Cotton Pellet-induced Granuloma Tests Research Articles

Improved Anti-nociceptive, Anti-pyretic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Orally Administered Liposome-encapsulated Piroxicam

Piroxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been shown with low oral bioavailability and delayed onset of its therapeutic effects. In this work, a promising nano/liposomal drug delivery system was exploited to improve the in vivo therapeutic efficacies of piroxicam. The current liposome-encapsulated piroxicam formulation effectively boosted and prolonged peripherally mediated anti-nociceptive activities in tests for abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid (inhibition of pain 70.19% was in mice treated with 30 mg/kg liposome-encapsulated piroxicam), paw licking induced by formalin (81.36% inhibition when compared to free unencapsulated piroxicam), and hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan (55.8% inhibition when compared to free unencapsulated piroxicam). Even lower dose of liposomes-encapsulated piroxicam was also significantly inhibit Brewer’s yeast-induced hyperthermia. Carrageenan-induced paw-edema test and cotton pellet-induced granuloma test revealed that liposomes-encapsulated piroxicam had significantly more potent acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effects than piroxicam, even if lower drug dosages were used to treat animals. A better modulation in the generation of inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-10) at 18.02% (TNFa), 23.97% (IL-1β) and 10.27% (IL-10) inhibition when compared to 30mg/kg free piroxicam group respectively. was ascribed to the higher in vivo therapeutic actions. Present nano-encapsulated piroxicam also significantly enhanced the inhibition of cyclooxgenase-2 (total percentage inhibition was increased by 18.25% and 19.22% at drug dosage of 3 and 30 mg/kg, respectively), but not cyclooxgenase-1 enzyme. In conclusion, present study showed that liposomal drug formulation was able to improve the in vivo therapeutic effects of orally administered piroxicam.

In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of Black Elder (Sambucus nigra L.) Fruit and Flower Extracts.

Sambucus nigra L. (S. nigra, SN) or black elder is a traditional medicinal plant widely used worldwide for therapeutic and dietary purposes. The aim of the current study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of black elder fruit and flower extracts (SNFrE and SNFlE, respectively). The primary polyphenol constituents in the flower extract were flavonoids and phenolic acids, while anthocyanins were the main components in the fruit extract. SNFrE revealed pronounced and dose-dependent in vivo anti-inflammatory activity assessed by the cotton pellet-induced granuloma test. Doses of 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg BW of SNFrE reduced the weight of induced granuloma in rats by 20.3%, 20.5%, and 28.4%, respectively. At the highest dose (50 mg/kg BW), SNFrE had significant (p < 0.01) anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of diclofenac, the reference compound used (10 mg/kg BW). In addition, the in vivo antinociceptive activity of the extracts in mice was estimated using the acetic-acid-induced writhing test. Both extracts at doses of 50 mg/kg BW inhibited the abdominal contractions induced by the acetic acid significantly comparing to the control group (p < 0.01). Our findings indicate that black elder extracts and particularly SNFrE possess anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, providing experimental evidence for the use of S. nigra in traditional medicine.

Repositioning of tubocurarine as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent: Exploring beyond myorelaxant activity

Background and purposeTubocurarine (d-TC), a non-depolarizing competitive blocker of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is extensively utilized for the relaxation of skeletal muscles. Drug repositioning is a forthright approach to reduce the cost and speed up drug development process. Herein, we have attempted to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of d-TC for its possible repurposing in pain and inflammation-related issues.Experimental approach.We examined the soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitory (sEHI) activity of d-TC employing in silico high throughput screening protocols, in vitro cell-free sEH inhibitory assay, and in in vivo rodent models for its repositioning in pain and inflammation-related disorders.Key results.In molecular docking study, d-TC displayed impressive hydrogen bonding interactions within the cavity of sEH enzyme with good docking score. d-TC also exhibited notable sEH inhibitory activity (IC50 3.72 nm) at the in vitro assay. Oral absorption capability of d-TC (0.1 and 0.2 mg/mL) was determined using an in vitro everted intestinal sac model employing rat ileum tissue that revealed significant oral absorption of d-TC. Besides, in vivo studies revealed that oral administration of d-TC (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) in rodents significantly attenuated hyperalgesia (cold plate test, tail immersion test and formalin test) and inflammation (estimation of rectal temperature, acetic acid induced pleurisy test and cotton pellet-induced granuloma test) induced in robust preclinical models.Conclusion and implicationsThese findings are novel and warrant immediate efforts to reposition d-TC as a new therapeutic candidate in the management of hyperalgesia, inflammation, and associated conditions.

The hydroethanolic root extract of Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson exhibits antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models

Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson (Rubiaceae) is traditionally used to treat pain and inflammatory conditions in Ghana. There is, however, little scientific evidence to support its use in Ghanaian Traditional Medicine. This study, therefore, evaluated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of hydroethanolic root extract of Psydrax subcordata (PSRE) using rodent models. Acute toxicity of PSRE was assessed in the Irwin's test. The antinociceptive effect was evaluated in the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced nociception tests. Xylene-induced ear oedema test and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models were used to assess the ameliorative effects of PSRE in acute and subacute inflammation. Effect of PSRE on tissue integrity in xylene-induced inflammation was also evaluated by histological examination. Oral treatment of PSRE up to the dose of 5000 mg kg−1 did not produce any lethal effect in mice. Oral PSRE (30–300 mg kg−1) significantly (at least P < 0.01) attenuated nociception in both acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced nociception tests. In the xylene-induced ear oedema test, PSRE decreased acute inflammation dose-dependently. The extract also attenuated transudate and exudate formation in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma test. The findings show that hydroethanolic root extract of Psydrax subcordata possesses antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties in rodents. The study provides pharmacological support for the traditional use of the plant in the management of pain and inflammatory conditions.

Anti-Arthritic Evaluation of Ginger, Colchicum and Detoxified Nux-Vomica combination for Poly Herbal Unani Formulation

Introduction: Arthritis (Wajaul Mafasil) is a condition which is growing worldwide due to lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors. In Unani literature, there are many herbs which are praised for treatment of Arthritis. So polyherbal formulation contains Ginger, Colchicum and Nux- Vomica is taken in combination for arthritis study. This combination is not previously reported but used by unani practitioners. Method: Three crude herbs (Ginger, Colchicum and Nux vomica) were extracted out in both aqueous and hydro-alcoholic solvent. LD-50 of all extracts (aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extract) was determined. Now respective extracts were mixed in effective dose ratio to obtain aqueous and hydro-alcoholic dosage form. Finally both effective combinations (aqueous and hydro-alcoholic) convert into tablet dosage form to determine its anti-arthritic activity by Carrageenan Induced Oedema Test, Cotton Pellet Induced Granuloma Test and Freund’s adjuvant Induced Arthritis Test. The efficacy of the Unani formulation was compared with reference drug (Diclofenac sodium). Result and Discussion: in Carrageenan Oedema Test, animals in high dose hydro-alcoholic, shows decrease in paw volume significantly after 3 hours of Carrageenan injection. In Cotton Pellet Induced Granuloma Test, animals in high dose hydro-alcoholic, shows reduction in granuloma formation significantly. In Freund’s Adjuvant Induced Arthritis Test, The significant reduction in paw volume was found in high dose hydro-alcoholic. Conclusion: Conclusively this study establishes anti-arthritic potential of polyherbal extract in unani literature. Thus these drugs possess synergistic anti-arthritic potential in combination against acute, sub-acute as well as chronic arthritis. So in future compatible dosages form may be prepared for treating arthritis.

An Overview of Phytochemical and Biological Activities: Ficus deltoidea Jack and Other Ficus spp.

ABSTRACTFicus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used in customary medication among the Malay people to reduce and mend sicknesses such as ulcers, psoriasis, cytotoxicity, cardioprotective, inflammation, jaundice, vitiligo, hemorrhage, diabetes, convulsion, hepatitis, dysentery injuries, wounds, and stiffness. Ficus deltoidea contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds from different phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and proteins. The genus Ficus has several hundreds of species, which shows excellent therapeutic effects and a wide variety of helpful properties for human welfare. Searching information was collected by using electronic databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. This review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of Ficus and its important species. This summary could be beneficial for future research aiming to exploit the therapeutic potential of Ficus and its useful medicinal species.

&lt;em&gt;In vitro&lt;/em&gt; antioxidant and &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; anti-inflammatory activity of &lt;em&gt;Curcuma albiflora&lt;/em&gt; Thw.

Curcuma albiflora Thw. is a poorly explored plant which is termed as Harankaha locally. Among other Harankaha plants, C. albiflora is threaten and restricted to Sabaragamuwa province only. Therefore, current study was conducted to quantify phytochemicals in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and prove or disprove its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), DPPH, ABTS+, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays, and carrageenan-induced paw oedema, formaldehyde-induced paw oedema, and cotton pellet induced granuloma tests in Wistar rats respectively. Whole plant extract from composite samples was prepared using 50% ethanol (in water) and 50% dichloromethane (in methanol) as solvents mixture by continuous extraction (6 h). Antioxidant values of TPC, TFC, and FRAP were 31.25 ± 1.48, 11.22 ± 0.13, and 17.90 ± 0.38 mg/g respectively. IC50 values (ppm) of DPPH and ABTS+ were 827.78 ± 6.06, and 188.84 ± 2.99 respectively. ORAC value was 128.10 ± 3.29 mg/g. The correlation of TFC was shown that it may link to flavonoid content. Since, C. albiflora inhibited (61% at 1h) 1st phase in the acute model, and at the late phase on sub-chronic model considering insignificant on cotton pellet granuloma test was shown that its anti-inflammatory activity (as 19.5% on 400 mg/kg) may not relate on prostaglandin. Further experiments are warrant to identify a mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of C. albiflora.

Anti-nociceptive and anti- inflammatory activities of the methanol extract of Waltheria americana leaf in experimental animals.

ABSTRACT Background: Waltheria americana has been used in African folklore for the treatment of minor and complicated ailments like pain, fever and rheumatism. Aim: To investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potentials of Waltheria americana, and its possible mechanism of action in Swiss mice and Wistar rats, respectively. Materials and Methods: Methanol extract of Waltheria americana leaf was evaluated for anti-nociceptive activities (using tail flick, formalin-induced paw licking and acetic acid-induced writhing tests in mice), and possible mechanisms of action using Atropine (5mg/kg i.p), prazosin (1mg/kg p.o), glibenclamide (8mg/kg p.o), propranolol (40mg/kg p.o), naloxone (2mg/kg i.p) nifedipine (10 mg/kg p.o) using acetic acid and tail-flick models of analgesia. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated in carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma tests. Results: Acute toxicity revealed no mortality in the mice up to a dose of 2000mg/kg. The phytochemistry revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids. The extract (100 or 200 mg/kg) produced inhibition (p

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Punarnavashtak Kwath, an ayurvedic formulation

Context: Punarnavashtak Kwath (PNK) is a polyherbal formulation assumed to have the potential for curing all types of inflammation, hepatic disorders, and asthma. Aims: This study was conducted to establish the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of ethanol extract of PNK (EEPNK) in albino rats and mice. Subjects and Methods: The parts of the plant were air -dried in shade and pulverized coarsely and sieved by 20# sieve. Powdered material of plant was defatted with pet ether for 1 day followed by Soxhlet extraction with ethanol (95% v/v) for 7 days. The anti-inflammatory activity of the EEPNK was evaluated by egg albumin-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma tests to establish its effect on acute and chronic stage of inflammation models in albino rats. Whereas analgesic effects of EEPNK were performed in mice of either sex by acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate methods. Statistics was expressed as a mean ± standard error of mean and statistical analysis was carried out by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test. Results: The percent inhibition in rat paw volume was dose dependent (79.14%, 68.51%, and 61.70% at doses of 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg, p.o., respectively) at 240 min readings. Cotton pellet granuloma in rats (chronic study) model EEPNK (400, 200 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) extensively decreased the granuloma weight as compared to the negative control animals. Pretreatment with EEPNK was (400, 200, and 100 mg/kg p.o.) extensively ( P P Conclusions: Distinguish with the standard drug (indomethacin), the elevated dose of EEPNK (400 mg/kg b.w.) has a comparable effect on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.

Anti-inflammatory and in-vitro antibacterial activities of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Qingdaisan.

BackgroundQingdaisan (Formulated Indigo powder, QDS) are widely used for treatment of aphtha, sore throat and bleeding gums in China. The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and dental ulcer therapeutic effects of QDS.MethodsDimethylbenzene-induced ear edema test and cotton pellet-induced granuloma test were used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activities of QDS on acute and chronic inflammatory. The healing time and local pathologic changes were used to assess the therapeutic effects of QDS on dental ulcer. The antibacterial activities of each component and the whole formulation of QDS were determined by agar well diffusion assay. High-dose and low-dose QDS were tested in this experiment and Gui Lin Watermelon Frost Powder (GLWFP) was used as positive control.ResultsOral treatment with QDS significantly accelerated the healing of ulcerative lesions induced by phenol injury. The dental ulcers of high-dose QDS group were all healed within 6 days. It was shorter than those of low-dose QDS group and GLWFP group. Less quantity of inflammatory cells and plenty fibroblasts were observed in pathological section of QDS groups. QDS also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity both in acute and chronic animal models. Although some of the components exhibited antibacterial activities, the whole formulation of QDS didn’t show any significant antibacterial activity in vitro.ConclusionThe study showed that QDS has obviously anti-inflammatory activity for both acute and chronic inflammatory, also has a remarkable effect for healing dental ulcer caused by phenol. QDS didn’t have antibacterial activity to selected strains in vitro.

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory activity of Qurs-e-Mafasil Jadeed

With an increased incidence of drug toxicity and resistance to allopathic drugs, plant drug formulations could be an interesting alternative. Some plant drugs and phytochemicals are known to be anti-inflammatory properties, and can be of great significance in treatment of inflammatory disorders. These considerations require the scientific evaluation of the most important and commonly used traditional herbal formulations. A study has been done to find anti-inflammatory activity of Qurs-e-Mafasil Jadeed containing Colchicun luteum, Curcuma longa and gum of Acacia Arabica. In this proposed work 2 % aqueous suspension of qurs/tablet powder in gum acacia was used to determine its anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenin induced oedema test and cotton pellet induced granuloma test. Efficacy of this Unani formulation was compared with standard referent drug, Diclofenac sodium. The obtained results using carrageenin oedema test showed decrease in left hind paw volume significantly after 3 hours of carrageenin injection. In cotton pellet induced granuloma test, animals in all the test and standard drug tested groups, shows reduction in granuloma formation significantly. Thus, our results clearly indicate that this test formulation possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity in both acute and sub-acute phase.

Role of fumaric acid in anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a Fumaria indica extracts.

Aim:The aim was to test whether the ethanolic extract of Fumaria indica (FI) possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, and fumaric acid (FA) could be one of its bioactive constituent involved in such activities of the extract.Materials and Methods:For anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan-induced edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma tests in rats and for analgesic activity rat tail flick test and hot plate and acetic acid writhing tests in mice were used. All tests were performed after seven daily oral doses of the FI extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day) and pure FA (1.25, 2.50, and 5.00 mg/kg/day).Results:Anti-inflammatory activities of FI and FA were observed in carrageenan-induced edema and cotton pallet granuloma even after their lowest tested doses. No analgesic activity of lowest tested dose of FA was observed in the acetic acid writhing test, but likewise, all tested dose levels of FI, higher tested dose levels of FA were also possess significant analgesic activity in this test. Further, significant analgesic activities of both FI and FA in hot plate and tale flick tests were observed after all their tested doses.Conclusions:These observations are in agreement with our working hypothesis on the connection of FA in mode(s) of action(s) of FI, and reaffirm the conviction that FI could be an herbal alternative against fibromyalgia and other pathologies often associate with, or caused by, inflammatory processes.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects on the extracts of different parts of Excoecaria agallocha L.

Article history: Received on: 08/08/2012 Revised on: 23/08/2012 Accepted on:03/09/2012 Available online: 28/09/2012 Scientific evaluated that, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of ethanol with water in the ratio of 3:1 extracts were obtained from different parts viz., leaves, seeds and latex of Excoecaria agallocha. The latex was sequentially soxhlated with petroleum ether and methanol dried latex in anti-inflammatory processes and analgesic activity in two concentrations (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg). Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed that, presence of alkaloids, flavanoids, saponins were found maximum in the seed extract. Acute inflammatory studies showed that, latex, leaves and seed extracts of both concentration of chosen plant produced significant inhibition of carrageenin induced rat paw edema at 3 hour (p<0.005) as compared to the control causing 63.15%, 62.15% and 69.69% respectively. In addition that, the seed extract at the concentration of 500 mg/kg showed maximum inhibition at 57.03% as compared to control in cotton pellet induced granuloma test. The analgesic activity of seed extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg. caused significant inhibitions in the acetic acid induced writhing. Moreover, the tail immersion model, seed extract at the concentration of 500 mg/kg. possess an maximum activity (80.29%) as compared to control.

Modulation of Inflammatory Processes by Leaves Extract from Clusia nemorosa Both In Vitro and In Vivo Animal Models

The present study was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the hexane extract of the leaves from Clusia nemorosa G. Mey, called HECn, using carrageenan-induced mice pleurisy and cotton pellet-induced mice granuloma. Additionally, the ability of HECn to affect both neutrophil migration as viability was investigated by use of the Boyden chamber assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The HECn significantly inhibited exudation, total leukocytes and neutrophils influx, as well as TNFα levels in carrageenan-induced pleurisy. However, the extract not suppressed the granulomatous tissue formation in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma test. Experiments performed in vitro revealed that HECn on human neutrophils inhibited a dose-dependent manner the CXCL1-induced neutrophil chemotaxis. Furthermore, HECn also inhibited the chemoattraction of human neutrophils induced by formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and platelet activating factor (PAF) in a Boyden chamber. However, this same treatment not was able to induce apoptosis. The results obtained in this study showed that the extract from leaves of C. nemorosa possess a potent inhibitory activity in acute model of inflammation, being the effects mediated, in part, by inhibition of neutrophil responsiveness. These results indicate that C. nemorosa could be a good source for anti-inflammatory compounds.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Ficus Deltoidea

Ficus deltoidea (Family Moraceae) leaves have been used traditionally by the Malays to treat ailments such as wounds, sores, and rheumatism. The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of F. deltoidea leaf (FDA) using acute and chronic inflammatory models. FDA, in the doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, was administered intraperitoneally in rats (n = 6) before the animals were subjected to the carrageenan-induced paw edema test, cotton pellet-induced granuloma test, and formalin test. The first two tests represent acute and chronic models of inflammation, respectively. The first and second phases of the formalin test represent neurogenic pain and inflammatory-mediated pain, respectively; thus, only the second phase was measured in the present study. Results showed that FDA exerted significant (p < .05) anti-inflammatory activity in all assays, with dose-response effects seen in the paw edema and formalin tests. In conclusion, the leaf of F. deltoidea possesses anti-inflammatory activity against acute and chronic inflammatory responses and against pain-associated inflammatory response. These findings justify the traditional uses of F. deltoidea leaves for treatment of inflammatory-mediated ailments.

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity and In - vitro Antioxidant Activity of Indian Mistletoe, the Hemiparasite Dendrophthoe falcate L. F. (Loranthaceae).

Methanolic and aqueous extracts of Dendrophthoe falcata Linn. leaves which belongs to the Loranthaceae family, were evaluated through DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl -2-picryl-hydrazyl), antilipid peroxidation and nitric oxide scavenging methods to assess the antioxidant activity. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of Dendrophthoe falcata leaves were also evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan and cotton pellet induced granuloma tests for their effect on the acute and chronic phase inflammation models in rats. It was found that the methanolic extract of Dendrophthoe falcata leaves demonstrates potent antioxidant activity as compared to aqueous extraction of Dendrophthoe falcata leaves for DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) radical scavenging, anti-lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide scavenging activity respectively (having IC50 value 77.8, 79.36 and 86.2, 144, 87, 104). The maximum inhibition for aqueous extract of Dendrophthoe falcata leaves (30.95%) and methanolic extract of Dendrophthoe falcata leaves (23.41%) were obtained at a dose of 300 mg/Kg after 4h of drug treatment in carrageenan induced paw edema, whereas diclofenac sodium (standard drug) produced 42.85% inhibition. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma), aqueous extracts of Dendrophthoe falcata leaves and methanolic extracts of Dendrophthoe falcata leaves (at doses of 300 mg/Kg), phenylbutazone as standard drug showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 51%, 48%, 53% respectively. In addition, the total phenolic and flavonoid content of aqueous extracts of Dendrophthoe falcata leaves and methanolic extracts of Dendrophthoe falcata leaves were found to be 2.12 % w/w, 4.39 % w/w, 0.31 mg/g and 0.85 mg/g respectively. Thus the results indicate that methanolic and aqueous extracts of Dendrophthoe falcataleaves on animal models have potent anti-inflammatory and in-vitro antioxidant effects.

Preliminary Analysis of the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Essential Oils of Zingiber zerumbet

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used for the treatment of inflammation. However, despite their effectiveness, most NSAIDs cause various side effects that negatively affect the management of inflammation and, in part, pain. Thus, there is a need to search for new anti-inflammatory agents with few, or no, side effects. Natural products of plant, animal, or microorganism origin have been good sources of new bioactive compounds. The present study was carried out to evaluate the acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil of the rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet (Zingiberaceae) using the carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma tests, respectively. The effect of the essential oil on inflammatory- and noninflammatory-mediated pain was also assessed using the formalin test. Essential oil of Z. zerumbet, at doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, was administered intraperitoneally to rats. The substance exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity both in acute and chronic animal models. The essential oil also inhibited inflammatory- and noninflammatory-mediated pain when assessed using the formalin test. In conclusion, the essential oil of Z. zerumbet possessed anti-inflammatory activity, in addition to its antinociceptive activity, which may explain its traditional uses to treat inflammatory-related ailments.

Anti-inflammatory effect of zerumbone on acute and chronic inflammation models in mice

The anti-inflammatory activity of zerumbone ( 1), a natural cyclic sesquiterpene isolated from Zingiber zerumbet Smith was investigated using carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma tissue formation test in mice. It was demonstrated that intraperitoneal administration of 1 at a dose of 5, 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg produced significant dose-dependent inhibition of paw edema induced by carrageenan. It was also demonstrated that 1 at similar doses significantly suppressed granulomatous tissue formation in cotton pellet-induced granuloma test.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Mitragyna speciosa crude methanol extract on the guinea pig ileum

In a recent study, we have shown that the crude methanol extract of Mitragyna speciosa (of the family Rubiaceae) exerted significant in vivo anti-inflammatory activities in rodents as evident in the carageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma tests [1], but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Our present study aims to explore the anti-inflammatory activities of this plant in vitro in order to rationalize the traditional use of this plant in the treatment of some stomach ailments [2]. The pharmacologic actions of M. speciosa were assessed by measuring the mechanical activity of isolated guinea pig ileum strips in an organ bath. The resultant methanol extract (0.01–0.05mg/ml) caused a stimulatory effect followed by a relaxation of ileal activities at a higher dose (0.3–5mg/ml) (p&lt;0.05). These results indicate that M. speciosa exert spasmogenic effects at a lower dose and a spasmolytic effect at a higher dose thus corroborating the use of plant in the treatment of diarrhoea and constipation. Moreover, results indicated that pretreatment with M. speciosa (0.3–5mg/ml) which were tested positive for flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, sterols and tannins produced significant concentration-dependant inhibition of spasmogenic activities when exposed to single submaximal contraction induced by histamine (H) and bradykinin (B). These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of M. speciosa is mediated possibly through the H and B receptor antagonism, thus providing a scientific basis for the folkloric use of this plant in stomach disorders.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects of Mitragyna speciosa Korth Methanolic Extract

Objectives: To determine the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Mitragyna speciosa Korth methanol extract in rodents. Materials and Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma tests in rats. Antinociceptive activity was measured using the writhing test and the hot plate test in mice, and the formalin test in rats. All drugs and extracts were diluted in dH₂O and administered through the intraperitoneal route. Results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test for multiple comparisons among groups. Results: Results showed that intraperitoneal administration of the extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg produced significant dose-dependent activity in all of the nociceptive models evaluated (p < 0.05). With the formalin test, the antinociceptive activity in mice was inhibited only at the highest dose of the extract (200 mg/kg). The study also showed that intraperitoneal administration of the methanol extract of M. speciosa (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently suppressed the development of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema (p < 0.05). In the chronic test, however, significant reduction in granulomatous tissue formation in rats was observed only at the highest dose of the methanol extract of M. speciosa (200 mg/kg, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The present study suggests the presence of potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory principles in the extract, supporting its folkloric use for the treatment of these conditions.