Cotton Twill Fabrics Research Articles

Fire retardant properties enhancement of cotton twill fabric using pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) extract

Health hazards and environmental pollution are major concerns in present world. So, it is high time to think about ecofriendly and sustainable production. In this study, pumpkin juice has been used as an ecofriendly flame retardant finish to enhance the functionality of cotton twill fabric. The pumpkin juice extracted from the fresh pumpkin without any chemicals. The cotton fabric was treated with pumpkin juice in exhaust method. The treated and untreated samples were characterized by TGA, FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The flame-retardant property of the samples were evaluated based on the LOI and vertical flame tester. The result demonstrated that the treated samples exhibited high fire-retardant properties after being finished with pumpkin juice. The LOI value of the treated samples increased to 29 from 19 after treatment. The main reason behind the increased flammability is the dehydration of pumpkin juice-treated fabric which was clarified from the TG analysis. Moreover, the FTIR, SEM, and EDX report ensured the presence of bound and unbound water molecules, different salt, and several atoms in the samples treated with pumpkin juice that enhanced the protection against the spreading of the fire and thus improved fire-retardant properties of the treated samples.

Optimization of Residual Shrinkage Control of 100% Cotton Woven Fabric Through Sanforization

Textile fabrics (woven or knitted) are subjected to strain both lengthwise and widthwise during fabric manufacturing. This strain is released while washing the fabric under relaxed conditions, resulting in a reduction in length and/or width of the fabric which is called shrinkage. Apparel made of such fabrics suffers shrinkage after washing and go out of fit. In order to eliminate or minimize such undesirable alternation, the fabric need to be stabilized dimension-ally. Commercially cotton woven fabric are given an anti-shrinkage finish branded as “Sanforized”. This study focused on sanforization of 100% cotton twill fabric. The effects of three variables namely damping percentage, machine speed, overfeed percentage on shrinkage imparted in the finished fabrics were investigated. Shrinkage imparted to the fabrics was increased with increasing in the variables specially overfeed% and damping. The increase in machine speed imparted less shrinkage.

Optimization of Residual Shrikage Control of 100% Cotton Woven Fabric through Sanforization

Textile fabrics (woven or knitted) are subjected to strain both lengthwise and widthwise during fabric manufacturing. This strain is released while washing the fabric under relaxed conditions, resulting in a reduction in length and/or width of the fabric which is called shrinkage. Apparel made of such fabrics suffers shrinkage after washing and go out of fit. In order to eliminate or minimize such undesirable alternation, the fabric needs to be stabilized dimensionally. Commercially cotton woven fabrics are given an anti-shrinkage finish branded as Sanforized. This study focused on sanforization of 100% cotton twill fabric. The effects of three variables namely damping percentage, machine speed, overfeed percentage on shrinkage imparted in the finished fabrics were investigated. Shrinkage imparted to the fabrics was increased with increasing in the variables specially overfeed% and damping. The increase in machine speed imparted less shrinkage.

Innovative Approach to Flame Retardant Cotton Fabrics with Phosphorus Rich Casein via Layer-by-Layer Processing

Flame retardant behaviour was imparted using the layer-by layer assemblies of phosphorus rich casein milk protein with eco-friendly inorganic chemicals on cotton fabrics. The cotton twill fabrics were prepared using two solutions; a mixture of positively charged branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) with urea and diammonium phosphate (DAP), and negatively charged casein. Layer-by-layer assemblies for flame retardant properties were applied using the pad-dry-cure method, and each coating formula was rotated for 20 bi-layers. The effectiveness to resist flame spread on treated fabrics was evaluated using vertical (ASTM D6413-08) and 45° angle flammability test (ASTM D1230-01) methods. In most case, char lengths of fabrics that passed the vertical flammability tests were less than 50% of the original length, and after-flame and after-glow times were less than one second. Thermal properties were tested the extent of char produced by untreated and treated fabrics at 600°C by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Micro-scale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and Limiting oxygen indices (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were also assessed. All untreated fabrics showed LOI values of about 21% oxygen in nitrogen. LOI values for the treated casein with BPEI/urea/DAP fabrics were greater than 29-34% between 5.80-9.59 add on wt%. Their structural characterizations were revealed by TGA/FT-IR and SEM methods. The treated fabrics exhibited improved thermal stability, as evidenced by increased ignition times and lower heat release rates. The results of this study show that flame retardant nanocoatings can be readily applied to textile fabrics using a continuous process that is ideal for commercial and industrial applications.

Effects of Binder Solution on Color Fastness of Digital Printed Cotton Fabric

Digital printing of textiles first appeared in early 90's, and its share in total printing market dramatically increased due to developments in the last five years and advantages of technique, but there is still much to achieve to gain a respectable place in the market. Pigments were most commonly used inks in digital printing and they have nearly no solubility in water or no affinity for any fiber, that results in a demand for binders to create a strong bond between pigment and fiber. In this study, 12 binder solution recipes were prepared with various amounts of KEOJET PGT® binder (0, 20, 25, 30%) and Catalizzatore PGT® catalyst (0, 9, 12, 15%), as well as distilled water. Then, binder solutions were applied onto 100% cotton twill fabrics before printing of Cyan (C), Magenta (M), Yellow (Y) and Black (K) colors via ink jet machine, PicassoTex. After a fixation process, color fastness to rubbing, light, washing and perspiration tests were conducted to printed fabrics. Color fastness to washing and perspiration test results were around 4/5, color fastness to light test results were 5 for all printed samples. However, color fastness to rubbing test results were observed between 3 and 4/5. When all of fastness results were taken into consideration, best results were obtained at the recipe which has 25% binder and 12% catalyst.

Microscopic study of the surface morphology of CO2 laser-treated cotton and cotton/polyester blended fabric

This paper presents how the morphology of fibers is affected by CO2 laser treatment. The change in morphology of fibers induced by a laser affects the physical and mechanical properties of the fabric, such as water absorption, dye uptake, resistance to wrinkles and adhesion to other materials, etc. The morphology of laser-treated fibers was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Samples of cotton twill fabric, cotton/polyester blended twill fabric and cotton knitted fabrics with different yarn counts were studied before and after laser treatment. SEM images reveal different sizes of pores and cracks on the surface of cotton fibers. In the case of cotton/polyester blended twill fabric, the two types of fibers responded differently to laser treatment; the change in cotton fibers was slightly different from the SEM images of 100% cotton twill fabric. The number of pores and cracks on the fiber surface of cotton/polyester fabric was lower than that found in 100% cotton twill fabric. Polyester fibers melt and flow while cotton fibers are encased in resolidified polyester. For 100% cotton knitted fabrics, the thickest yarn with the lowest yarn twist exhibited the largest change when compared with fabrics knitted with lower yarn counts. The degree of change of fiber surface modification was enhanced with an increase of laser processing variables.

Effect of Wrinkle Free Finishing of Cotton Twill Fabric

Wrinkle free finishing is a widely used functional finishing process to produce wrinkle-resistant cotton fabrics at the expense of tearing strength of fabrics. In this research, full factors and orthogonal experiments were carried out to invesitgate the mechnism between the wrinkle recovery and tearing strength of cotton fabrics. Wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) was tested by AATCC Test Method 66–2003. Fabric tearing strength, interwoven resistance, and yarn strength were tested before and after resin treatment by a tensile testing machine. By full factors experiment, it was found that the specimen could achieve its best wrinkle-free performance at 110°C curing temperature, 2.5 minutes curing time, 80% pick-up percentage and 60g/l resin concentration considering fabric tearing strength. It is found out that after resin treatment in optimum condition, it could effectively improve the WRA and at the same time with the minimum lose of tearing strength of fabric.

The comparison of differences in flammability and thermal degradation between cotton fabrics treated with phosphoramidate derivatives

The effectiveness of a phosphoramidate tetraethyl piperazine‐1,4‐diyldiphosphoramidate (TEPP) as a flame retardant on cotton twill fabrics was compared with that of a previously studied diethyl 4‐methylpiperazin‐1‐ylphosphoramidate (DEPP). TEPP was formed in a reaction between two phosphonates and a piperazine then cotton twill fabrics were treated with TEPP at different levels of add‐on (2–19 wt%) and characterized using vertical flammability, limiting oxygen index, microscale combustion calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis methods. The results showed better flame retardancy and thermal behavior for TEPP fabrics when compared with DEPP fabrics. When the morphological structure of the formed char from the burned areas was examined by scanning electron microscopy, the results revealed a fairly insignificant difference in the mode of action between the two types of fabric. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Fire Self-Extinguishing Cotton Fabric: Development of Piperazine Derivatives Containing Phosphorous-Sulfur-Nitrogen and Their Flame Retardant and Thermal Behaviors

Recent studies have shown interest in flame retardants containing phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur a combination small molecule with a promising new approach in preparing an important class of flame retardant materials. Tetraethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonate (TEPP) and O,O,O’,O’- tetramethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonothioate (TMPT), based on Piperazine derivatives, were prepared successfully and their structures were proved by means of 1H, 13C and 31P NMR. Cotton twill fabric was treated with both compounds to provide different add-on levels. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC), vertical and 45° flame test and limiting oxygen index (LOI) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics and showed promising results. When the treated twill fabrics (5 wt% - 7 wt% add-ons) were tested using the vertical flammability test (ASTMD6413-11), we observed that the ignited fabrics self extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Limiting oxygen index (LOI, ASTM 2863-09) was utilized to determine the effectiveness of the flame retardant on the treated fabrics. LOI values increased from 18 vol% oxygen in nitrogen for untreated twill fabric to a maximum of 30 vol% for the highest add-on of twill. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Attenuated Total Reflection-Infrared (ATR-IR), and Thermogravimetric Analysis-Fourier Transform Infrared (TGA-FTIR) spectroscopy were employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics, as well as, the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics. Additionally, analysis of the release gas products by TGA-FTIR shows some distinctive detail in the degradation of the treated fabrics during the burning process.

Effects of Auxiliaries on the Indigo Blue Dyeing Performance

The 100% cotton twill fabrics were dyed by indigo blue leuco solutions that containing indigo blue (5 gdm-3) sodium hydroxide (8gdm-3) sodium dithionite (12 gdm-3) and auxiliaries (1 gdm-3), the auxiliaries used are dispersing agent NNOleveling agent Peregal O-25alkali resistant penetrant SDR and color deepening penetrant DP individually. The properties of auxiliarys solutions and the performance of dyed fabrics were tested and measured, the results shown that the color yield of indigo blue dyeing with DP increased by 15% compared to the others, its washingrubbing fastness also improved.

Structural Effect of Phosphoramidate Derivatives on the Thermal and Flame Retardant Behaviors of Treated Cotton Cellulose

The present research is aimed at studying the structural effect of two phosphoramidate derivatives diethyl 3-hydroxypropylphosphoramidate EHP and dimethyl 3-hydroxypropylphosphoramidate MHP as flame retardants for cotton fabric. EHP and MHP were obtained in very high yield and purity by one step procedures. Cotton twill fabrics treated with the two compounds at different add-ons (5–20 wt %) were characterized. Vertical flammability, limiting oxygen index, thermogravimetric, and microscale combustion calorimeter analyses were performed, and all resulted in better flame retardancy and thermal behavior for MHP compared to EHP. A study of the functional groups which appeared on the treated fabrics by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy revealed different binding mechanisms between each compound and cotton cellulose. Analysis of the released gas products by thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed some distinctive details in the degradation of the treated fabrics during the burning process.

The Effect of Wrinkle-free Treatment on Fabric Tear Strength and Dynamic Water Absorbency

Two groups of fabric samples: six 100% cotton twill fabrics with different level of wrinklefree treatment, and six 100% cotton twill fabrics without wrinkle-free treatment were experimentally studied. These fabrics were tested in terms of nitrogen content, swelling index (water retention), tear strength and dynamic water absorption rate. The nitrogen content was considered as a probably better indicator of the level of wrinkle-free treatment than the swelling index (water retention) commonly used in the industry. In this work, the relationship between the nitrogen content and swelling index (water retention) were studied. The effects of nitrogen content and swelling index (water retention) on the tear strength and the dynamic water absorbency were investigated The results showed that (1) The swelling index (water retention) has a strong linear relationship with the total nitrogen content in the fabric. The higher nitrogen content, the lower the swelling index (water retention). (2) The fabric tear strengt...

The effect of selected mechanical properties acquired by the KES‐F instruments on the level of puckering of cotton fabrics after washing

Describes a research project in which a cotton twill fabric was subjected to various finishing treatments. Then the level of puckering of finished fabrics before and after washing was evaluated subjectively. Simultaneously, by means of the KES‐F instruments, all the mechanical properties of these samples were determined, and the results were used to calculate their formability and sewability. All the results were then analysed by means of the multivariate method. Concludes that a higher level of sewability generally offers samples without puckering as well as higher values of 2HB, 2HG and 2HG5, and to some extent higher levels of B and G also.

Applying a Durable Press Finish to Wet Fabrics Using a Low Wet Pickup Method to Conserve Energy

Wet cotton twill fabrics containing 30, 58, or 83% water were fogged with DMDHEU to determine the feasibility of wet-on-wet chemical finishing. The fogging process added 14, 20, or 26% water along with 6, 8, or 10% DMDHEU. The influence of processing variables on stiffness, breaking strength, nitrogen content, wrinkle recovery, and durable press properties of treated fabrics were determined. Breaking strength was significantly influenced by the amount of water in wet fabrics before the DMDHEU was applied, but the amount of water added during fogging had little or no effect on strength of fabrics. The amount of water in fabrics before fogging had a slight effect on the amount of nitrogen fixed in treated fabrics, whereas the amount of water added by fogging (with DMDHEU solution) had a significant effect on amount of nitrogen fixed in fabrics. Wrinkle recovery values of wet-on-wet finished fabrics were similar to values of pad-dry-cure fabrics with the same amount of fixed nitrogen; however, durable press ratings of wet-on-wet processed fabrics were significantly higher than durable press ratings of pad-dry-cure processed fabrics with the same amount of ni trogen. Wet-on-wet processing could conserve considerable energy compared to pad- dry-cure processing and could conserve modest amounts of energy compared to low wet pickup finishing of dry fabrics.

Polyacrylates in Flame Retardant Treatments of Textile Fabrics

Durable phosphorus-based flame retardants containing polyacrylate emul sions were applied to cotton, cotton-polyester, and cotton-wool twill fabrics to study the effect of the added polyacrylates on the physical properties and flame retardancy. The Thps-urea-TMM flame retardant with added polyacrylate im parted better overall physical properties to 100% cotton fabric than to cotton blend fabrics. Treatments containing polyacrylates with low glass transition temperatures produced fabrics with the highest abrasion resistance, tearing strength and wrinkle recovery. The flame retardancy of treated fabrics was not adversely affected by the addition of polyacrylates to the flame retardant treatments.

Performance Properties of Cottons at Two Levels of Durable-Press and Conditioned Wrinkle-Recovery Angles

Polymerization-crosslinking reagents such as N-methylolacrylamide, N-methylol- methacrylamide, and N-methylolpolyethyleneurea (dp = 3) (NMP-2) and conven tional crosslinking agents such as dimethylolethyleneurea, dimethyloldihydroxyethyl eneurea, and formaldehyde were used to treat cotton twill fabrics. A concentration study with these reagents was carried out, and physical and chemical properties of the finished fabrics were compared. Strength and abrasion properties of treated fabrics at two levels of DP and conditioned WRA were also determined. The results indicated that the experimental reagents capable of undergoing polymerization as well as crosslinking within the cellulose substrate afford a superior balance of strength and abrasion properties. NMP-2 appears to be most stable to loss of formaldehyde among the polymer-forming reagents studied and most sensitive to loss of breaking strength from scorching following treatment with chlorine bleach.

Wear Performance of Trousers Manufactured from a 3/1 Cotton Twill Fabric Finished with One of Four Processes for Durable Press

All‐cotton work trousers finished with two pad‐vapor‐set processes, a conventional pad‐dry‐cure, and a proprietary pad‐dry‐cure durable press treatment were exposed to wear and/or laundering and evaluated at intervals with regard to different performance characteristics. Thirty men em ployed in maintenance positions at Texas Woman's University served as the wear panel for 20 wear‐laundering periods. The results of the study showed that, generally, the pad‐vapor‐set pro cesses were evaluated as being the most desirable finishes for work trousers. Trousers thus finished were acceptable to the men who wore them as far as appearance and durability were concerned. Although the conventional pad‐dry‐cure and the proprietary finishes excelled in appearance, the short wear‐life of the trousers finished by these methods made them inappropriate for such end use.

Organoboron compounds as durable flame retardants for cotton fabric

Twenty-five organoboron compounds were evaluated for their ability to impart flame retardancy properties to a cotton twill fabric. Only those organoboron compounds in which the carbon-to-boron atom ratio was 4 or less imparted flame retardancy at an approximate 20% add-on level; if a halogen atom was also present in the molecule this ratio could be higher than 4. Washfast finishes with six different compounds were developed by either γ-radiation grafting of a vinyl organoboron compound or by chemical curing with hexamethylenediisocyanate, trimethylolmelamine or urea-formaldehyde.

Recurable Durable-Press Fabrics

Cotton twill fabric was treated by a pad-dry-cure process with combinations of DMDHEU and several potycarboxytic acids. Fabrics were prepared with several ratios of catalytic rarhoxylic acid groups to DHEU residues in the modified cellulose. The wrinkle-recovery angles, durable-press appearance ratings, and strength retentions of these fabrics were equivalent to or slightly better than those imparted by the conventional DMDHEU-MgCl2 treatment. The fabrics were analyzed for nitrogen, formaldehyde, ester linkages, and free carboxytic acid groups. The ratios of formaldehyde residues to DHEU residues in the cured experimental fabrics decrease with increasing wrinkle-recovery angles of the fabric. These fabrics showed very good recurahility when prepared with selected polycartroxylic acids, e.g., citric, cyctopentanetetra cartroxylic, and tetrahydrofurantetracarboxylic acids. The rerurahility was lost by converting the free carboxyl groups in the fabric to salt forms, but was restored when the free carboxyl groups were regenerated.

The Role of Fiber Cohesion in DP Treatments of Cotton

Cotton twill fabrics were subjected to conventional pad-dry-cure DP treatments with Permafresh 183 and the "im proved" wet-fixation treatment. The mechanical properties of the treated fabrics, warp yarns, and single fibers were determined, and the results for the two treatments were compared. It appears that, with the exception of the wrinkle recovery angle, the wet-fixation treatments resulted in properties equivalent to those obtained with conventional treat ments with much lower add-ons. This leads to the hypothesis that changes in fiber-fiber interactions are responsible for the improved performance of the samples that had received the wet-fixation treatments. A method was developed that permits the determination of fiber cohesive interactions. Relationships between such interactions, and surface modifica tions, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, and wrinkle recovery angle were established. While the conventional pad-dry-cure DP treatment resulted in low cohesive interactions, which were independent of the level of resin add-on, the wet-fixation treatment caused substantial deposition of resinous material on the fiber surfaces, resulting in higher cohesive interactions and higher wrinkle recovery angles.