Cotton Leafworm Spodoptera Littoralis Research Articles

A short-term impact of enriched CO2 [eCO2] on select growth performance of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its host plant Gossypium barbadense L. (Malvaceae)

Natural interactions between herbivorous insect pests and their host plants are expected to be altered significantly as atmospheric CO2 concentrations (aCO2) continue to rise according to climate change scenario. The possible effect of enriched CO2 (eCO2) environments on these interactions is under attention. To better understand such effects on select insect growth parameters; early (3rd) and penultimate (6th) instar larvae of the Cotton Leaf Worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), reared on the cotton plant leaves Gossypium barbadense L. (Malvacae) grown under either ambient (aCO2 = 350 ppm) or enriched (eCO2 = 700 ppm) atmospheres were investigated.

Biochemical and toxicological effects of certain bioinsecticides on The Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis

Biochemical and toxicological effects of certain bioinsecticides on The Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis

Effect of four host plants on the life history and nutritional indices of Spodoptera Littoralis

The Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a pervasive and highly polyphagous insect pest. As S. littoralis has developed resistance to major classes of conventional insecticides and the use of these insecticides has caused negative impacts on the ecosystems, it is necessary to search for eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable agents to control. This can be achieved by identifying the preferred host plant. The present study aimed at evaluating the impacts of four host plants– castor bean, tomato, potato, and cucumber on the various life-history traits and nutritional indices of S. littoralis. The concentrations of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous in the tested host plants were quantified. Newly hatched larvae were divided into four groups. Each group was fed only on one type of the four tested host plants until pre-pupal stage. Then, the life-history traits and nutritional indices were determined. Larvae fed on castor bean showed the highest adult emergence, weight of full-grown larvae, number of eggs per female, and egg-hatch percent, food consumption, relative growth rate, and food utilization efficiencies. Whereas, larvae fed on cucumber showed the lowest egg-hatch percent, food consumption, relative growth rate, and food utilization efficiencies. There was a positive correlation between nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in the tested host plants and larval weight, with the highest concentrations in castor bean. Castor bean was the most preferred host plant.

Effect of different temperature on the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Boisd (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) toxicity by insecticides and the biochemical responses measurements

The influence of post-treatment temperature on the toxicities of insecticides against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae was evaluated in laboratory bioassays under different temperatures sets and enzymes contents like beta glucosidase, mixed function oxidase, lipase and the free amino acids. The thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, profenofos and malathion LC50 values in ppm decreased by increasing temperatures degrees but deltamethrin LC50 was slightly increased when temperature increased from 15 °C to 35 °C by 1.4 fold. Remarkably the toxicity increased with the temperature increase, except for deltamethrin. All the tested insecticides were significantly have positive correlation with temperature. Temperature coefficient were calculated for both one and total increments. Biochemical investigation of enzymes amount changes for thiamethoxam treatments at two sublethal concentrations and different temperature established were measured. MFO were generally increased at higher temperature and with increased concentrations. But the total amino acids decreased with concentration increase at both temperatures respectively and increased with temperature increase. The enzyme β-glucosidases and lipases recorded highest activity at higher temperature and lower activity at lower temperature of both thiamethoxam concentration respectively.

Anatomical and cytological studies on the cotton leaf worm spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larva infected with some bio-insecticides

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of recommended LC50 concentration of three commercial bio insecticides; (Protecto® (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki), Viruset® (Spodoptera littoralis NPV), Profect® (Btk & SpliNPV) on fat body and internal organs of the spodoptera littoralis larva treated with these bio insecticides. The treated larvae were dissected and examined under the converted microscope and transmission electron microscope. Results showed that the three compounds have significant effect on fat bodies and internal organs of larva. The greatest effect was observed by the profect compound followed by protecto and viruset. The combination of bacteria and virus increased the amount of fat body compared with suing virus and bacteria individually. Thus, our findings indicated that the combination of bacteria and virus increased the efficiency of each other.

Green synthesis, biological and molecular docking of some novel sulfonamide thiadiazole derivatives as potential insecticidal against Spodoptera littoralis

Although crop plants provide the majority of human food, pests and insects frequently cause huge economic losses. In order to develop innovative insecticidal compounds with low toxicity and a positive environmental impact, we developed new N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamide derivatives (2–12). With the use of spectroscopic techniques and elemental data, the chemical structure of these new compounds was meticulously clarified. The toxicological and biological effects of the synthesized compound of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) under laboratory conditions were also investigated. Regarding the determined LC50 values, compounds 3, 7, 8, and 10 showed the most potent toxic effect with LC50 values of 29.60, 30.06, 27.65 and 29.01 ppm, respectively. A molecular docking investigation of twelve synthetic compounds (from compound 2 to compound 12) was performed against AChE (Acetylcholinesterase). There was a wide range of binding affinities shown by these compounds. This work suggests that these substances may have insecticidal and AChE inhibitory properties, and it may be possible to further explore them in the process of creating pesticides that target AChE.

Evaluation of chlorpyrifos and Beauveria bassiana as a strategy in the Egyptian sugar beet fields: impact on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) and its associated predators populations and the sugar beetroot yield

BackgroundThe susceptibility of pests and natural enemies to conventional insecticides is a critical element in judging the success of integrated pest management programs implementing biological control as a tactic. In this study, the susceptibility of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was evaluated through field applications during two successive sugar beet seasons. The populations of the coccinellid, chrysopid, and formicid predators were estimated to indicate pesticide risk assessment strategy. The root and sugar yields were compared during the whole experiment to emphasize the impact of both control strategies on the pre-harvest loss in this strategic crop.ResultsResults indicated that over the course of the two seasons of the investigation, chlorpyrifos significantly reduced the population density of S. littoralis and its associated predators. It showed a detrimental effect on S. littoralis larval population than untreated areas, causing an overall reduction of 97 and 92% during the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. The biopesticide based on entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana caused an overall reduction of S. littoralis, reaching 96 and 65% during the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, B. bassiana slightly affects the population of predators compared to insecticide-free areas, so it was recommended for application in sugar beet fields without providing considerable risk to the associated insect predators. The sugar beetroot production and its sugar content increased significantly in both treatments during the two growing seasons compared to non-treated plots.ConclusionChlorpyrifos is not recommended for pest control; instead, B. bassiana is considered an effective biopesticide in the Egyptian sugar beet fields infested with S. littoralis as part of an integrated pest management program. Their effect was direct through reducing pest population and indirectly increasing the sugar beetroot production and increasing its total sugar content. Hence, both the sugar beetroot quality and quantity were improved favoring the microbial agent over the chemical insecticide in application for mitigating the chemical hazards toward the associated predators.

Transcuticular calcium imaging as a tool for the functional study of insect odorant receptors.

The primary actors in the detection of olfactory information in insects are odorant receptors (ORs), transmembrane proteins expressed at the dendrites of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). In order to decode the insect olfactome, many studies focus on the deorphanization of ORs (i.e., identification of their ligand), using various approaches involving heterologous expression coupled to neurophysiological recordings. The "empty neuron system" of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an appreciable host for insect ORs, because it conserves the cellular environment of an OSN. Neural activity is usually recorded using labor-intensive electrophysiological approaches (single sensillum recordings, SSR). In this study, we establish a simple method for OR deorphanization using transcuticular calcium imaging (TCI) at the level of the fly antenna. As a proof of concept, we used two previously deorphanized ORs from the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis, a specialist pheromone receptor and a generalist plant odor receptor. We demonstrate that by co-expressing the GCaMP6s/m calcium probes with the OR of interest, it is possible to measure robust odorant-induced responses under conventional microscopy conditions. The tuning breadth and sensitivity of ORs as revealed using TCI were similar to those measured using single sensillum recordings (SSR). We test and discuss the practical advantages of this method in terms of recording duration and the simultaneous testing of several insects.

Effects of phthalate and bisphenol plasticizers on the activity of glycolytic enzymes of the moth Spodoptera littoralis

Environmental plastic pollution has significantly increased in the recent decades, and severely impacts economies, human and biodiversity health. Plastics are made of several chemical additives, including bisphenol and phthalate plasticizers such as bisphenol A (BPA) and Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). In some animal species, both BPA and DEHP are known as endocrine disruptor compounds, and can alter physiological and metabolic homeostasis, reproduction, development and/or behavior. To date, the impacts of BPA and DEHP have mainly focused on vertebrates, and to a lesser extent, on aquatic invertebrates. Yet, the few studies which examined the effects of DEHP on terrestrial insects also revealed the impacts this pollutant can have on development, hormone titrations, and metabolic profiles. In particular, it has been hypothesized in the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis that the observed metabolic alterations could result from the energetic costs necessary for DEHP detoxification or to the dysregulation of hormonally-controlled enzymatic activities. To get additional insights into the physiological effects of bisphenol and phthalate plasticizers on the moth S. littoralis, larvae were fed with food contaminated by BPA, DEHP, or the mixture of both compounds. Then, activities of four glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase were measured. BPA and/or DEHP had no effects on the activities of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Conversely, BPA-contaminated larvae were characterized by a 1.9-fold increase in phosphoglucose isomerase activity, and BPA + DEHP-fed larvae had highly variable hexokinase activity. Overall, since no disruption of glycolytic enzyme was observed in DEHP-contaminated larvae, our work tended to demonstrate that exposure to bisphenol and DEHP increased the amount of oxidative stress experienced.

Individual and combined treatments with imidacloprid and spinosad disrupt survival, life-history traits, and nutritional physiology of Spodoptera littoralis

The Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a pervasive agricultural polyphagous insect pest. Because of the negative side-effects of conventional pesticides used in agricultural fields, safer alternatives for insect pest management are required. We evaluated here susceptibility, biological features, and nutritional indices of S. littoralis after treatment of 4th-instar larvae with the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and the spinosyn spinosad separately or in combination. Larvae were fed for three successive days on treated leaves of castor-bean Ricinus communis using leaf-dip technique (treatment period). In addition, in case of nutritional indices study, treated leaves were replaced by fresh untreated leaves for two successive days (recovery period). Spinosad was more toxic than imidacloprid, and their combination revealed additive effects based on the co-toxicity factor. Individual and combined treatments significantly decreased pupation rate, adult emergence rate, pupal weight, number of eggs laid per female, egg-hatch, and female longevity, compared to those of controls. Pupal and adult malformations were recorded. During the treatment period, nutritional indices were insecticide- and time-dependent. On the 2nd day of recovery, all nutritional indices of treated larvae were not significantly different, compared to those of controls. The results presented herein may help in developing more effective crop protection methodologies within integrated pest management of this insect.

Biological activity of tannins extracts from processed Camellia sinensis (black and green tea), Vicia faba and Urtica dioica and Allium cepa essential oil on three economic insects

Nowadays to move toward a more sustainable agriculture, use of pesticide alternatives that have positive effects and play critical roles toward reducing the use of pesticides should be used. Laboratory bioassays were carried out to analyze the bioactivity of tannins isolated from urtica weed leaves (U), bean hull (B), black tea (BT) and green tea (GT) against larvae of cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) using food mixing technique and essential oil isolated from onion against larvae of cotton leafworm, adults of rice weevil and houseflies using fumigation technique. The results showed that during the first week of treatment, tannins extracted from U had the strongest antifeedant activity with an EC50 of 33.034 μg/g followed by tannins extracted from B (EC50 = 47.839 μg/g). In the second and third week, tannins isolated from B depicted highest antifeedant activity (EC50 = 37.733 and 84.828, respectively). Furthermore, the isolated tannins induced notable larval growth inhibition on S littoralis. On the other hand, mortality percentage of onion essential oil on tested insects clearly increased with both increased concentration and exposure time. The LC50 (μg/cm3) at 30 min reflected that the essential oil had a greater toxicity to cotton leafworm with a LC50 = 2.15 μg/cm3 while least toxic to house flies (LC50 = 16.09). The repellency action based on LT50 values was seen to be highly effective in houseflies (LT50 = 1.85 min). The results demonstrated that tannins and essential oil could be applicable in the management of insect pests to decrease ecologically detrimental effects of synthetic insecticides.

Bioprospecting endophytic fungi for antifeedants and larvicides and their enhancement by gamma irradiation

The search and discovery of new natural products with antifeedant and larvicidal potentials to mitigate harmful insects are scientific pressing issues in the modern agriculture. In this paper, the antifeedant and larvicidal potentials of 69 fungal isolates were screened against the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. A total of 17 isolates showed the insecticidal potentials with three promising isolates. These strains were Aspergillus sydowii, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Aspergillus flavus isolated from Ricinus communis (bark), Terminalia arjuna (Bark), and Psidium guajava (twigs), respectively. The effect of gamma irradiation on the antifeedant and larvicidal activities of the three strains was investigated. Exposure of the fungal spores to 1000 Gy of gamma rays significantly intensified both the antifeedant and larvicidal potentials. To identify compounds responsible for these activities, extracts of the three strains were fractionated by thin layer chromatography. The nature of the separated compounds namely, Penitrem A, 1, 3, 5, 8- tetramethyl- 4, 6-diethyl- 7- [2- (methoxycarbonyl)ethyl] porphyrin (from A. sydowii), Penitrem A, 2, 7, 12, 17-Tetramethyl-3, 5:8, 10:13, 15:18, 20-tetrakis (2,2-dimethylpropano) porphyrin (from A. flavus), N,N-Diethyl-3-nitrobenzamide, and Diisooctyl-phthalate (from L. theobromae) were studied by GC-MS analysis. These findings recommend endophytic fungi as promising sources of novel natural compounds to mitigate harmful insects.

Morphological description and population dynamic of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)’s parasitoid on cabbage in South Côte d’Ivoire

The Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is among the serious cabbage pests in tropical countries. It can lead an intensive chemical insecticides use in market gardening perimeters. Alternative control methods such as biological control are necessary for the integrated management of this pest. The laboratory rearing of S. littoralis larvae sampled in […]

Synthesis, formulation, evaluation of insecticidal activity of chromen derivatives against cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their mode of action under laboratory conditions

The toxicity of benzothiazole derivatives obtained from 2-cyanomethyl benzothiazole against cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis 2nd and 4th instar larvae has been documented. The main objective of this research was to formulate two previously reported chromen derivatives and test their biological activity against cotton leafworm S. littoralis 2nd and 4th instar larvae under laboratory conditions. According to the standard method, two chromen derivatives with two distinct substituents (salicylaldehyde and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde) were synthesized. Their physical and chemical properties were evaluated, and both were formulated as 10 and 9.5 percent dustable powder formulations. Both formulae were then evaluated in the laboratory on cotton leafworm S. littoralis 2nd and 4th instar larvae for mortality and developmental effect percentage. Formulation (F2) was more efficient than formulation (F3) in both cases and for both stages. Furthermore, when comparing the developmental effects on the 2nd and 4th instar larvae, the 4th instar larvae demonstrated marked tolerance. Both stages were unable to complete their life cycle. Histopathological analysis of samples from the affected stages was performed to assess the mode of action of these formulations on 4th instar larvae at their LC50 values. Experimental data showed that Formulation (F3) resulted in epidermal cells separated from the cuticular layer, necrosis, ruptured columnar cells with pyknotic nuclei, disrupted basement membrane, and weak epicuticle necrosis and separation. In comparison, formulation (F2) revealed a midgut with vacuoles, damaged columnar, muscle cell necrosis, and a ruined peritrophic matrix. Thus, the cotton leafworm S. littoralis could be combated with the newly prepared formulations (F2) and (F3).

Heat accumulations and sex pheromone traps as a tools for predicting the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) field generations at Assiut Governorate

Heat accumulations and sex pheromone traps as a tools for predicting the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) field generations at Assiut Governorate

Biological control potential of local entomopathogenic nematodes against the different stage larvae of cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

BackgroundThe cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an economic pest on various crops worldwide. Farmers generally used to apply chemical pesticides to control the pest. The bio-control potential of the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as alternatives to harmful synthetic pesticides was examined in this study. The study aimed to determine the efficacy of EPNs isolates against the different stages of larvae of the cotton leafworm S. littoralis and the effect of time on mortality rate under laboratory conditions.ResultsEPNs isolates were tested at 4 different concentrations (0, 250, 500 and 1000 IJs/ml) in 150 ml plastic containers on last instar larvae (sixth instar) of S. litorallis. Experiments for third, fourth and fifth instar larvae of S. litorallis were carried out in petri dishes at different concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 200 IJs/ml) at 25 °C temperature. Mortality rates of larvae were calculated at 3 different times (48, 72, 96 h) after inoculation. The high mortality rate of last instar larvae (98.81%) of S. littoralis was caused by Steinernema feltiae (Tokat-Emir), followed by S. carpocapsae (Tokat-Bakışlı05) (95.24%) and then H. bacteriophora (11 KG) with (90.47%) at the highest concentration (1000 IJ/ml). The highest mortality rate of fifth instar larvae was caused by S. feltiae (Tokat-Bakışlı05) and S. carpocapsae (Tokat-Emir) with (100%) and (92.12%). In addition, the highest mortality rate of the 4th instar larvae was determined S. feltiae (Tokat-Bakışlı05) and S. carpocapsae (Tokat-Emir) isolates (98.87%) and (97.74%), respectively. Additionally, the highest larval mortality rate in the third stage by S. feltiae (Tokat-Bakışlı05) and S. carpocapsae (Tokat-Emir) was (100%) and (97.74%) at the highest concentration. Mortality rates of larvae were calculated at 3 different times after inoculation. The highest mortality rate counted in all isolates was determined 96 and 72 h after inoculation of EPNs.ConclusionsAll indigenous EPN isolates were found to be effective at different rates against S. littoralis. The results showed that these nematode species could be used against S. littoralis biological control programs.

Chitosan-cellulose nanoencapsulation systems for enhancing the insecticidal activity of citronella essential oil against the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis

Essential oils of plant origin could provide green and effective alternative to synthetic insecticides. To avoid the instability and high volatility of essential oils, it is necessary to introduce new techniques to protect their bioactive constituents. In the current study, nanoencapsulation systems from chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were used to control the release of citronella essential oil (CEO) for use against cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). The size, entrapment efficiency, and kinetic of CEO release from CSNPs and CSNPs/CNF nano-systems were studied. The size of CSNPs was increased from 102.1 ± 0.55 nm to 171.9 ± 2.4 nm and 426.9 ± 4.38 nm due to addition of CEO and CEO/CNF, respectively, whereas the encapsulation efficiency of CEO was 61.8 ± 1% and 90.8 ± 1% for CSNPs and CSNPs/CNF systems, respectively. CEO release after two weeks was 100% and 74% from the CSNPs and CSNPs/CNF nano-systems, respectively, while the release of the control sample (non-encapsulated CEO) was 100% after only 6 h. Experiments on insecticidal activity revealed that all nano-formulations disrupted the development of S. littoralis. CEO-CSNPs/CNF was the most effective system; it significantly prolonged the larval and pupal durations compared to control group. A significant reduction in pupal weight, adult longevity, and female fecundity was observed particularly after CEO-CSNPs/CNF and CEO-CSNPs treatments. The semi-field experiment revealed that CSNPs/CNF had the greatest persistence effect, resulting in the highest larval mortality across all tested intervals, followed by CEO-CSNPs and CEO-NE. CSNPs and CEO, on the other hand, demonstrated little or no persistence effects. The observed results revealed that CSNPs and CNF could improve the insecticidal effect of CEO as bio-insecticide against S. littoralis larvae.

Genomic features of the polyphagous cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis

BackgroundThe cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, is a highly polyphagous pest of many cultivated plants and crops in Africa and Europe. The genome of this pest will help us to further understand the molecular mechanisms of polyphagy.ResultsHerein, the high-quality genome of S. littoralis was obtained by Pacific Bioscience (PacBio) sequencing. The assembled genome size of S. littoralis is 436.55 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 6.09 Mb, consisting of 17,207 annotated protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis shows that S. littoralis and its sibling species S. litura diverged about 5.44 million years ago. Expanded gene families were mainly involved in metabolic detoxification and tolerance to toxic xenobiotics based on GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis. Comparative genomics analysis showed that gene families involved in detoxification and chemosensation were significantly expanded in S. littoralis, representing genetic characteristics related to polyphagy and an extensive host range.ConclusionsWe assembled and annotated the reference genome of S. littoralis, and revealed that this pest has the genetic features of strong detoxification capacity, consistent with it being a significant risk to a wide range of host crops. These data resources will provide support for risk assessment and early warning monitoring of major polyphagous agricultural pests.

RESPONSE OF (Glycine max (L.) Merr.,) GENOTYPES AGAINST Spodoptera littoralis BASED ON AGRO-MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR MARKERS

Defoliating insects can cause significant damage to soybean plants in Egypt. The cotton leaf worm (Spodoptera littoralis) is a major pest of soybean and important economic insect pests in Egypt than other insect pests. Susceptibility of 15 soybean genotypes to infestation of cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis were studied under natural field conditions. The relationship between agro-morphological and molecular DNA in relation to leaves defoliation were also studied. Defoliation of tested plants by the cotton leaf worm, in the field screenings system showed the genotypes L105 and L153 recorded the highest values of insect resistant and recorded defoliation ranking from zero to 0.1 respectively, followed by genotypes named H10L10A, L162, and H1L1. Whereas, AGS-129 genotype showed a maximum insect susceptible had defoliation score (4.0) indicating heavy insect feeding, over both seasons. Moreover, highest values of seed yield/fed recorded by L 153, H10L10A and H1L1, this attributed to the considerable increasing in number of branches/plant, 100-seed weight and number of pods/plant over both seasons, representing those genotypes are promising and could be suggested for release, also; these genotypes revealed to high insect resistance to cotton leaf worm. In total 13 SSR primers amplify 45 bands. The polymorphic SSRs were successfully used to distinguish cotton leaf worm resistance among soybean genotypes. In general, it could be supposed that the some soybean genotypes, H153, H105, L162 H1L1 and H10 L10 are promising genotypes that can be used in cultivation to expand soybean resistance to cotton leaf worm.

Development and evaluation of castor oil nanoemulsion on the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) and its adverse effects on the reproductive system of albino rats

Development and evaluation of castor oil nanoemulsion on the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) and its adverse effects on the reproductive system of albino rats