Cotton Fabric Research Articles

Printing with Natural Dye Extract from Japanese Knotweed Leaves

AbstractInvasive alien plants are detrimentally displacing native plant species and pose a challenge in terms of how their overgrowth can be utilized effectively. In our study, the leaves of one of the world’s worst invasive species, Japanese knotweed, were used to produce a green natural dye. This dye was screen-printed onto various substrates, including cotton and polyester fabrics, commercial cellulose papers, and innovative papers made from the stems of Japanese knotweed. The printed substrates were evaluated using color measurements and fastness properties. The aim of the study was also to investigate the influence of additives in the printing inks, such as sodium carbonate, citric acid, copper and aluminum sulfates, on the color and fastness properties of the prints. The colors of the prints obtained varied, ranging from primarily yellowish-green to brownish-yellow with the addition of citric acid, orange-brown with sodium carbonate, orange-yellow with aluminum sulfate, and brown with copper sulfate. The prints had excellent fastness to dry rubbing and moderate fastness to light. The prints of lower and medium dye concentrations on fabrics had very good fastness to wet rubbing and wet ironing, and on cotton even good fastness to washing. The additives in the printing inks, such as sodium carbonate and metal sulfates, reduced the abrasion resistance of the prints on paper and the wet fastness of the prints on fabrics, but only the metal sulfates had a positive effect on the light fastness of the prints.

Functionalization of Cotton Textiles via Screen Printing of Aronia melanocarpa Berry Extract–Chitosan Mixtures

ABSTRACT The use of plant-based materials as alternatives to the hazardous synthetic chemicals traditionally employed in textile production can help create a more sustainable society; however, such materials have not been explored in sufficient detail. Herein, cotton fabrics were screen-printed with pastes containing Aronia berry extract (AE) and chitosan (CS), dried, cured, and washed. Subsequently, the printed fabrics were investigated in terms of their color, mechanical properties, and antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The obtained results revealed that AE and CS played distinctive functional roles as finishing agents in the cotton fabric treatment. The AE content in the pastes was positively correlated with a* and b* but negatively correlated with L*, and the presence of CS improved colorfastness against washing and light exposure. The fabrics printed with pastes containing ≥ 20% (w/v) AE and 2% (w/v) CS demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, while CS increased the activity resistance to washing. The fabrics printed with a paste containing 40% (w/v) AE exhibited an antioxidant capacity of ~ 70%. Thus, this study contributes to the field of sustainable textile functionalization and the use of plant extract – CS blends for screen printing.

Slaughterhouse wastewater remediation using carbonized sawdust followed by textile filtration

Slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) is considered an industrial wastewater, which seriously harms the environment due to the high concentration of contaminants such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS). Additionally, the wastewater from slaughterhouses contains harmful bacteria. This study used a lap-scale model to treat SWW from a local private slaughterhouse. The treatment process involves three stages: adsorption using activated carbon, which is derived from sawdust, followed by sedimentation, and finally, a slow sand filter with a modified layer of woven textile cotton. The first two steps were tested to obtain the ideal operation condition of the treatment system. After the final step of treatment, we evaluated the overall process using a modified slow sand filter (MSSF). We used a Jar test to determine the optimal dosage of activated carbon from sawdust (ACS). The monitored parameters were physicochemical, such as turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN). The bacteriological examination included both total coliform count (TCC) and fecal coliform count (FCC). The results of the jar test revealed that the optimal ACS dose was 2.0 g/l. After adjusting the contact time and pH levels for the adsorption process, we discovered that the ideal contact time was 100 min and the ideal pH level was 4.0. Finally, we evaluated the entire treatment system by applying the MSSF after the sedimentation process, and found that the removal efficiencies of turbidity, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, TP, and TN were 97.14, 94.80, 91.80, 98.96, 81.17, 81.12, and 82.50%, respectively. This is in addition to the filter's ability to remove bacteria counts at a rate of up to 98.93 and 99.13% of TCC and FCC, respectively.

Color fastness and antimicrobial activity of Gardenia jasminoides extract against antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

This study investigated the antimicrobial efficacies of fabrics (100% cotton and 100% silk) dyed with an ethanol extract of Gardenia jasminoides (G. jasminoides). More specifically, these fabrics were dyed using a G. jasminoides extract with a dye bath ratio of 1:20 at 40–60 °C for 60 min, followed by post-mordanting. The concentrations of the aluminum sulfate, copper sulfate, and ferrous sulfate mordants were each set to 3% (o.w.f.). The samples were mordanted using a mordant bath ratio of 1:30 at 40 °C for 20 min. The iron mordant slightly increased the dye uptake (K/S) of the cotton fabric but did not increase the dye uptake (K/S) of the silk fabric. The antimicrobial efficacies of the dyed fabrics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 33591 were determined to be 99.8 and 87.8% for the cotton and silk fabrics, respectively. The inhibitory effects of the cotton and silk fabrics against MRSA were 30.5 × and 167.3 × the inoculum size, respectively, indicating the superior inhibitory effect of the dyed cotton fabric. These results suggest that the fabrics dyed with G. jasminoides extract may possess antibacterial activity against antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.

Scalable, Fast Light‐Responsive, and Excellent Color‐Retention Fiber‐Based Photochromic Wearables for Sustainable Photo‐Patterning and Information Security Encryption

AbstractFiber‐based photochromic wearables have attracted growing attention in sustainable photo‐patterning information displays, information security encryption, and optical data recording/storage. Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) is one of the key photochromic materials that possesses good photochromic performance, nevertheless, it faces considerable challenges in preparing photochromic textiles with stable, scalable, and long color‐retention properties. In this work, a new kind of fiber‐based photochromic wearables is designed and developed by combining cotton fabric with a MoO3‐based self‐adhesive polymer network and long chain silyl group. The prepared photochromic wearable has exhibited excellent fatigue resistance and favorable reversibility (> 40 cycles), rapid light response (reach color saturation with a UV dose of 60 kJ m−2), outstanding color retention capability (> 90 days), and desirable biocompatibility (cell viability > 100%). In addition, the prepared photochromic textiles could maintain a fast light response and excellent color retention even after experiencing repeated washing (20 cycles). Moreover, the photo‐patterning photochromic wearables are verified by resisting the deterioration of acid solution, alkali solution, and sweat (pH 2.0–9.0) as well as keeping clear patterns under sunlight irradiation. As a demonstration of the application, fiber‐based photochromic wearables are made and employed for the sustainable applications of rewritable photo‐patterning and information security encryption.

A green approach for dyeing cotton fabrics using synthesized reactive disperse dyes and their mixtures under supercritical CO2 medium.

Dyeing natural fabrics using supercritical carbon dioxide is challenging, especially without essential color hues. This work demonstrated that two newly developed reactive disperse dyes with distinct colors and shades were generated, one of which featured from the anthraquinone family and the other yellow, containing a pyrazole moiety. These new dyes and their combinations were used to dye cotton fabric using supercritical carbon dioxide and the highest K/S values were achieved at 8.73 for the mixture of (blue dye: yellow dye 80:20), however the lowest K/S was observed at 7.71 for (blue dye: yellow dye 20:80). The new dyes' chemical compositions were identified using elemental and spectroscopic analyses. The effectiveness of these dyes and their mixtures for cotton dyeing was discussed. The dyed samples were tested for color fastness, and the results indicated that they had excellent color retention and were highly durable in washing. The increasing patterns in both dyeing rate and build-up curves show good compatibility. Furthermore, desirable shades of green can be achieved by mixing blue and yellow dyes at various ratios in supercritical CO2. The compatibility test involves calculating color difference index values for dyed cotton fabrics by utilizing various ratios of a binary mixture of dyes. Furthermore, the dyes under study and dyed samples displayed superior antibacterial properties against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria compared to certain antibiotics used as a control. These results aligned with the quality and eco-friendly standards required by the industry without the use of water.

Shrinkage and Porosity of Cotton and Hemp Fabrics Based on ELM Algorithm

Shrinkage and Porosity of Cotton and Hemp Fabrics Based on ELM Algorithm

Comprehensive analysis of dye adsorption and supramolecular interaction between dyes and cotton fibers in non-aqueous media/less water dyeing system

Cotton textile dyeing consumes large amounts of energy and water and discharges large amount of wastewater and pollutants. Zero or less discharge of the wastewater and contaminants from the cotton textile dyeing has been under high demands from textile industry. Recently, a novel reactive dyeing technology of using a non-aqueous medium with little water (NMLW) was developed for cotton fabrics. However, the use of high concentration of reactive dyes in the system triggers aggregation of the dyes in cotton fibers, influencing the quality of dyed cotton textiles. In this investigation, adsorption, diffusion, and aggregation behavior of reactive dyes in cotton fibers were studied. Compared to traditional water-based dyeing system, cotton fabrics demonstrated superior color depth, as long with higher rates of dye uptake and fixation for reactive dyes. At low dye concentrations, the maximum absorption wavelengths of reactive dyes were unchanged, and complied with the Lambot-Beer law. However, when the dye concentration was excessively high, reactive dyes with different molecular structures, as well as multi-layer dye aggregates with π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions, showed different light absorption spectral characteristics and photophysical properties. Moreover, the dye particle size and dye ionization were influenced by the dye concentration, molecular weight, molecular configuration, etc. Analysis of the molecular dynamics of reactive dyes revealed that the maximum dye aggregation size was predominantly dimer at low dye concentration. However, the dimer ratio significantly decreased, while the trimer ratio increased, and higher-order aggregates were observed at a higher dye concentration. The strength of hydrogen bonds between dye molecules and water molecules, as well as the number of water molecules surrounding dye molecules, was influenced by dye concentration and alkali. This study provides a foundation for understanding the micro-aggregation behavior of reactive dyes and offer guidance for optimizing the dyeing process in practical production settings.

Anti-flammable, anti-fouling, anti-bacterial treatment of cotton fabrics with MOF-based hybrid coatings for highly efficient oil-water separation

A flame-retardant and hydrophobic coating was deposited on the surface of the cotton fabric via a two-step spray deposition technique. Specifically, the coating was composed of flame retardant components (guanidine phosphate) and hydrophobic species (Ti-MOF and bis(3-aminopropyl)-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)) and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the coated cotton fabrics increased from 18.0 % to 32.0 % (15#) and 26.5 % (15#-Ti-PDMS) relative to that of the original cotton fabric, and the coated cotton fabrics also self-extinguished in the UL-94 flammability test. Compared with that of the original cotton fabric, the PHRR of the coated fabrics was significantly lower, reaching 80 %. The coated cotton fabrics (15# and 15#-Ti-PDMS) had good antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In addition, 15#-Ti-PDMS had high hydrophobicity, good washing and abrasion resistance and good water-oil separation performance. Its water contact angle was 146°. The water contact angle remained above 130° after 10 laundering cycles and 50 scratch cycles. Even under strongly acidic and basic conditions, the water-oil separation efficiency of 15#-Ti-PDMS was greater than 99 %, and it was still greater than 90 % after 10 cycles. Therefore, a simple and effective method for preparing flame-retardant, hydrophobic and antibacterial cotton fabrics was developed.

Preparation of phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic flame retardant cellulose composite aerogel from waste cotton/phytic acid/acrylamide

Cellulose aerogel is a green and biodegradable material, but the high flammability of cellulose aerogel hinders its development. In order to expand the application range of cellulose aerogel, it is necessary to improve the flame retardancy of cellulose aerogel. In this paper, cellulose hydrogels were prepared by decolorizing waste cotton fabrics (WCF) and dissolving them in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole chloride salt ([Bmim]Cl)/DMSO. The cellulose hydrogels were impregnated in aqueous phytic acid (PA)/acrylamide (AM) solution for a period of time and then heated and treated. A cellulose composite aerogel with excellent flame retardant properties was successfully prepared by using in situ polymerization. The results show that the cellulose composite aerogel has a porous structure and good thermal stability, and the residual carbon content in the air at 800 °C is >2.86 %. At the same time, it has excellent flame retardancy, the ultimate oxygen index (LOL) is >40, and the vertical combustion carbon length is <3.5 cm. The thermal insulation performance has also been improved, and the composite aerogel with a height of 1 cm has a temperature difference of 40.2 °C between the upper and lower surfaces on the 80 °C heating table.

Ecofriendly one-bath waterless dyeing: Systhesis of novel pyrazolone benzothiazole disperse dyes suitable for cotton-containing fabircs in supercritical CO2

Traditional dyeing utilizes a substantial amount of water and necessitates the incorporation of significant quantities of dyes, auxiliaries, and salts, leading to the discharge of highly concentrated organic wastewater and severe water pollution issues. In this study, a novel pyrazolone benzothiazole disperse dye and its triazine disperse reactive dye were designed with the same yellow shade and synthesized. The results showed that the synthesized dyes could successfully realize one-step dyeing of cotton, polyester, and polyester-cotton in supercritical CO2. At 100℃, 24 MPa, 60 min, and 2.5 % (o.w.f.) of dye concentration, the K/S value of polyester-cotton fabric was 8 by using the same amount of disperse dye and disperse reactive dye. When disperse reactive dye was used at 100℃, 24 MPa, 60 min, and the concentration of 1.5 % (o.w.f.), the K/S value of cotton fabrics can reach 7.3, and their σK/S values were less than 0.03 and 0.006, respectively. Moreover, polyester reached the maximum K/S value of 15.96 at 120°C, 24 MPa, 60 min, and a dye concentration of 2.0 % (o.w.f.) with disperse dye. The σK/S value was below 0.045. The fastness of washing and rubbing was above 4. This study provides novel disperse dye structures and dyeing methods for ecofriendly textiles dyeing in supercritical CO2, especially for one-bath low temperature dyeing polyester-cotton fabrics.

A synthetic bis-triazine ring derivative based on ammonium phosphonate towards durable flame-retardant modification of cotton fabrics

A synthetic bis-triazine ring derivative based on ammonium phosphonate towards durable flame-retardant modification of cotton fabrics

Quickly UV-curing protective coating for cotton fabrics

In order to eliminate the numerous limitations in application of cotton fibers, we designed and made a protective coating that changes many features of these material (such as water repellency or reducing the rate of thermal degradation), but does not change its natural flexibility and macroscopic appearance. The coating we developed consists a UV-crosslinked polysiloxanes together with organophosphates. The coating preparation process takes only a few minutes and takes place easily at room temperature. Even a very subtle layer of such a coating makes the fabric highly hydrophobic, and with greater occupancy, it significantly slows down thermal degradation and reduces the flammability of fabrics. A very interesting phenomenon observed by us is also the fact that the thicker the coating layer, the worse hydrophobic properties have been observed. The resulting coating is resistant to washing with both clean water and water with detergents.

A flame retardant coating based on amino acid and phytic acid for cotton fabrics

A flame retardant coating based on amino acid and phytic acid for cotton fabrics

Bioprospecting amylase from Samiti Lake, situated in the eastern Himalayas

Enzymes, especially amylases, have been an economic boon to the industrial sector, their bioprospective and biotechnological use is an added advantage. Our primary focus of the study was to isolate the most potent amylase producer and to optimize its production parameters through One Factor At A Time (OFAT), Central Composite Rotatable Design Response Surface Methodology (CCRD RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis, SLAB1 was selected as the most potent amylase producer out of the potential isolates. Further SLAB1 was identified as Priestia flexa via 16SrRNA identification protocol. Optimization of the production parameters showed the best carbon, nitrogen sources, temperature and pH to be fructose, peptone, 20 °C and pH 8.0 respectively. Further, the enzyme was purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by dialysis. Later, DEAE Sepharose (Sigma) resin was used for ion exchange chromatography and the protein was eluted using NaCl gradients from 0.1 M – 0.6 M. Enzyme kinetics assessment of the purified amylase with the Lineweaver Burk plot showed values of maximum rate; Vmax (10.869 μmoL/min), and Michaelis-Menten constant Km to be around (14.91 mg/mL). To determine its potential application, analysis of this purified amylase in cleaning the tomato and chocolate stained cotton fabrics after comparing its compatibility with different detergents were executed. Further analysis of the washed stained fabrics via Scanning Electron Microscopy was carried out.

Utilization of Aspergillus niger for the fermentative production of azaphilone dye in YEPB medium.

The current research focuses on the production and optimization of a natural yellowish-brown Azaphilone dye using Aspergillus niger. A variety of culture media were tested to ascertain the best conditions for dye synthesis. The formation of the yellowish-brown dye was confirmed by a color shift in the reaction mixture, and UV-Vis spectroscopy detected the dye at 450nm. Static conditions were found to be more favorable than shaking for higher dye yields, and fed-batch fermentation was more effective than batch fermentation. Maximum dye production was achieved after 28days of incubation. Factors such as temperature, pH, and inoculum percentage were shown to influence dye synthesis, with the highest production (2.5ml) occurring at 30°C, pH 7, and a 3% spore suspension in yeast extract peptone broth (YEPB) medium under static conditions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis validated the presence of Azaphilone dye in the culture filtrate. The dye was successfully applied to a pretreated cotton cloth. These findings advance our understanding of optimizing fungal dye production for sustainable and eco-friendly textile coloration applications. This study appears to be the first of its kind to report azaphilone dye production by A. niger in the YEPB medium.

Oligoacrylates with perfluoroalkyl substituents based on hexafluoropropylene trimer as environment friendly hydrophobic coatings

The most effective classes of polymer water repellents include acrylic polymer with perfluoroalkyl additives. However, due to the prohibition of substances with a long perfluoroalkyl linear chain longer than 6 carbon atoms by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, there is a significant necessity to replace them with approved analogues. This work considered substituted acrylates based on commercially available hexafluoropropylene trimer and their polymerization in a supercritical CO2 medium as the most convenient way and the hydrophobizing ability on various types of surfaces. The contact angles of the coatings obtained based on these oligomers are up to 111 ° on glass and aluminum, and 130 ° on cotton fabric, which is comparable to analogs with linear perfluoroalkyl substituents.

Dyeing ability of C. longa L. and T. stans (L.) Juss. Ex Kunth on unmordanted and mordanted silk and cotton fabrics

The work was on the extraction of both the C. longa rhizomes and the petals of T. stans using four different solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, water, and n-hexane). The dyeing potential of the C. longa and T. stans extracts was evaluated on cotton and silk fabrics without or with mordants using potash alum, phosphomolybdic acid, iron (II) sulphate, and tartaric acid at varied temperatures and tested for colour fastness properties (wash and light fastness). The pH and absorbance of the dye bath before and after dyeing were studied. However, cotton, which is cellulosic, was better dyed than silk, which is proteinous, which showed a better choice for fabrics dyeing at 80 °C; hence, it had a good colour efficiency. Iron (II) sulphate exhibited complexes in the octahedral configuration of the coordination six with CH2O- of cotton and NH3+ and COO- of silk fabric. In addition, it was also observed that the higher the dyeing temperature, the greater the dyeing intensity. The spectroscopic characterization of the extracts was determined with the help of UV-Vis and FTIR. The UV-Vis and FTIR spectral analyses revealed the chromophore, auxochrome groups, and functional groups, respectively, within the extracts. Curcumin and rutin were identified as being responsible for the dyeing of the fabric.

Synergistic Effect of Surface Hydrophobicity and &lt;i&gt;In-Vitro&lt;/i&gt; Antimicrobial Activity of Polymeric Nano-Formulation in Textile Finishing

Fouling and damage of variety of surfaces including textile material is a global challenge. As textile wears next to the skin and health issues are more significant. Thus in an effort to address the issues related to textile surfaces damage, antimicrobial polymeric textile finishing was developed to impart antimicrobial functionalities to the textile fabric. The nanoprecipitation technique was done to synthesize antimicrobial polymeric nanoparticles and applied on to the cotton textile fabric via layer-by-layer self-assembled multilayers dip coating technique. The particle size and zeta potential of the nanoparticles was evaluated form dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS) as 216 nm and-11.2 mV. The antimicrobial polymeric finishing of cotton textile was done by alternate dip coating in polyelectrolytes and nanoformulation. The structural morphology and roughness of the resultant textile was studied by SEM and optical profilometery. While the surface hydrophobicity was found to increase with the number of bilayers coating of hydrophobic polymeric formulation as measured in term of contact angle θ. In-vitro antimicrobial activity was studied against gram negative E. coli and gram positive S. aureus with significant zone of inhibition against both strains. Thus surface hydrophobicity and antimicrobial activity of the textile fabric was synergistically achieved and have potential for biomedical and industrial application.

Assessing Wear Characteristics of Sprayable, Diacetylene-Containing Sensor Formulations

This work extends recent developments in diacetylene-based, sprayable sensors by identification and assessment of formulations which facilitate their use for wearable sensing. Diacetylene-based spray-on sensors have the potential to be a widely deployed sensing technology, as they require no power and can be applied as thin coatings onto surfaces to provide a colorimetric response to target exposure. In responding to radiation, liquid-phase targets, or gas-phase targets specifically determined by the formulation of the sprayable sensor used, this technology is amenable to wearable sensors for measuring exposure to different environmental risks. Here, we provide the means to improve wear resistance, reduce false-positive signals due to wetting, and enhance color fastness for coatings of sprayable, diacetylene-based sensor formulations on cotton fabric. These sensor formulations possess polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), which enhances the coating stability to only 8% color loss due to wear compared to 18–25% without PMMA, while maintaining the inherent ability of diacetylene-component formulations to detect radiation as well as gas or liquid phase analytes. This represents a significant step toward the use of diacetylene-based sensing formulations for wearable sensing. In the future, the form of spray-on sensor materials demonstrated here may find use in wearable sensing applications for detection of cumulative exposure to UV radiation, hydrogen peroxide vapors, or solvent exposure. We expect trends toward applications toward other wearable sensors for environmental monitoring given the well-known customizability in target response of diacetylene-containing monomers by modifying their headgroup chemistry.