Cost Recovery Ratio Research Articles

Evaluation of water use management performances for irrigation cooperatives in Aydın province

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the performance indicators for 2006-2017 years. Hence for a better Management-Operation-Maintenance organization, irrigation management efficiencies of 23 groundwater irrigation cooperatives located in Aydın was used. . Materials and Methods: The indicators chosen from comparative performance evaluation set by FAO and IPTRID were used in this study for the evaluation of the efficiency of irrigation cooperatives. Results: Main findings of this study indicated that the values of the indicators varied as follows; irrigation ratio 7-94%, cost recovery ratio 53-146%, irrigation water fee collection efficiency 70-91%, maintenance costs to total revenue ratio 4-104%, total MOM costs per unit area 102.2-1103.7/ha, number of staff employed per irrigation area 26.5-316.9 ha/person, total costs per staff employed in irrigation area varied between 2013-11996 $/ person. Conclusion: In order to bring solutions to the main problems of irrigation cooperatives which creates benefits to the irrigated agriculture in the region; operation management and maintenance organizations should be better fulfilled, participatory management should be encouraged, support and credit systems should be re-arranged. Also, supporting irrigation services by irrigation credits with lower interest rates or providing costless would be a solution.

Benchmarking of Irrigation Performance in Karataş and Karaçal Irrigation Associations

This study was carried out to evaluate the system performances of Karataş and Karaçal irrigation associations located in Burdur province. Karataş irrigation association was put into operation in 1982 and Karaçal irrigation association in 2015 with irrigation areas are 5476 and 4975 ha, respectively. The same public personnel were appointed to both irrigation associations as the Head of the Association in 2018, and as of 2019, both irrigation Associations were gathered under the management of Karataş irrigation association. In this study, the performances of Karataş irrigation, which has an old and predominantly open canal system, and Karaçal irrigation systems, which are relatively new and have a pressurized irrigation system, between the years 2015-2019 have been evaluated. In the performance evaluation, a set of indicators under two main headings as water use efficiency, and financial efficiency recommended by the International Technology and Research Program in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID) was used. According to the results of the research, when the water use efficiency is examined, especially Annual relative irrigation supply (0.53-0.73 for Karataş; 0.47-0.96 for Karaçal) and irrigation ratio (20-72% for Karataş; 36% for Karaçal) 55) values were not at the desired levels. In terms of Financial Efficiency, cost recovery ratio (119-401% for Karataş; 144-311 for Karaçal) and revenue collection performance (78-442% for Karataş; 10-130 for Karaçal) were found to be high. Although this is a new irrigation, Karaçal irrigation shows that relatively high maintenance costs are incurred. Total operating maintenance and management (MOM) cost per unit area is US$ 9.60-14.98/ha for Karataş and as 1.32-22.92 US$/ha for Karaçal. These values showed that, in general, both irrigations have sufficient financial strength.

The branch performance tool: A methodological approach for continuous monitoring of programme efficiencies of service delivery interventions

Background: Programme efficiency is a vital factor in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in an environment of scarce resources. The branch performance tool (BPT) developed by the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) is an effective tool for continuous monitoring of programme efficiency in the health sector. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of BPT in improving programme efficiencies and provide recommendations for further improvements. Methods: The service delivery data, collected through an Internet-based Monitoring and Evaluation Information Management System (MEIMS), as well as costing data over a period of three consecutive years (2013–2015), were fed into the BPT. Data on performance against key efficiency indicators (KPI), measured through data envelopment analysis at each service delivery point (SDP), were used to inform the development of an action plan at the end of each year. Lessons learnt on the best practices of well-performing SDPs and on the improvement opportunities of low-efficient SDPs identified through the BPT were presented during programmatic review workshops and formed the basis of management action. Results: The organisation met all its efficiency targets in 2013–2015, including increase in number of clients per staff day from 1.9 to 3.0, spike in the cost recovery ratio from 20% to 29%, reduction in cost per SRH service from $3.6 to $2.7 and decrease in overhead cost as a percentage of total organisation level cost from 20.5% to 12.8%. Conclusions: Branch performance tool is effective for evidence-based decision-making on programme efficiency of service delivery interventions in the health sector. It has potential for further improvement and replication in the health sector, which will contribute to the pursuit of SDG3.

Carbon dots as a dual sensor for the selective determination of d-penicillamine and biological applications

Dual mode Nanosensors gained tremendous interest in recent years because of their facile synthesis and dual applications. Herein we have synthesized highly fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) from Mahogany fruit shell by chemical oxidation method. The as prepared CDs exhibited selective and sensitive quenching of fluorescence by Fe3+ and also accompanied by a dramatic increase in absorption intensity. Hence these two processes led to fabricate CDs-Fe3+ system as a dual probe. d-Penicillamine (D-PA) has much affinity toward Fe3+ which resulted in recovery of almost 75% fluorescence intensity and decrease in absorption of the CDs-Fe3+ system. Thus, this tendency has been exploited for the selective detection of D-PA by both Spectrofluorimetrically and UV-Visible spectroscopically and showed a wide linear range of detection 0-48 μg mL−1 and 0-40 μg mL−1 respectively. This developed probe offered low cost, high selectivity, repeatability, facile operation and excellent recovery ratio in detection of D-PA in pharmaceutical samples. Moreover, biological applications CDs were investigated using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with confocal microscopy. We found that CDs were a biocompatible and ideal candidate for differential staining of yeast cells.

Cost Recovery and Donor Dependency Status of LI-BIRD

There is significant growth in a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Nepal since the 1990s. However, there is lacking of research in the area of financial sustainability of such NGOs. This paper attempts to deal with this issue through a case study of a single NGO. Using data extracted from audit reports and financial statements of the period of fiscal year 2007/08 –2016/017, this paper examines the cost recovery and donor dependency status of LI-BIRD, a national level NGO in Nepal. Financial ratios, trend analysis and regression model have been used to analyze the data. The paper concludes that there is an increasing trend in the total revenue and total expenditure of LI-BIRD. It is able to recover the overall cost only if donors' grants are included in its income sources. If donors' grants are excluded from the total income, its cost recovery ratio is only 51 percent. LI-BIRD has been highly dependent on donors' grants and its dependency ratio has slightly increased during the study period. The implication of the finding is that LI-BIRD should focus on its internal resource generation programs like seed unit, lab unit, and other cost effective units to come out of the vicious cycle of donor dependency and to stand alone without the support (or with less support) of donors. For this, policymakers should also provide the necessary legal basis to generate funds and legitimate income-producing endeavors.

Irrigation Performance of Ilgın Plain Irrigation Association

Water, increasing interests day by day for all living creatures, is essential source. Large partion of water supply has been used in agriculture. Irrigation organizations having the rights to comment on irrigation management have very important role to play in agricultural water management. This study focused onassessment of irrigation performance of Ilgın Plain Pump Irrigation Association. The 13 performance indicators were reseched between years of 2007 and 2015. Following results were obtained from the study:annual irrigation water delivery per unit command area as 1727 – 6334 m 3 ha -1 , annual relative water supply as 0.49 – 1.71, cost recovery ratio as 64.19%, Maintenance cost to revenue ratio 14.95 – 74.30%, Revenue collection performance as 83.54 – 146.97%, Total annual gross agricultural production as 1.19-1.596 tonnes, Output per unit irrigated area as 3145.9 – 9713.1 TL ha -1 , Output per unit irrigation supply as 0.9287 – 3.0087 TL m -3 .

Evaluation of benchmarking indicators of Sanjay Sarovar Irrigation Project, India

Water is most limiting factor in crop production especially in the areas where agriculture sustains on irrigation. The rapid urbanization and industrialization have greatly affected the overall water demand scenario. As a result, the gap between water demand and availability has been progressively increasing. The benchmarking results for the Sanjay Sarovar Irrigation Project reflect a low level of water delivery service and irrigation performance. In Sanjay Sarovar Irrigation Project, the annual project irrigation efficiency of 41% and annual field irrigation efficiency of 51% of irrigation requirement cannot fully meets the needs of sustainable development. Most of the key internal indicators covering operations and service are low. External indicators, such as irrigation efficiency, cost recovery ratio, and productivity, were also relatively low. Study suggests the immediate need to improve the service delivery of the surface water systems. This requirement to improve the surface water delivery systems is critical and should be the priority for projects.

Estimation of Cost Recovery Ratio for Water Services Based on the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water

This paper proposes a methodology to compute a cost recovery ratio directly from the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water (SEEA-Water) standard tables. The methodology is applied to the Guadalquivir River Basin in southern Spain. Results illustrate that it allows cost recovery analysis in line with Water Framework Directive Article 9. Wider adoption of the methodology would enhance comparability and knowledge sharing between regions, countries and sectors both in the European Union and worldwide.

Predicting the Probability of Default for Municipal Water Utilities in Indonesia

We developed a model to predict the probability that Indonesian municipal water utilities would default on their payments to the central government. This model was based on 126 real cases (57 non-default and 69 default cases). We used two indicators, financial strength and technical efficiency. The former was based on linear combinations of operating ratio, cash ratio, overhead-to-revenue ratio, operation–maintenance cost recovery ratio, and solvency; the latter was based on linear combinations of service coverage, production efficiency, operating hours, and ratio of staff to 1,000 connections. Our logistic-regression-based model was accurate in classifying 85% of cases correctly (Type I error = 13.0%, Type II error = 17.5%). Furthermore, the regression coefficients indicate that a one-unit increase in the financial strength score and the technical efficiency score for a water utility could reduce the odds of default by 81.4% and 41.4%, respectively.

Analysis of Irrigation Systems Employing Comparative Performance Indicators: A Benchmark Study for National Irrigation and Communal Irrigation Systems in Cagayan River Basin

Comparative performance analysis of four irrigation schemes within Cagayan River Basin was assessed using comparative performance indicators between the years 2008 and 2012. The objectives were to establish benchmarks for both productivity and performance of irrigation schemes along the valley and to inquire whether small schemes function better than large schemes. The performance evaluation study of the systems composed of three general performance indicators, based on three domains—(1) system operation performance; (2) agricultural productivity and economics; (3) financial performance. Each indicator was assessed based on the prescribed descriptors used by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Analysis showed an overall system performance efficiency of 59%, 55%, 47% and 36% for Magat River Integrated Irrigation System (MARIIS), Lucban, Garab and Divisoria Communal Irrigation Systems (CIS), respectively. In terms of annual productivity performance, Lucban CIS dominates the three other systems with 0.35 kg/m, which was classified as moderately performing system, while the rest were classified with low productivity index. Financial sustainability of the systems were extremely poor with cost recovery ratio of 0, 0.33, 0.41 and 0.49 for Divisoria, Garab, Lucban and MARIIS, respectively, which were exceptionally below the standard value of at least one. Also, analysis of the indicators revealed that on average, large schemes performed similarly to small-scale schemes, but small schemes were more variable, particularly in input-use efficiency. The benchmarking study will provide strategic information to policy makers of agricultural and irrigation agencies on the existing weaknesses of irrigation systems in the country and determine in a more quantifiable terms levels of potential improvement and intervention targets.

English

In this study, physical and financial performance criteria of transferred irrigation management of Düzce Irrigation District were evaluated between 2006 and 2012. Physical and financial performances are irrigation ratio and sustainability of irrigated land, and cost recovery ratio, maintenance expenditure to revenue ratio, operational cost per unit area, total cost per personnel employed on water delivery, revenue collection performance and service area per personnel, respectively. The analysis results indicated that irrigation ratios were between 12.8 to 23.2% while sustainability of irrigated land rates were between 1.33 to 2.40 for the studied years. On the other hand, cost recovery ratio and revenue collection performance values were changed between 56.4 to 89.4 and 70.9 to 93.2%, respectively. Moreover, maintenance expenditure to revenue, operational cost per unit area, total cost per person employed on water delivery and service area per personnel had between 4.8 to 24.4%, 111.3 to 183.9 US$ ha-1, 7288.5 to 13168.8 US$ ha-1 and 116.9 to 234.9%, respectively. As a conclusion, it was stated that transferred irrigation management for Düzce Irrigation District does not have enough financial and physical performances and needs recovery.   Key words: Sustainability, irrigation ratio, operating cost, water delivery, Düzce.

English

Performance analysis of six irrigation schemes in Kastamonu area located in northern Turkey were assessed using comparative performance indicators between the years 2008 and 2012. Performance indicators used for the analysis included relative water supply, financial performance as cost recovery ratio, maintenance expenditure to revenue ratio, operational cost per unit area, total cost per personnel employed on water delivery, revenue collection performance and service area per personnel. Additionally, production performance of the schemes were evaluated in terms of output per unit command area, output per unit irrigated area, output per unit irrigation supply and output per unit consumed-water. The results of the analysis indicated that all irrigation schemes except Asar had enough performance for the relative water supply ratios. Furthermore, cost recovery ratio and revenue collection performance was not satisfactory. On the other hand, maintenance expenditure to revenue, operational cost per unit area, total cost per person employed on water delivery and service area per personnel had performed well in most of schemes during the study years. Output per unit command area, output per unit irrigated area, output per unit irrigation supply and output per unit consumed-water were performed well for all schemes in the investigation year. Key words: Comparative analysis, irrigation performance, performance indicators, irrigation schemes.

Estimating the marginal cost of railway track renewals using corner solution models

Economic theory advocates marginal cost pricing for efficient utilisation of transport infrastructure. A growing body of literature has emerged on the issue of rail marginal infrastructure wear and tear costs, but the majority of the work is focused on costs for infrastructure maintenance. Railway track renewals are a substantial part of an infrastructure manager’s budget, but in disaggregated statistical analyses they cause problems for traditional regression models since there is a piling up of values of the dependent variable at zero. Previous econometric work has sought to circumvent the problem by aggregation in some way. In this paper we instead apply corner solution models to disaggregate (track-section) data, including the zero observations. We derive track renewal cost elasticities with respect to traffic volumes and in turn marginal renewal costs using Swedish railway renewal data over the period 1999–2009. This paper is the first attempt in the literature to apply corner solution models, and in particular the two-part model, to disaggregate renewal cost data in railways. It is also the first paper that we are aware of to report usage elasticities specifically for renewal costs and therefore adds important new evidence to the previous literature where there is a paucity of studies on renewals and considerable uncertainty over the effects of rail traffic on renewal costs. In the Swedish context, we find that the inclusion of marginal track renewal costs in the track access pricing regime, which currently only reflects marginal maintenance costs, would add substantially to the existing track access charge. EU legislation requires that access charges reflect the ‘costs directly incurred as a result of operating the train service’, which should include a marginal renewal cost component. This change would also increase the cost recovery ratio of the Swedish infrastructure manager, thus meeting a policy objective of the national government.

Performance assessment of canal irrigation in Pakistan

Irrigated agriculture plays an important role in economic development of many countries world wide. Pakistan has a large system of irrigated agriculture. In this research, performance of an irrigation system in Punjab Pakistan has been investigated. Five indicators; Cost Recovery Ratio, Benefit Cost Ratio, Economic Delivery Efficiency, Relative Water Cost and Delivery Performance Ratio have been used to assess performance of the system. The data regarding cost of water paid by farmers, the irrigation benefits per unit water volume, operation and maintenance cost, and total production cost including the cost of irrigation, seed, fertilizer, pesticide, labour, etc. were collected by field measurements, interviews with farmers and market surveys. The data have also been taken from the records of Punjab Irrigation Department. The analysis shows that irrigated agriculture in Pakistan is potentially cost-effective. However, the establishment costs of the system are more, which shows the inefficiency of the managerial system. It was concluded that the Recovery Cost Ratio and Relative Water Cost of the system are 0.777 and 0.311 respectively. Low value of Delivery Performance Ratio indicates inequitable distribution. Key words: Lower Jhelum, irrigation system, farmers, irrigated agriculture, operation, maintenance.

Cost recovery of NGO primary health care facilities: a case study in Bangladesh

BackgroundLittle is known about the cost recovery of primary health care facilities in Bangladesh. This study estimated the cost recovery of a primary health care facility run by Building Resources Across Community (BRAC), a large NGO in Bangladesh, for the period of July 2004 - June 2005. This health facility is one of the seven upgraded BRAC facilities providing emergency obstetric care and is typical of the government and private primary health care facilities in Bangladesh. Given the current maternal and child mortality in Bangladesh and the challenges to addressing health-related Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets the financial sustainability of such facilities is crucial.MethodsThe study was designed as a case study covering a single facility. The methodology was based on the 'ingredient approach' using the allocation techniques by inpatient and outpatient services. Cost recovery of the facility was estimated from the provider's perspective. The value of capital items was annualized using 5% discount rate and its market price of 2004 (replacement value). Sensitivity analysis was done using 3% discount rate.ResultsThe cost recovery ratio of the BRAC primary care facility was 59%, and if excluding all capital costs, it increased to 72%. Of the total costs, 32% was for personnel while drugs absorbed 18%. Capital items were17% of total costs while operational cost absorbed 12%. Three-quarters of the total cost was variable costs. Inpatient services contributed 74% of total revenue in exchange of 10% of total utilization. An average cost per patient was US$ 10 while it was US$ 67 for inpatient and US$ 4 for outpatient.ConclusionThe cost recovery of this NGO primary care facility is important for increasing its financial sustainability and decreasing donor dependency, and achieving universal health coverage in a developing country setting. However, for improving the cost recovery of the health facility, it needs to increase utilization, efficient planning, resource allocation and their optimum use. It also requires controlling variable costs and preventing any wastage of resources.

Assessment of the irrigation performance of transferred schemes in Turkey: a case study analysis

AbstractEfforts to increase the amount of irrigation schemes transferred to irrigation associations (IAs) in Turkey have been motivated by the poor performance – in terms of cost recovery, equity, efficiency in operation and maintenance (O&M) and repairs – of many large irrigation schemes by government agencies, namely the State Hydraulic Works (DSI). The objective of this study is to assess the irrigation system performance of transferred irrigation schemes in the DSI Fifth Regional Directorate service area mainly for the year 2003 with benchmarking indicators.According to the findings of the study, relative water supply was recorded as 1.5–8.4 respectively. The financial performance indicators including cost recovery ratio, maintenance expenditure to revenue ratio, operating cost per unit area, total cost per person employed on water delivery, revenue collection performance and service area per personnel were found to be 1.0–10.6%, 0.7–12.5%, US$6.5–53.3 ha−1, US$636.0–7045.9 per person, 78–95%, 67–13 000 ha per person, respectively. As regards productive performance, output per unit command area, output per unit irrigated area, output per unit irrigation supply and output per unit water consumed were determined as US$325.2–2745.1, US$1028.03–5070.9 ha−1, US$0.2–0.7 m−3 and US$0.2–2.6 m−3 respectively. Water quality classes were found to be C3S1 in all schemes. The results of the case study show that following the transfer of irrigation schemes to the user organizations, significant improvements are recorded in irrigation water fee collection rates and financial cost reduction in the systems operated by the IAs. Mixed results are observed in terms of irrigation ratios. While there are improvements in two irrigation schemes, there are evident increases in the water supply ratio in six other irrigation schemes. Management, operation and maintenance (MOM) costs in general and the maintenance costs per se have increased compared to the collected water fees in the case‐study irrigation schemes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Analysis of the user fee for health care policy in Eritrea.

To assess the macro-context of the user fee policy design and implementation; to critically evaluate the content of the user free policy with respect to its implications for efficiency, equity, quality and utilisation of health care and to scrutinize the implementation of the scheme and identify the successes and problems encountered since the introduction of the user fee policy in 1996. Cross sectional. Mekane Hiwot Central Referral Hospital and Semenawi Asmore Health Centre. 50 health professionals and support staff; 150 outpatients of which 100 patients were from the hospital and 50 from the health centre and 50 inpatients from the hospital. Service utilisation. The policy was launched against a conducive macro-economic, political and health sector background. Fees reduced attendance at the tertiary referral hospital and reversed the previous trend of sharply declining use of primary level facilities. However, the fee levels could not give an adequate signal to patients to use the appropriate cost effective levels of care and the referral system. The cost recovery ratio for the system as a whole was found to be one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. At some of the lowest levels of the health care system, however, the scheme does not seem viable. Fee waivers were infrequent, and the process of means testing was lengthy, thus adversely affecting equity. The new policy resulted in a cost recovery ratio. There was some indication of allocative efficiency achievement as a result of the price signals. The policy required some refinement in terms of expanding the exemption categories and revenue retention at the facility level.

Integrated Decision Support Tool for Evaluating Transit and Land-Use Coordination Policies

Policy makers in many urban areas have begun to embrace the principles of transit-oriented development as a means to create more livable communities and of light rail transit as a means to address congestion and air-quality problems. A policy-oriented screening tool for applying rigorous technical analyses to transit-oriented development policies to give decision makers meaningful information about a wide range of potential land-use, transit service and financing, and parking management policies is described. The decision support tool (DST) uses a simplified version of the regional travel forecasting model and includes an air-quality analysis module. The DST was validated to the Memphis regional travel forecasting model, and enhancements were incorporated for studying the effects of specific land-use, transit, and parking-policy assumptions. DST provides policy-related output data such as percentage of development in the corridor; transit ridership; annual transit operating cost, revenue, deficit, and cost recovery ratio; annual transit capital cost; and air-quality benefits. A sample application of the model for the Poplar Corridor in Memphis, Tennessee, is presented.

Improvement in cost recovery at an urban level I trauma center.

With escalating health care costs and health reimbursement reorganization, the greatest danger to trauma centers will remain expensive uncompensated care. This is caused primarily by costs incurred in treating complex, life-threatening injuries and to the large population of trauma patients with no, or inadequate, means of compensation. In 1986 and 1987, this urban level I trauma center experienced an operating loss totaling $2,335,200. To attempt to reverse this expense, annual tracking of the trauma service's financial performance was begun in 1989. In addition, changes were made. Early multidisciplinary baseline assessment of each admission was instituted for financial profiling and discharge planning. Attempts were made on admission to identify health and vehicular insurance information. Processing for Medicaid and Medicare reimbursement was begun as soon as possible, and coding for diagnoses was checked by medical records personnel and the trauma nurse coordinator. If appropriate, Missouri Crime Victims Compensation was sought. Base on costs incurred in providing trauma services, as required by the state of Missouri and the American College of Surgeons, a trauma response charge was developed and instituted. Over a 5-year period, 1989 to 1993, financial audits were conducted. The cost recovery ratio (CRR) (collections/cost) was utilized as the measure of financial success. The CRR improved from 0.74 in 1989 to 0.93 in 1993, and in 2 years, 1991 and 1992, was 1.03 and 0.99. Over this period, the acuity of injury, as measured by the Injury Severity Score, remained essentially the same, but length of hospital stay decreased from 10.0 to 8.7 days. The CRR was greatest for private insurance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)