Cotton Warp Research Articles

Effect of pre-squeezing force in a single-sizing-roll triple-roll-type sizing machine on size pick-up and quality indexes of sized yarns

Cotton warp sizing is the precondition for guaranteeing smooth weaving. Pre-squeezing is one of the processes for sizing in modern multi-squeezing roll sizing machines, which plays a positive role in the rational distribution of sizing material in sized yarn. However, the effect of pre-squeezing force on the properties of sized yarn is not clear. In this study, the mixed size liquor of starch acetate and PVA 088-05 was modified to reduce its viscosity at room temperature; subsequently, the warp yarns were sized by a single-sizing-roll triple-roll-type sizing machine. The effect of pre-squeezing force on the size pick-up and quality indexes of sized yarns was investigated. The results revealed that there was a positive correlation between pre-squeezing force and the size pick-up of sized yarn. The breaking force, abrasion resistance, abrasion residual breaking force, and hairiness number of sized yarns first increased and then decreased as the pre-squeezing force was increased. The analysis of variance indicated that pre-squeezing force significantly affected size pick-up percentage, breaking force and elongation, abrasion resistance, and hairiness of sized yarns. This study clarifies the relationship between pre-squeezing force and sized yarn quality indexes, which can offer a beneficial reference for the selection of pre-squeezing force in sizing production.

A Comparative Analysis of Denim Fabric Performances from Cotton/Polyester Blended Rigid and Stretched Yarns

Cotton and polyester fiber blends are commonly used to improve the aesthetic features of finished items. The denim industry’s growing need for polyester fiber aids in analyzing the performance of denim fabrics woven from rigid and stretched weft yarn combined with cotton and polyester. This study evaluates the weight, dimensional changes, stiffness, tensile and tearing strength, stretch, and comfort properties of denim fabric woven from cotton and polyester in various blended ratios. Here, Ne 14/1 (42 tex) 100% cotton warp yarn and Ne 18/1 (33 tex) weft yarns, consisting of 100% cotton, 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75 cotton/polyester (CO/PES) blends, as well as 100% polyester, were used to produce 3/1 Z twill denim fabric. The weft yarns were categorized into three groups: rigid, core-spun, and dual-core-spun yarns. Experimental results showed a higher polyester content in weft yarn, and denim fabrics’ tensile and tearing strength was improved, whereas fabrics’ weight loss, dimensional changes, and stretch properties were reduced. Furthermore, different statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the type of weft yarn and blending ratio interaction and correlation with fabric properties. Additionally, a regression model was developed with the weft yarn type and blending ratio as independent variables to predict the fabric properties.

The effect of size concentration, lubricant and plasticizer agents contents on cold sizing process performance of cotton warp yarns: modelling and optimization studies

Cold sizing is the alternative to conventional hot sizing of cotton warp yarns due to this low-energy consuming character. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of size recipe ingredients on the cold sizing performance of cotton warp yarns. A three factors-three levels Box-Behnken experimental design and a response surface methodology were investigated to examine the effect of size concentration (40, 50, and 60 g/L), lubricant agent content (0%, 4%, and 8%), and plasticizer agent content (0%, 5%, and 10%) on sizing properties. In this work, the effect of experimental parameters was determined by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Therefore, a multi-objective optimization technique was used to optimize the output responses in terms of the maximum value of size cohesion power, the maximum value of size adhesion to cotton fibers, the maximum values of mechanical properties of sized cotton warp yarns, and the minimum value of hairiness of warp yarn after cold sizing. Finally, the experimental results are in good agreement with those obtained by SEM and FTIR analysis. In addition, desizing efficiencies and wettability results proved that the optimum size recipe was successfully removable from cotton fabrics by the desizing process in hot water.

Redesign of the sizing process optimization to produce warp yarn with strong weaving ability

The research focuses on optimization of the sizing process parameters for cotton warp yarn material. The sizing process is a crucial step where warp yarn is coated with a starch solution before weaving. The aim is to produce warp yarn with strong weaving ability, thereby facilitating the entire process. To achieve this, several factors are considered, namely the steam bar, and squeeze roll pressure, including machine speed. The techniques used to address this issue include Taguchi in collaboration with Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) to effectively address multi-responses. In this analysis, the larger the better characteristic was applied to S/N Ratio, indicating that the higher the GRG value, the closer it is to the desired optimum condition. Based on the calculations from S/N Ratio response table for the GRG, it can be determined that factor steam bar pressure was selected at 4 Bar, with an average S/N Ratio value of -2.935. factor squeeze roll should be set to level 10 Km/m3, as it yields an average S/N Ratio value of -2.912. Factors squeeze roll) and C (Machine Speed) were selected at levels 2 (10 Km/m3) and 1 (45 M/Min) with average values of -2.912, and -4.771, respectively.

Incorporation of poly(3-acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) branches for good sizing properties and easy desizing from sized cotton warps

Abstract This study aimed to ascertain the influence of poly(3-acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) [P(ATC-co-AA)] on the adhesion, film properties, desizability of cornstarch, and reveal a suitable mole percentage of ATC units on the P(ATC-co-AA) for acquiring a new starch-based size [S-g-P(ATC-co-AA)]. A series of S-g-P(ATC-co-AA) samples were synthesized by the graft polymerization of acid-converted cornstarch with ATC and AA monomers. Their adhesion, film properties, and desizability were assessed. The results displayed that the P(ATC-co-AA) branches could significantly improve the adhesion to cotton fibers and diminish the film brittleness of starch. Under similar grafting ratio, the adhesion and desizability of S-g-P(ATC-co-AA) depended on the mole percentage of ATC units. Increasing the percentage favored the adhesion but disfavored the desizability. The percentage displayed a low effect on the film properties. S-g-P(ATC-co-AA) with a mole percentage of 57.7% presented good sizing properties and easy desizing, which had potential application in cotton warp sizing.

Analysis of the Effect of Sizing Add-on% and Sizing Process Parameters on the Average Warp Breakage Rate for 30Ne 100% Cotton Warp Yarn

Sizing is one of the essential steps in fabric manufacturing for increasing weaving production efficiency in the case of cotton and cotton blend fabrics by providing a protective coating to warp yarn that does not add any functional value. This research aimed to analyze the effects of size add-on% and two sizing process parameters, such as sizing machine speed and squeezing roller pressure, on the average warp yarn breakage rate during weaving. The sizing experiments have been conducted based on the size add-on% (8.93 %, 9.94%, 11.23%), sizing machine speed (35 yards/min, 38 yards/min, 40 yards/min), and squeezing roller pressure (2.2 kg, 3.3 kg, 3.5 kg) on the 30Ne 100% cotton warp yarn. It was found from the experimental results that the warp yarn breakage rate was increased with the rise in sizing machine speed and squeezing roller pressure. In contrast, the lowest warp yarn breakage rate was exhibited in size add-on% 9.94 in the loom during weaving. Based on the research, promising industrial application is highlighted for future fabric production. Journal of Engineering Science 13(2), 2022, 111-115

Single fibre enables acoustic fabrics via nanometre-scale vibrations.

Fabrics, by virtue of their composition and structure, have traditionally been used as acoustic absorbers1,2. Here, inspired by the auditory system3, we introduce a fabric that operates as a sensitive audible microphone while retaining the traditional qualities of fabrics, such as machine washability and draping. The fabric medium is composed of high-Young'smodulus textile yarns in the weft of a cotton warp, converting tenuous 10-7-atmosphere pressure waves at audible frequencies into lower-order mechanical vibration modes. Woven into the fabric is a thermally drawn composite piezoelectric fibre that conforms to the fabric and converts the mechanical vibrations into electrical signals. Key to the fibre sensitivity is an elastomeric cladding that concentrates the mechanical stress in a piezocomposite layerwith a high piezoelectric charge coefficient of approximately 46 picocoulombs per newton, a result of the thermal drawing process. Concurrent measurements of electric output and spatial vibration patterns in response to audible acoustic excitation reveal that fabric vibrational modes with nanometre amplitude displacement are the source of the electrical output of the fibre. With the fibre subsuming less than 0.1% of the fabric by volume, a single fibre draw enables tens of square metres of fabric microphone. Three different applications exemplify the usefulness of this study: a woven shirt with dual acoustic fibres measures the precise direction of an acoustic impulse, bidirectional communications are established between two fabrics working as sound emitters and receivers, and a shirt auscultates cardiac sound signals.

Preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose nanofibers and their application in warp size of textile

How to develop the warp sizing process with energy saving and emission reduction have been a problem for the textile sizing industry. In this work, a series of carboxymethyl cellulose nanofibers (CCNFs) with different degree of substitution (DS) were prepared from bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp, and their applications in warp size of textile were investigated in detail. AFM and TEM analyses confirmed that the prepared CCNFs were of nanoscale fibers. Zeta potential analysis showed that CCNFs aqueous dispersion had good stability. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the high-count cotton warp sizing formula containing a small amount of CCNFs. It could be found that the optimized sizing formula still had much better sizing performance than that of the original sizing formula even if the sizing percentage and temperature were reduced. The results exhibited that CCNFs with DS of 0.38 had a potential industry application prospect as sizing auxiliary in pure cotton warp sizing, and the new developed sizing formula had the advantages of excellent sizing performance, environmental friendliness, energy saving and emission reduction.

Indian cotton textiles and British industrialization: Evidence of comparative learning in the British cotton industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

AbstractThis article contributes to a topic central to interpretations of British industrialization and the role of Indian cotton textiles in shaping notions of cloth quality and, eventually, innovations. Textual evidence indicates that manufacturers in the early British cotton industry compared the quality of their products to that of Indian cottons. These texts suggest the hypothesis that there was a shift towards finer cotton textiles in Britain, via attempts to make the cotton warp yarn match Indian quality. Using a novel dataset of surviving British and Indian textiles of the period, the article puts this hypothesis to the test, and concludes that between 1746 and 1820 there was an increase in the quality of British cottons, leading to a convergence with the quality of handmade Indian cottons.

Amphipathic combination of poly(sodium allyl sulfonate) and poly(ethyl acrylate) on starch for strong adhesion to cotton fibers and film properties

The main objective of this study was to reveal the superiority of new amphipathic poly(sodium allyl sulfonate) (PSAS)/poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA) structure to control P(SAS-co-EA) structure in adhesion to cotton fibers and film properties. Another objective was to explore the effect of the grafting ratios of poly(sodium allyl sulfonate)-g-starch-g-poly(ethyl acrylate) (PSAS-g-S-g-PEA) samples on the properties, so as to provide a new starch-based adhesive for cotton warp sizing. A series of PSAS-g-S-g-PEA samples and control S-g-P(SAS-co-EA) samples were prepared, and their adhesion to cotton fibers and film properties were evaluated. The PSAS-g-S-g-PEA samples with grafting ratios of 11.33% and 9.02% showed bonding strengths of 17.54 cN/tex and 17.01 cN/tex, and their film possessed elongations at break of 4.89% and 4.53%, and bending endurances of 2000 cycles and 1598 cycles, respectively. In contrast, the S-g-P(SAS-co-EA) samples with the ratios of 10.34% and 7.98% had bonding strengths of 16.33 cN/tex and 15.91 cN/tex, and their films showed elongations at break of 4.31% and 3.95%, and bending endurances of 1541 cycles and 1323 cycles, respectively. Therefore, the combination of the PSAS and PEA branches exhibited obvious superiority in the properties to P(SAS-co-EA) structure. Increasing the grafting ratios from 0% to 11.33% could increase the bonding strength from 14.92 cN/tex to 17.54 cN/tex and elongation at break from 2.58% to 4.89%, enhance bending endurance from 1075 cycles to 2000 cycles, and reduce film strength from 38.21 MPa to 32.02 MPa. PSAS-g-S-g-PEA as a new adhesive showed potential application for sizing cotton warps.

Effect of Sustainable Cotton Fibers on Denim Fabric Selected Properties

ABSTRACT Natural resources are getting scarcer by the day as the world’s population grows. As a result, it is high time to repurpose textiles in order to save the environment and reduce waste. The textile industry is one of the most waste-generating industries, resulting in increased pollution. The goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of recycled cotton (R-CO) with conventional cotton (C-CO), organic cotton (O-CO), and better cotton (B-CO) in the denim fabric performance. Denim fabrics were produced using 7.2 Ne slub cotton warp yarn and 8.9 Ne C-CO, O-CO, B-CO, R-CO carded weft yarns. The results revealed that cotton fiber types only had a major impact on tearing and breaking strengths. Among those, recycled cotton had higher skewing movement and lower breaking and tearing strength according to a significance level of α = 0.05. The measured colors were compared to the C-CO fabric as a reference, and the overall color characteristics were found to be closer to the reference fabric, with the exception of the O-CO fabric.

Use of citric acid-plasticized polyvinyl alcohol for cotton warp yarns cold sizing

The properties of pure and citric acid-plasticized polyvinyl alcohol sizes in terms of viscosity, cohesive power, adhesive capacity, mechanical properties, and hairiness of sized yarns have been studied. Furthermore, pure and plasticized polyvinyl alcohol films are characterized by FTIR spectroscopy to describe intermolecular interactions. The morphology of sized yarns is studied by SEM images. It is confirmed that citric acid could enhance film properties, adhesion ability of polyvinyl alcohol to cotton fibres, hairiness, and mechanical properties of sized yarns. The desizeability of the prepared sizes is also checked and found high and efficient, which indicates that the citric acid-plasticized polyvinyl alcohol possess the application potential to cotton warp cold sizing.

Study on Properties of Calotropis Cotton Blended Fabric

ABSTRACT The present study was carried out with blended fabrics developed from 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 Calotropis/cotton-blended yarns. The cloth count of warp way was significantly different in all the four blends but it was highest in weft way. Shrinkage was higher in calotropis blends than in cotton warp way. Weft-way shrinkage was much lower and less varied between blend cotton fabric had a high degree of crease recovery angle in warp and weft direction. It was observed that the crease recovery angle was less in the weft way in all the four fabric. Calotropis-blended fabric has a less crease recovery angle than the 100% cotton fabric which has increased after dyeing and finishing both warp and weft way. The addition of Calotropis fiber appeared to increase the bending length indicating that the Calotropis fiber was stiffer than cotton fiber which has decreased after dyeing and finishing both warp and weft way.GSM (Grams per square meter) weight, air permeability was highest in 25:75 blended fabric compare to other blended fabrics which have been improved after dyeing and finishing. 75:25 Calotropis/cotton fabrics have a high tensile strength and the Extension of blended fabric are higher in the 50:50 blend compared to other fabric warp way.

Preparation, characterization of feather protein-g-poly(sodium allyl sulfonate) and its application as a low-temperature adhesive to cotton and viscose fibers for warp sizing

Fulfilling high-valued utilization of feather wastes will favor overcoming environmental issues and promoting the poultry farmers’ income. This study developed a new bio-based protein sizing agent [feather protein-g-poly(sodium allyl sulfonate) (FP-g-PSAS)] with high adhesion capacity to viscose and cotton fibers at low temperature, through graft copolymerization of feather protein with SAS monomer by building an ammonium persulfate (APS)/SH groups (on the protein chains) redox system. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS) demonstrated the successful preparation of FP-g-PSAS samples. The samples were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric (TG) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Viscosity, water-solubility, light transmittance and adhesion of the samples were investigated. The FP-g-PSAS exhibited high water-solubility and light transmittance. Compared with feather protein, an increased viscosity and an improved adhesion to both fibers for FP-g-PSAS samples were exhibited at 60 °C. With the rises in grafting ratios, viscosity and adhesion strengths to both fibers gradually increased. The FP-g-PSAS samples had the similar adhesion strengths in comparison with the modified starches investigated in our previous works. These results indicated that FP-g-PSAS showed the potential in the application of viscose and cotton warp sizing at a low temperature of 60 °C.

Adhesion of cornstarch-g-poly (2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) to cotton fibers in sizing

A range of starch-g-poly (2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (S-g-PHEA) with different grafting ratio was prepared by graft copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) onto granular cornstarch using ammonium cerium nitrate as initiator. The adhesive ability of the sizes to cotton fibers, film properties, and desizing ability of HEA branch grafted onto starch were investigated. The effects of grafting conditions (such as reaction time, temperature, HEA and initiator concentration, etc.) on grafting ratio and efficiency were investigated. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to characterize the complexes of S-g-PHEA. The effect of grafting ratio on the sizing properties of grafted starch was studied by testing the ability of the grafted starch to adhere to cotton fiber and film properties. It was confirmed that the HEA branch can effectively improve the adhesion ability of starch to cotton fibers, improves the flexibility of the starch film while reduces the brittleness, and enhances the abrasion resistance of the yarns (the highest enhancement ratio up to 225.71%). An increase in the grafting ratio facilitates the adhesion to the cotton fibers while making the desizing difficult. The desizing efficiency was high when the grafting ratio was less than 10%, which lead to easy access to desizing and then fewer residues have remained, and at the same time, good sizing performance is maintained, which indicates that the S-g-PHEA possesses the application potential of cotton warp sizing.

The Effect of Linen and Linen Blends on the Comfort Properties of Bedding Fabrics

ABSTRACT In this study, the effect of linen and linen blends on the comfort properties of bedding fabrics was investigated. Therefore, 10 different fabric types were produced by using the same warp (100% cotton) and different weft yarns. Thermal and handle properties of fabrics, which were woven with 100% linen and two different ratios of cotton/linen, viscose/linen, and lyocell/linen blended weft yarn, were compared with 100% cotton and each other. The results showed that the thermal values of the fabric woven with linen weft were not different from other fabrics. In addition, the use of linen and man-made cellulosic fiber blend fabrics made no significant difference in terms of thermal absorptivity, but increased the air permeability, bending and shear ability. However, the fabric woven with 80% lyocell/20% linen weft showed the highest values in terms of heat and vapor passage, formability and elongation properties in accordance with the 100% cotton fabric. The results of this study proved that the fabric produced with 100% cotton warp and 80% lyocell/20% linen weft will provide a good thermal and handle comfort for bedding fabrics.

Influence of hydroxypropylsulfonation on adhesion-to-fibers and film properties of corn starch

The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of hydroxypropylsulfonation on the adhesion-to-fibers and film properties of starch for improving its end-use ability in warp sizing. A series of hydroxypropylsulfonated corn starch (HPSS) with different degrees of substitution (DS) were synthesized by the reaction of granular corn starch with 3-chloro-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt (CHPS-Na) in an alkaline aqueous medium. The adhesion was accessed by determining the tensile force of starch to cotton fibers according to a standard method (FZ/T 15001-2008), while film properties were estimated in terms of breaking elongation, tensile strength, degree of crystallinity, and moisture regain. In addition, desizability of HPSS was also evaluated by measuring the time interval required to break the film in water. The estimation was undertaken through the comparison of HPSS with ACS. Compared with ACS, HPSS exhibited stronger tensile force, higher breaking elongation and moisture regain of the film, and lower tensile strength, degree of crystallinity and time required to break the film in water. Therefore, hydroxypropylsulfonation was able to improve the adhesion, reduce film brittleness, and enhance the desizability. The increase in the hydroxypropylsulfonation level favored the increase in adhesion, reduction of film brittleness, and enhancement in desizability. Based on the results, HPSS prepared with a DS range of 0.03 ∼ 0.041 showed the potential for the application of sizing cotton warp yarns.

Tertiary Amination/Hydroxypropylsulfonation of Cornstarch to Improve the Adhesion-to-Fibers and Film Properties for Warp Sizing

To investigate the effects of tertiary amination/hydroxypropylsulfonation on the adhesion-to-fibers and film properties of corn starch for warp sizing, a series of tertiary aminated and hydroxypropylsulfonated corn starch (TAHPSS) samples were prepared by the tertiary amination and hydroxypropylsulfonation of acid-hydrolyzed corn starch (AHS) with 2- dimethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride (DMC-HCl) and 3-chloro-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt (CHPS-Na) simultaneously. The adhesion was evaluated by measuring the bonding force of starch to the fibers. The film properties were investigated in terms of tensile strength, breaking elongation, degree of crystallinity, and moisture regain. The results showed that tertiary amination/hydroxypropylsulfonation was able to increase bonding forces of starch to cotton and polyester fibers, enhance breaking elongation and moisture regain of the starch film and to decrease the tensile strength and degree of crystallinity of the film, thereby improving the adhesion and reducing film brittleness. Increasing the level of tertiary amination/hydroxypropylsulfonation was favorable for gradually improving the adhesion and decreasing the brittleness. The TAHPSS showed potential for use in cotton warp sizing.

Studies on Thermal Behaviour of Cotton and Eri/Cotton Blended Fabrics Using Response Surface Methodology

Eri silk fibre, the lone domesticated non-mulberry variety of silk is reported to possess excellent thermal insulation property and the fabrics made of eri silk yarn is popularly used as warmth giving apparels by the people of north-eastern states of India in particular. On the other side, cotton fibre which is comparatively cheaper than eri silk has wide application in making apparel fabrics. This paper deals with the manufacturing of plain woven fabrics made of eri/cotton blended yarn as weft over cotton warp yarn and to conduct an in-depth study on the effect of blend composition and yarn parameters like count (Ne) and amount of twist on its thermal behaviour. The Box and Behnken model of Design of Experiment for three variables and three levels, a popular statistical tool, has been used to study the influence of chosen factors. The fitted regression equation has been found to be linear in nature confirming the presence of independent effect of yarn fineness, twist and eri content in the blended yarn over thermal insulation value of the fabric with strong degree of association. The effects of yarn count, twist and proportion of eri in blends have been well explained using response surface methodology.

Effect of Washing Cycle on Tenacity and Stretching Properties of Denim Fabrics Containing Elastane

Elastane containing denim fabrics which are known as “blue jeans” have always been popular. Denim fabrics are woven with white elastane-cotton weft yarns and 100% cotton indigo dyed warp yarns. The most distinctive feature of denim fabrics is those warp yarns’ indigo color fading after washing processes which enhance the denim fabrics having unique structures. The elastane amount in the weft yarns determines the flexibility ratio of the denim fabric with its high recovery property. This study aims to investigate the denim fabrics produced at three different weft and warp density with different yarn counts and elastane ratios in terms of tenacity and stretching properties (elongation, permanent elongation, elastic recovery) considering the washing cycles of 0, 5 and 15. Three different denim fabrics with 100% cotton warp yarns and cottonelastane weft yarns were produced at the weft densities of 23,19, 24 (pick/cm) and at the warp densities of 33, 28 and 35 (end/cm) with three different elastane percentages of 4%, 1% and 2.5% respectively. The 2/1 twill denim fabrics were produced on dobby weaving machine. Home laundry process was applied at 30°C for 40 minutes by using 20 ml/kg standard reference detergent containing 5%-15% anionic surface active agents, <0.5% non-anionic surface active agents, soap, enzyme, preservatives and perfumes. Home drying process was applied for 40 minutes after each washing cycle. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties such as breaking tenacity and stretching; the testing devices of Shimadzu and Fyrma fabric extensometer devices were used. As a conclusion tensile and stretching properties of three different denim fabrics varied with the washing cycles.