to degrade free gossypol through cottonseed meal fermentation. This study presents a feasible process for improving the resource utilization rate and nutritional value of CSM via solid-state fermentation through B. coagulans S17.

Study on Protein Based Adhesives Blending-Modified by Isocyanate

The price of cotton by-product cottonseed meal has been relatively stable and significantly lower than that of soybean meal, which has greater advantages for industrial raw materials. Cottonseed meal after cottonseed oil extraction accounts for 30% of the total content of plant meal, and the protein contained in cottonseed meal is not lower than soybean protein in terms of quality and quantity. At present, cottonseed meal, as a by-product of cottonseed oil extraction, is mainly used in animal feed, and cottonseed protein is not fully utilized. In this study, cottonseed meal was used as raw material. By studying the effects of modifier addition and reaction conditions on the bonding properties of cottonseed adhesive, the best process parameters for preparing the best cottonseed adhesive were explored, and the modification mechanism of cottonseed protein adhesive was revealed by analyzing the adhesives prepared under different conditions. The results showed that the solid content increased with the increase of isocyanate addition ratio, and the application period of the adhesive shortened with the increase of isocyanate addition ratio. When the addition amount was 40%, a large number of bubbles were produced in 30 minutes. The water resistance of blended modified cottonseed adhesive was tested. When the proportion of isocyanate was less than 10%, the water resistance bonding strength could not meet the requirements of national standard. Adding more than 10% isocyanate cottonseed protein adhesive to bond plywood can well meet the standard of class II plate, and the maximum bonding strength can reach 1.68mpa. The research results can not only provide a certain theoretical basis and practical guidance for the preparation of new low-cost green adhesive, but also open up a new way for the effective utilization of agricultural and forestry waste cottonseed meal.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of cottonseed oil and evaluation of its oxidative stability and physicochemical properties

Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) is a novel method, which can reduce the extraction time and solvent consumption. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of MAE on oxidative stability and physicochemical properties of cottonseed oil. We found that the optimum extraction conditions were: irradiation time 3.57min; cottonseed moisture content 14% and cottonseed to solvent ratio 1:4, which resulted in an extraction efficiency of 32.6%, 46ppm total phenolic content, 0.7% free fatty acids, peroxide value of 0.2 and 11.5h of Rancimat oxidative stability at 110°C. GC analysis for MAE cottonseed oil determined palmitic acid (23.6%), stearic acid (2.3%), oleic acid (15.6%) and linoleic acid (55.1%), which were not significant different (P>0.05) than conventionally-extracted (control) cottonseed oil. MAE oil samples from whole cottonseed (without dehulling) had the greatest long-term stability, more than oil samples containing BHT.

The influence of cooking process on the microwave-assisted extraction of cottonseed oil.

Cooking process is one of the most energy and time consuming steps in the edible oil extraction factories. The main goal of this study was cottonseed oil extraction by microwave radiation and elimination of any heat treatment of cottonseeds before extraction. The effect of cooking process on the physicochemical properties of extracted oil from two varieties of cottonseed (Pak and Sahel) was evaluated by free fatty acid content, melting point, smoke point and refractive index. Our results didn't show any significant differences between cooked and uncooked samples (P > 0.05) regarding physicochemical characteristics. From GC analysis of extracted oils, it was found there is no significant difference in fatty acid composition of cooked, uncooked and control (conventional extraction) samples. The thermal stability (Rancimat) analysis of oil samples showed the cooking process could cause a slight increase in the stability of oils for both varieties (about 40min). The cooking process also increased total extracted phenolic compounds and considerably decreased total gossypol content of the cottonseed oil; but the extraction efficiency didn't change considerably after elimination of the cooking process. It can be concluded that microwave rays can destroy the structure of oil cells during process and facilitate the oil extraction without any heat treatment before extraction.

Kinetics and thermodynamics of cottonseed oil extraction

Petroleum derived n-hexane is commercially used in solvent extraction plants due to its higher extraction efficiency in spite of the fact that it is graded as highly toxic and hazardous. The present study is based on the use of both a much safer and non toxic solvent ethanol and n-hexane for the extraction of oil from cottonseed. The extraction data were obtained by varying temperature, solvent-solid ratio and particle size, to compare the extraction efficiency of both ethanol and n-hexane. The data show that nearly the same amount of extraction is possible at a higher solvent-solid ratio for both the solvents. This study has established that the kinetics of oil extraction follows a second order reaction mechanism. The thermodynamic analysis of the data shows that both ΔHo and ΔSo are positive, and ΔGo is negative indicating that the extraction process is endothermic, irreversible, and spontaneous.

Extraction of cottonseed oil using subcritical water technology

AbstractThis work represents the extraction of cottonseed oil using subcritical water. The extraction efficiencies of different range temperatures (180–280°C), having mean particle size range from 3 mm to less than 0.5 mm, water:seed ratios of 0.5:1, 1:1, and 2:1, and extraction times in the range of 5–60 min were all investigated. The composition of the extracted oil, using the subcritical water, was analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography and compared with that extracted using traditional hexane extraction. The results showed that the optimum temperature, mean particle size, water:seed ratio, and extraction time were 270°C, <0.5 mm, 2:1, and 30 min, respectively. In addition the extracted oil was identical to that extracted using the traditional hexane method. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011

In situ alkaline transesterification of cottonseed oil for production of biodiesel and nontoxic cottonseed meal

The production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by direct in situ alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of the triglycerides (TG) in cottonseeds was examined. The experimental results showed that the amount of cottonseed oil dissolved in methanol was approximately 99% of the total oil and the conversion of this oil could achieve 98% under the following conditions: less than 2% moisture content in cottonseed flours, 0.3–0.335 mm particle size, 0.1 mol/L NaOH concentration in methanol, 135:1 methanol/oil mole ratio, 40 °C reaction temperature and 3 h reaction time. Further, the effects of co-solvent petroleum ether and methanol recycling on the cottonseed oil extraction and conversion were also investigated. The use of alkaline methanol as extraction and reaction solvent, which would be useful for extraction oil and gossypol, would reduce the gossypol content in the cottonseed meal. The free and total gossypol contents in the cottonseed meal obtained from in situ alkaline transesterification were far below the FAO standard. And the nontoxic cottonseed meal could be used as animal protein feed resources.

Cottonseed Meal in Poultry Diets: A Review

The residue of cottonseed oil extraction industry popularly known as cottonseed meal (CSM) is a fairly good source of protein (222.0 to 560.2gkg-1) and metabolizable energy (7.4 to 11.99MJkg-1). The use of CSM in poultry diet is limited due to the presence of gossypol, cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA), high fibre and poor protein quality. The most critical amino acid in CSM is lysine. During the oil extraction from cotton- seeds, a portion of free gossypol (FG) binds with the epsilon amino group of lysine, thereby reducing the availability of lysine to the chicken. The concentration of nutrients, FG, CPFA in CSM depends on the variety of cultivars, methods of oil extraction, proportion of kernel to husk, lint and seed coat. The concentration of FG in various varieties of CSM ranges from 200 and 5300mgkg-1. In glandless variety, the FG concentration is less (>130mgkg-1). Gossypol inhibits the activity of pepsin and trypsin in gastro-intestinal tract, thereby reducing the digestibility of protein. The reported toxic effects of gossypol are growth depression, lameness, decreased egg size and hatchability. Gossypol and CPFA also deteriorates the internal egg quality by causing yolk mottling and pinkish discoloration of albumen, respectively. The tolerance levels of FG in birds vary widely depending on the age and strain of birds, protein content and quality, duration of feeding, presence of minerals especially the iron content in the diet. The tolerance of FG in chicks varies widely (90 to 1000mgkg-1 diets), however performance of layer chicks could be affected even at a lower FG intake of 2.02mg day-1 bird-1. Though, growth was not affected in broilers at FG concentration in diet below 150mgkg-1, feed efficiency was reduced at lower levels i.e. 60-100mgkg-1. The depression in egg production in layers fed diets containing more than 100mgkg-1 was mainly due to lowered feed intake. The egg weight and egg quality was not affected at FG levels upto 200mgkg-1 diet. Iron treatment (4 : 1; Fe : FG) proved to be effective in alleviating the negative effects on egg quality, but could not alleviate the depression in laying performance. Lysine supplementation to CSM containing diets is also effective in counteracting the ill effects of FG in chicken, especially chicks and broilers. Other processing methods like solid substrate fermentation, production of glandless cotton seed and use of organic solvents were though effective in improving the nutritive value of CSM and reducing the FG content in CSM, these methods are of little practical relevance and uneconomical. Production of glandless variety of cottonseed through genetic modification (Bacillus thuringiensis cotton) is one of the recent trends of reducing the FG content. Some other methods like pelleting, extrusion, cooking and Ca (OH)2 treatment of CSM could be tried for improving the feeding value of CSM in poultry.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cottonseed oil

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using carbon dioxide is a popular technique for oil extraction due to its high extraction efficiency, short extracting time, lower refining requirement and absence of chemical residues or contamination in the extracted oils. In this work, an attempt has been made to extract oil from a local variety of cottonseed using this technique. The effects of the extraction parameters of pressure, temperature and time of extraction of oil were optimized by using statistical techniques such as central composite rotate design (CCRD) and response surface methodology (RSM), with a view to maximize the oil yield with minimum gossypol extraction. From this study, it could be concluded that the yield of cottonseed oil can be improved at pressure higher than 550 bar, in the temperature zone of 70–80 °C and extracting time of 2–3 h.

Fractionation of commercial hexane and use of its fractions as extracting solvent of cottonseed oil

The problem of producing off-graded cottonseed oil using locally produced commercial hexane as extracting solvent has explored this research. It was aimed in this work to investigate whether this problem can be solved by controlling the boiling range of the extracting solvent. Four different hexane fractions of different boiling ranges were prepared from commercial hexane. The boiling range of commercial hexane was 62-68oC while the boiling ranges of the four fractions were 62- 64, 64-65, 65-66 and 66-68oC. Commercial hexane and the prepared four hexane fractions were then used to extract cottonseed oil from a fixed seed sample. The five crude oil samples were then refined and bleached and their colours were measured. The results have shown that the heaviest hexane fraction ( b.r 66-68oC) produced the lightest coloured oils. The colour index of the bleached oil using this heavy cut was 190 compared to 350 using the original commercial hexane. However, the production of a commercial hexane cut having a narrow boiling range will be costly. Therefore, this research has been extended to investigate the suitability of a heavy petroleum cut which has a boiling range as wide as that of commercial hexane to extract cottonseed oil. The boiling range of this cut was 66-72oC. The obtained results proved that the extraction of cottonseed oil using that heavy petroleum fraction produces much lighter oil than the use of conventional hexane solvent.

Process engineering economic evaluation of the ethanol extraction of cottonseed: Preliminary analysis

This preliminary analysis was undertaken to determine if the operations being developed for the aqueous ethanol extraction of cottonseed oil are economical and whether further research of this process should be pursued. Results of the conversion of hypothetical hexane extraction plants to ethanol extraction, in the plant capacity range of 300‐600 tons of cottonseed flakes/day and operating 150‐350 days annually, show that two unconventional operations, namely, chill‐separation of miscella exiting the extractor and reduction of oil in recycled ethanol by reverse osmosis, require less energy and are less expensive than conventional alternatives. However, additional work is needed to determine the overall efficiency of an alcohol process as compared to a conventional hexane process.

Gossypol analysis in cottonseed oil by HPLC

AbstractGossypol in cottonseed oil was selectively separated by the extraction of cottonseed oil with a hexane and N,N dimethyl formamide:water (2∶1, v/v) solvent mixture. After filtration, the extract was injected into the HPLC with the elution time less than 15 min. The spectrophotometric method showed 2 to 5 times higher values of gossypol content in different types of glanded cottonseed oil than did the HPLC method. This is probably due to the gossypol derivatives and coloring interferences reacting with p‐anisidine to develop color and increasing the absorbance reading, whereas gossypol was separated and detected in the HPLC method.

Choice of Techniques: A Case Study of the Cottonseed Oil-extraction Industry in Pakistan

This paper analyses the choice of techniques at the product level with a view to evaluating the claim made by Stewart [17] and others that "choice of technique is eliminated once choice of product is made". We consider the extraction of edible oil from cottonseed as a case study. Use is made of engineering data, coupled with product and factor price data from Pakistan, to examine the possibilities of factor substitution at the micro level for a reasonably well-defined product. The product in this case is well defined, although there are some qualitative differences associated with different methods of extraction.

A method of sensitivity enhancement in uhf water-content measurement

A study of water-content measurement methods [i] has shown that the uhf methods are the most suitable for solid and powder materials, in particular the products from cottonseed oil extraction. The sensitivity is dependent on the thickness of the material and on the amounts of bound and free water. Therefore, the thickness and the water-content range cannot be selected arbitrarily but are determined by the production conditions, and therefore the sensitivity in certain methods may be insufficient to provide a given accuracy. For example, in cotton oil production the water content of the oil cake at the output from the spiral evaporator is 2-3%, while cotton seeds arriving from processing in the summer may have water content less than 7%, and the relative changes in the parameters of the wave passing through the material are substantially less when the water content varies than when materials with medium and high water contents are used. The purpose of this study is to define ways of improving the measurement sensitivity.

Some Observations on Epidemiologic Studies in Egyptian Gins, Cotton Pressing Plants and Cottonseed Oil Extraction Plants

The follow-up studies presented in this report wee conducted to evaluate the impact of the relative technical improvements that took place in the cotton processing industries of Egypt in the last 10-15 years on the health of the workers. Results have indicated tha: 1) the health status of the workers has been relatively improved; however, their work environment is far from being safe. 2) The prevalence of byssinosis and reduction in FEV1 during the first day of work after the weekend are related to the duration of exposure, level of dustiness and content of plant debris in dust. 3) Chronic effect of exposure to cotton dust, demonstrated as reduction in predicted FVC, develops in workers continuing exposure for long durations, even if the classic symptoms of byssinosis and reduction in FEV1 do not occur. 4) Women workers are more liable to be affected by cotton dust exposure than the men. 5) "Cottonseed dust" may not be a "byssinnogenic" dust; however, it is capable of producing ventilatory function effects similar to those produced by cotton dust.

Some observations on epidemiologic studies in Egyptian gins, cotton pressing plants and cottonseed oil extraction plants

Some observations on epidemiologic studies in Egyptian gins, cotton pressing plants and cottonseed oil extraction plants

Extraction of cottonseed oil

It has been shown that oil of the best quality is obtained on its selective extraction by hexane. Subsequent extraction from the meal of gossypol by 70–80% aqueous, and then dry, acetone permits meal to be obtained with a light cream color containing 0.02% of free gossypol. The omission of dry acetone leads to a darkening of the meal. It has been established that it is possible to achieve a reduction in the consumption of solvents on the direct extraction of cottonseed flake by using weak oil and gossypol miscellas.

Exposure to dust in the cottonseed oil extraction industry.

Two cottonseed oil extraction plants were surveyed and half their working population examined. Thirty percent of the workers exposed to “cotton dust,” composed mainly of plant debris, complained of either breathlessness or chest tightness or both, while those exposed to “cottonseed dust,” composed mainly of seed fragments and other parts of the seed, had no complaints. Data presented in this study support the suggestion that “cottonseed dust” is physiologically inert. Further studies are considered necessary.

Some factors affecting the hydraulic extraction of cottonseed oil

Some factors affecting the hydraulic extraction of cottonseed oil