Inclusion Of Cottonseed Meal Research Articles

Impact of Partial Substitution of Soybean Meal by Cottonseed Meal with Iron Sulfate Supplementation in Nile Tilapia Diet

Aquatic meals participate in food security and nutrition. The economic dimension greatly influences the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. This study aimed to assess the effects of partial substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed meal (CSM) supplemented with ferrous sulfate (FS) on the growth performance and health status of Nile tilapia. One hundred and fifty Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were split equally into five group (triplicated). Each group was fed one of the following isonitrogenous isolipid diet; diet1 (0% CSM), diet2 (20% CSM), Diets3 (20% CSM with 580 mg/kg (FS), diet4 (50% CSM), and diet5 (50% CSM with 580 mg/kg FS) of total protein for two months. In comparison to the control group, Statistically significant (p<0.05) improvements in growth performance, hemogram, and leukogram, as well as, the levels of ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, total protein, MDA, and GSH-px were observed in the third treatment . Histopathologically, it showed the highest values of villus height, width, and surface absorption area with normal architecture and cellular details. On the other hand, fish fed diet4 had the lowest growth rat with microcytic normochromic anemia and decreased villus height and width. The groups that fed CSM showed lower cholesterol levels. In conclusion, CSM inclusion with FS supplementation enhanced growth and health parameters.

PSX-12 Effects of Cottonseed Meal Supplementation on Calf Performance and Forage Utilization Grazing Late Season Summer Forage

Abstract Nutritive quality of perennial warm-season grasses during summer may limit the DMI of growing calves due to low protein and increased NDF content. Cottonseed meal (CSM) supplementation may improve forage utilization by increasing rumen degradable protein, but research in calves is limited. It was hypothesized that supplementation of CSM to heifers grazing mature forage would have improved performance due to greater forage DMI and fiber digestibility. Objectives were to compare the effects of CSM supplementation on calf gain performance, estimated forage intake, and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and neutral detergent digestibility (IVNDFD) of low-quality, warm-season forage. Angus heifers (n = 18) weighing 232.7 ± 12.6 kg were blocked by BW (light, medium, and heavy) and allocated to 6 paddocks (1.64 ha) of W.W. B-Dahl Bluestem (Bothriochloa bladhii) for 67 d. Heifers were supplemented daily with a mineral mix and either no cottonseed meal (CON) or 454 g/animal of CSM (CSM1) in a RCBD with a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments and BW blocks, respectively. Initial and final shrunk BW was measured to calculate total gain, ADG, and percent of BW gained. Forage samples were collected weekly and composited into 3 periods for chemical analysis and in vitro incubations. Forage DMI was estimated using a double sampling technique for each paddock within period. Forage IVTD and IVNDFD were analyzed using batch fermentation with and without CSM in a CRD (2 treatments by 3 periods). Mean forage CP during periods 1 and 2 were 5.75% and increased to 10.3% in period 3 (P < 0.01). Forage NDF content increased over time (64.1 vs. 69.3%; P < 0.01) and estimated forage DMI of heifers tended (P = 0.07) to decrease from 2.9 to 2.1% of BW. Treatment did not affect estimated forage DMI (P = 0.40). Heifers receiving CSM1 gained 28.3% more BW than heifers receiving CON (47.27 vs. 36.82 kg, respectively; P = 0.02). Percent of BW gained was greater for heifers receiving CSM1 than CON (16.9 vs. 13.8% of initial BW, respectively, P = 0.029). There were no treatment by period interactions on IVTD or IVNDFD. The IVTD of forage from period 1 was greater than periods 2 and 3 (49.9 vs. 47.1 and 46.6%, respectively; P = 0.005). The IVTD of forage incubated with CSM tended (P = 0.06) to be greater than forage without CSM (52.1% vs. 47.8%, respectively). The IVNDFD was not affected by period but tended to be greater with CSM inclusion (P = 0.09) relative to CON (24.83% vs. 18.95%, respectively). In conclusion, 454 g/d of CSM supplemented to heifers grazing late-summer W.W. B-Dahl Bluestem forage likely provided sufficient protein to alter ruminal fiber digestibility, without affecting forage intake, and had measurable effects on gain.

Evaluation of Cottonseed Meal as an Alternative to Fish Meal in Diet for Juvenile Asian Red-Tailed Catfish Hemibagrus wyckioides.

A 10-week trial was performed to investigate the effects of replacing fishmeal with cottonseed meal (CSM) on the growth rate, protein metabolism, and antioxidant response of Asian red-tailed catfish Hemibagrus wyckioides. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (C0, C8.5, C17.2, C25.7, and C34.4) were prepared to contain 0%, 8.5%, 17.2%, 25.7%, and 34.4% CSM replacing fishmeal, respectively. The weight gain, daily growth coefficient, pepsin, and intestinal amylase activities initially increased and then decreased with the raising dietary CSM levels; the highest values were observed in the C17.2 group (P < 0.05). However, feed cost exhibited the opposite trend. With the increasing dietary CSM levels, the protein efficiency ratio and intestinal trypsin activity decreased but feed conversion rate increased gradually; while no differences were observed among the C0, C8.5, and C17.2 groups (P > 0.05). Dietary CSM inclusion regardless of levels increased the plasma growth hormone level as well as hepatic aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities but decreased the plasma glutamate dehydrogenase and AST activities (P < 0.05). With the increasing dietary CSM levels, the plasma alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and hepatic superoxide dismutase activities decreased but malondialdehyde content increased gradually, while no differences were observed among the C0, C8.5, and C17.2 groups (P > 0.05). The plasma immunoglobulin M content and hepatic glutathione reductase activity initially increased but then decreased with the raising dietary CSM levels; the highest values were found in the C17.2 group. These results indicated that dietary CSM inclusion level up to 17.2% improved the growth rate, feed cost, digestive enzyme activity, and protein metabolism without compromising antioxidant capacity of H. wyckioide, whereas these parameters were depressed by further inclusion of CSM. CSM is a potentially cost-effective alternative plant protein source in diet of H. wyckioide.

Cottonseed meal with enzyme complex for finishing pigs.

This work evaluated the digestibility of the experimental diets, the performance and the economic viability of pigs in the finishing phase fed with diets containing increasing levels of cottonseed meal (CM) with enzymatic complex. In the digestibility test, 35 barrows with an average weight of 54.54 ± 2.49 kg were used and for the performance and economic viability test, 30 pigs with an average weight of 55.47 ± 5.3 kg were used. In both trials, the animals were distributed in five diets: control diet (0), control diet plus the enzyme complex (0E), diet with 5% CM plus the enzyme complex (5E), diet with 10% CM plus the enzyme complex (10E), and a diet with 15% CM plus the enzyme complex (15E). The digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) reduced with the inclusion of CM with enzyme complex in the diet of pigs in the finishing phase, in contrast to the ether extract (EE), which improved as the inclusion of CM increased. No statistical difference (P > 0.05) was found in the performance when all diets were compared; however, when comparing only the diets that contained the enzyme complex separately, a negative linear effect (P = 0.015) was observed for the feed conversion (FC) in period 2. The diets have no effects on periods 1 and 3. Diets 0, 5E, 10E, and 15E, presented better net income (P = 0.019) in March to May 2018 due to the different levels of inclusion of CM with enzyme complex; in the other evaluated items, there were no statistical differences (P > 0.05). The inclusion of CM and enzyme complex in the diets reduced the digestibility of the dietary components; however, it did not reflect on the performance and was not financially viable in the studied scenario.

Energy and protein utilisation by broiler chickens fed diets containing cottonseed meal and supplemented with a composite enzyme product

ABSTRACT 1. The present study examined the potential of new-generation microbial enzymes to improve the utilisation of energy and protein of cottonseed meal (CSM)-containing diets, with the aim of increasing its inclusion level in broiler chickens diets. 2. Four hundred and eighty, one-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were used to assess the utilisation of energy and protein by broiler chickens fed diets containing four graded levels of CSM – none, low (4, 8, 12%), medium (5, 10, 15%) or high (6, 12, 18%) in the starter, grower, and finisher phases, respectively, supplemented with 100 mg/kg of a composite enzyme product (xylanase and β-glucanase). 3. Inclusion of CSM improved (P < 0.01) apparent metabolisable energy (AME), with further improvement (P < 0.001) seen in the enzyme-supplemented diets. Inclusion of CSM reduced (P = 0.002) the metabolisable energy intake (MEI), but this was increased (P < 0.05) with enzyme supplementation. 4. Enzyme addition increased (P < 0.001) the net energy of production (NEp), while heat production (HP) decreased (P < 0.001) with CSM inclusion. More energy was retained as fat (P < 0.05) and protein in birds fed diets with the enzyme, but this was reduced (P < 0.029) by CSM. 5. There was an increase (P < 0.05) in efficiencies of ME use for energy, lipid and protein retention, with higher CSM levels. The enzyme improved (P < 0.013) efficiency of ME use for lipid retention. 6. Feeding diets containing CSM to the broilers enhanced (P < 0.05) protein intake (PI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Positive effects (P < 0.05) of enzyme were observed on protein gain (PG) and net protein utilisation (NPU). 7. Results obtained from this study suggested that nutrient utilisation of diets containing CSM by broiler chickens can be improved by enzyme supplementation.

An evaluation of replacing fish meal with cottonseed meal in the diet of juvenile Ussuri catfish Pseudobagrus ussuriensis: Growth, antioxidant capacity, nonspecific immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with cottonseed meal (CM) on growth and immune characteristics of juvenile Ussuri catfish Pseudobagrus ussuriensis. Seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain CM to replace fish meal at 0 (C0, control), 10 (C10), 20 (C20), 30 (C30), 40 (C40), 50 (C50) and 60% (C60), respectively. The replacement level up to 30% did not affect the weight gain and specific growth rate, whereas these parameters were depressed by further replacement level. The apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter, crude protein and crude lipid decreased with increasing dietary CM level. Fish fed C60 diet had the lowest hepatic total antioxidant capacity but the highest malondialdehyde level. The activities of serum lysozyme, plasma myeloperoxidase and plasma alkaline phosphatase decreased as the proportion of CM increased. Conversely, the inclusion of CM increased the plasma alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. The highest heat shock protein 70 gene expression level was observed in fish fed the C60 diet. In addition, percent mortality increased after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. Percent mortality of fish fed the C60 diet was significantly higher than the other groups. Broken-line model analysis based on WG against dietary CM replacement level indicated that the optimum replacement level was 25.3%. However, including too high proportion of CM could depress the antioxidant capacity, non-specific immune response and resistance to A. hydrophila infection of Ussuri catfish.

Feeding of decorticated cottonseed meal on performance of growth rate, carcass characters and cost effectiveness in broiler birds

A six weeks trial was carried out to study the effect of feeding cottonseed meal (CSM) with 432, day - old Cobb 400 broiler chicks distributed to nine experimental diets with six replicates, each containing eight chicks. The experimental diets were formulated based on total amino acids (TAA) or based on digestible amino acids (DAA) with or without iron supplementation with two levels of CSM (2 and 4%) and control diet based on maize – soyabean. Birds fed with CSM at 4% DAA without iron supplementation had higher body weight gain than the control (1918 vs 1804g). Feed intake and feed efficiency were comparable in birds fed with different experimental diets. Inclusion of CSM up to 4% TAA or DAA with or without iron supplementation had comparable dressing percentage, gizzard, giblet (% of live body weight) and spleen (g). The liver weight (% of live weight) was lower in birds fed 4% CSM - TAA and 2 or 4% CSM - DAA with or without iron supplementation (1.45 – 1.53 vs 1.65%). Heart weight was higher (0.91 vs 0.80% of live weight) and abdominal fat (15.42 vs 24.0g) was lowered in 4% CSM - DAA with iron supplementation. The cost of feed/kg live weight gain in the diet of 4% CSM - DAA was lowest (52.77), followed by 4% CSM - TAA (55.43) and the difference with control was Rs 5.43 and Rs 2.77 respectively. The overall performance based on body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency was better in the diet formulated with 4% level of CSM - DAA.

Long-term effects of dietary cottonseed meal on growth and reproductive performance of rainbow trout: Three-year study

A long-term feeding experiment (35 months) was conducted to study the effects of substitution of fish meal (FM) by cottonseed meal (CM) on growth, feed utilization and reproductive physiology in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Five groups of fish (1.5 years old; 246 ± 10 g) were fed one of five experimental diets formulated to substitute FM with CM (147, 294, 441 and 588 g/kg designated as diets CM0, CM25, CM50, CM75 and CM100, respectively, based on percentage of protein replacement). The results showed that dietary CM significantly affected the coefficient of total apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of protein and phosphorus. However, in the long-term, it did not impact fish growth. Growth rates within male and female groups were not significantly affected by the dietary CM replacement after the 3 years of feeding. Gossypol-related mortality was not found in the fish during the 3 years of feeding. Muscle gossypol concentrations after 3 years were significantly different among groups and corresponded to the dietary concentration. Less than 1.0 μg gossypol/g wet basis of muscle was found in the highest dietary CM group. In males, the concentration of steroid hormones and the reproductive performances including sperm concentration, motility and eyed-stage embryo survival in the third year of this study were not significantly affected by the dietary CM inclusion. In contrast, female rainbow trout fertility and plasma testosterone levels were negatively affected by complete replacement of FM protein with CM protein. The findings based on this long-term study suggest that high dietary CM supplementation up to 58.8/100 g or complete substitution of FM protein does not impair growth of both sexes and reproductive performance of male rainbow trout, and that humans can safely consume the fillet produced by fish fed CM-containing diets.

Effects of supplement type and previous experience on variability in intake of supplements by heifers

Intakes, and variability in intakes, of a range of supplements were examined in groups (n = 10–20) of cattle grazing tropical native pasture in 24-ha paddocks. Intakes of supplement by individual animals were measured using lithium sulfate as a marker. In Expt 1, heifers (n = 160) were offered 1 of 4 supplements consisting of (i) a restricted amount of cottonseed meal (CSM); or ad libitum amounts of (ii) molasses containing 74 g urea/kg (M8U), (iii) a loose mineral mix (LMM) containing (g/kg) salt 390, urea 300, CSM 150, calcium phosphate 150, and sulfur 10, and (iv) feed block supplements containing (g/kg) molasses 494, urea 99, calcium phosphate 62, salt 62, bran 62, calcium oxide 148, and magnesium oxide 74. After 5 and 10 weeks the variation in supplement intake among heifers within a group was lower (P &lt; 0.05) for CSM and M8U (coefficient of variation (CV) 24–37%) than for the LMM or block supplements (CV 55–118%). All heifers offered CSM or M8U consumed at least some supplement, but up to 5% and 20% of heifers were non-eaters of LMM or block supplement, respectively. Both the per�cent non-eaters of supplement and the variability in intake of these latter supplements tended (P &lt; 0.10) to decline as the experiment progressed. In Expt 2 the same heifers were re-allocated to paddock groups and were offered ad libitum supplements of (i) M8U, (ii) molasses containing 107 g urea/kg (M12U), (iii) M8U mixed with monensin (M8U-M), or (iv) M8U mixed with meatmeal (M8U-MM). The CV of supplement intake ranged from 37 to 58%, and except in one paddock group offered M8U-MM, all heifers consumed at least some supplement. In Expt�3, paddock groups of heifers (n = 120) without, or with experience of LMM supplements during the previous dry season were offered LMM supplements containing either nil or 300�g CSM/kg. Voluntary intake of LMM supplement DM was increased (P &lt; 0.001) by 93% by inclusion of CSM and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) by 24% by previous experience of a similar LMM supplement. Neither variability in supplement intake (CV 66–150%) nor the per�cent non-eaters was significantly (P &gt; 0.05) affected by previous experience of the heifers with LMM supplements or inclusion of CSM in the supplement. However, the per cent non-eaters of LMM supplement was inversely related to the mean voluntary intake of the supplement by the paddock group; when the average voluntary intake of the supplement by the paddock group exceeded 0.2 g DM/kg LW.day, then ≤10% of heifers were non-eaters of supplement. In conclusion, within groups of heifers offered LMM and block supplements the variability in intake and per cent non-eaters of supplement were higher than for cottonseed meal or molasses-urea supplements, and variability appeared to be associated with voluntary intake of the supplements.

The Performance of Broiler Chicks Fed Diets Containing Extruded Cottonseed Meal Supplemented with Lysine

Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that extruding cottonseed meal (CSM) with supplemental lysine improves its feeding value by detoxifying gossypol. The performance of 1-wk-old straight-run Peterson × Arbor Acres broiler chicks fed diets containing 20% feed-grade or extruded CSM was compared with that of control chicks fed corn and soybean meal-based broiler rations. All diets were formulated to meet minimum NRC requirements. Lysine levels were adjusted by addition of synthetic lysine at rates of 0.5 to 2.0% of the protein in CSM.In all experiments, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers at 21 d were significantly affected by the diets. Feeding feed-grade and extruded CSM resulted in decreased body weight gain, increased feed intake, and inefficient feed utilization. When 2% lysine was added to feed-grade or extruded CSM, the body weight gains of chicks were not significantly different from those fed the control diet. The FCR of chicks fed feed-grade and extruded CSM plus 2% lysine at 21 d was significantly better than that of chicks fed feed-grade or extruded CSM alone. Abdominal fat pads (as a percentage of body weight) were significantly increased by the inclusion of CSM with or without the addition of lysine (P ≤ 0.019). Liver, spleen, and heart weights were not affected by the presence of 20% CSM in the diet. The effects of CSM on plasma iron level was not consistent. Only in Experiment 1 did CSM cause a significant reduction in plasma iron. The hemoglobin contents and hematocrit values of blood from chicks fed diets with 20% CSM were not significantly different from those of the controls. The extrusion process reduced the free gossypol in CSM, but the total gossypol level was not changed, and chick performance was not improved. However, this study shows that, with adequate supplemental lysine, CSM can be used in broiler diets without a reduction in performance.