Cost Of Rice Research Articles

Global War and Anti-Radical Legislation: Japan and the Peace Preservation Law of 1925

ABSTRACT Japan’s military participation in the First World War was relatively brief but the war and the ideas it unlocked exerted an impact up to and after the Second World War. Japan experienced an economic boom during the war resulting in an exponential increase in the cost of rice. This sparked a serious challenge to the Japanese state. The ensuing rice riots of 1918 saw the government forced to deploy more troops to suppress them than it had sent to intervene on behalf of White Russian forces in Siberia in the same year. Further, the ‘Wilsonian Moment’ emboldened the Korean independence movement in 1919. When the war ended on the Western Front in 1918, Japan was involved in military intervention in Eastern Russia, was quelling domestic unrest, and facing a major threat to the stability of its empire. Although enacted in 1925, the Peace Preservation Law grew directly from the events beginning in the final year of the First World War. The law was the instrumental platform for the construction of Japan’s infamous thought control apparatus of the 1930s and the policing of Japan’s formal and informal empires. This paper traces the wartime origins of the Peace Preservation Law in the context of the state of exception and how the First World War and the Russian Revolution forced Japan to rethink its conception of sovereignty.

ANALISIS FINANSIAL TEKNOLOGI SISTEM TANAM JAJAR LEGOWO PADA USAHATANI PADI DI LAHAN SAWAH IRIGASI

Efforts to maintain the productivity of rice farming land in a sustainable manner by applying location- specific technological innovations. Jarwo technology research aims to determine the productivity andprofits of rice farming. The research method used is to compare Jarwo technology with farmerpatterns in rice farming. Data collection is done by means of periodic observations. The data collectedincludes productivity, output, and input of rice farming. Data were analyzed using evaluation methodand cross tabulation. The results showed that the average productivity of rice using Jarwo technologywas 8.90 tons/ha GKP, while the average yield of rice productivity by farmers was 7.80 tons/ha GKP. Milled dry grain (GKG) with a moisture content of 11-12% in Jarwo technology farming is 6.14 tons/ha, while the average productivity of rice using farmer-pattern technology is 5.23 tons/ha. The labor costof rice farming on Jarwo technology is 66.36% of the total cost, while the labor cost of farmingtechnology is 67.32%. The selling value of GKP rice with Jarwo technology is higher than the farmerpattern. Rice productivity and farming profits with Jarwo technology are considered higher with an R/Cratio value of 3.91, while in farming the R/C ratio is 3.85. Jarwo technology has the potential to bewidely developed, it is recommended that massive dissemination be carried out followed by intensiveassistance, both by formal officers and independently.

Application of ecologically balanced technologies of rice cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory

The domestic and foreign research in the field of rice cultivation carried out over the past 10-15 years has identified four main promising technologies that can reduce the cost of rice produced: 1 - intermittent flooding; 2 - periodic moistening without creating a layer of water; 3 - sprinkling, including surface irrigation; 4 - drip irrigation. Drip irrigation of rice is the most priority area of research, since it can significantly reduce the irrigation rate, labor costs, the cost of rice production and anthropogenic load. The purpose of our research was to develop a new technology of rice cultivation with drip irrigation adapted for the climatic and soil conditions of the Krasnodar Territory. As a result of the research carried out, a drip irrigation technological scheme was developed and implemented for LLC “Chernoerkovskoye” of the Slavyansky District of the Krasnodar Territory. The developed scheme of rice cultivation on drip irrigation has proven its effectiveness, which was expressed in improving the reclamation state of soils, increasing the profitability of production by 22% and increasing the yield by 20%, reducing the irrigation rate by an average of 5.3 times, the cost of rice grain by 15% and labor intensity by 34%.

Transition to new technologies of rice cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory

Currently used in Russia traditional technologies of rice cultivation with continuous or short-term flooding of rice paddies are ineffective for a number of factors, the main of which are the high cost and high labor intensity of rice production. Research in the field of rice cultivation has identified four main promising technologies that can reduce the cost of rice produced: 1 - intermittent flooding; 2 - periodic moistening without creating a layer of water; 3 - sprinkling, including surface irrigation; 4 - drip irrigation. The purpose of our research was to develop a new drip irrigation rice cultivation technology adapted for the climatic and soil conditions of the Krasnodar Territory. As a result of the research carried out, a drip irrigation technological scheme was developed and implemented for LLC “Chernoerkovskoye” of the Slavyansky district of the Krasnodar region. The developed scheme of rice cultivation on drip irrigation has proven its effectiveness, expressed in improving the reclamation state of soils, increasing the profitability of production and increasing the yield, reducing the irrigation rate, the cost of rice grain and labor intensity.

The Application Of Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (Arima - Garch)

Rice farming for Indonesia is vital. Rice farming is inseparable from the fact that rice farming is the livelihood of most of the population, while rice is the staple food of almost all Indonesians. The nature of rice that is easy to process and, following the public consumption culture, causes a very high dependence on rice. On the other hand, the price of rice is quite volatile. If the price of rice is soaring high, it can cause changes in the pattern of rice consumption. Some people want a stable supply and rice price, available at all times and evenly distributed and at affordable prices. Because the cost of rice is quite fluctuating, it is necessary to have a model that can be used to predict future rice prices so that the right policies can be implemented. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (ARIMA-GARCH) is a useful model for evaluating and predicting price fluctuations. This model's application is implemented in the national average retail rice price data between January 2007 and December 2017. In this study, rice data in the study period was not stationary at the level so that differentiating was carried out in the data. The best model is ARIMA (1,1,2) and Garch model (2,0). In this model, the data has complied with the white noise assumption, and the resulting GARCH model is free from the heteroscedasticity assumption.

Sustainability of preserving seed in panicle and applying single seedling to minimise production cost of rice

This study is about the experiments of preserving rice seed in panicle and transplanting the seed as a single seedling approach, applying least production inputs to produce rice in the light of the Islamic farming. Verse 47 and 261 of the 12th and 2nd chapter of the Holy Qur'an outlines the technologies on keeping rice seed in ears and single seedling. The laboratory and field tests reveal that seed in panicle results in 100% germination along with statistically significant length of root, shoot and dry weight compared with the market seed following least significant difference. The technologies require 100% less seed cost, 80% of seedling, 33% of fertiliser and 50% of irrigation cost with an increase of yield by 21.50%. As such, the cost and benefit ratio analysis shows that the marginal farmers are highly benefited to curb their production cost by lifting rice seed in panicle following a single seedling transplantation method.

OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY USE INTENSITY USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS AND BENCHMARKING METHODOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE RICE CULTIVATION UNDER WETLAND DIRECT SEEDING CONDITIONS IN MALAYSIA

Rice is tan important crop and main staple food In Malaysia, The country typically produces about two third of its total requirements with the balance met through import. The imported rice cost less compared to the same grade produce locally. One way to reduce production cost is by improving energy use intensity through optimum use of farm inputs. In this study we investigated the energy use intensity of 40 farms that practices direct seeding system of wetland rice cultivation in Malaysia. At mean yield level of 7,630 kg/ha, the optimum energy use intensity was 1.73 MJ/kg which is lower compared to the energy use intensities in efficient farms, all farms, and the inefficient farms by about 3%, 18% and 26% respectively. Three efficient farms identified as having the highest reference frequency in the study area had a mean yield level of 8,723 kg/ha and a mean energy productivity of 0.642 kg/MJ which were found to be about 1,368 kg/ha (19%) and 0.201 kg/MJ (46%), respectively higher than the mean yield and energy productivity in the inefficient farms. An average farmer in the study area used about 2,914 MJ/ha of energy in excess of the optimum level, representing RM626/ha in lost revenues.

Carbon Cost of Rice on State-Operated Farm in Northeast China Plain

Cropping systems in the future will need to increase grain yield while reducing greenhouse gas emission per unit of production. Based on the investigation data of the farmers production, applying carbon cost model, we conducted the carbon cost of rice on state-operated farm (13 production teams) in Northeast China Plain. The results were as follows: the carbon cost of rice on Shuanghe Farm was 221.62±26.32 gCO2e kg-1, in which irrigation accounted for 40.68%, chemical fertilizer accounted for 24.55%, mechanical operation accounted for 24.35%, seed accounted for 9.21%, and pesticides accounted for 1.20%, respectively. The carbon cost of rice in different production teams were significantly different (P<0.01), and 20th production teams was the highest (249.56±26.68 gCO2e kg-1) while 10th team was the lowest (190.87±17.09 gCO2e kg-1). The differences of the carbon cost of rice among production teams almost was resulted from irrigation, and it had the potentiality of emission reduction in the production teams with higher carbon cost.

Kontribusi Usaha Ternak Ayam Ras Pedaging terhadap Pendapatan Petani Di Desa Sungai Malang Kecamatan Amuntai Tengah Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara

Destination from this observation is understand (i) structure costs, revenue, income attempt ranch chicken in Sungai Malang village Isaland Amuntai Tengah, (ii) structure costs, revenue, income attempt rice in Sungai Malang village Kecamatan Amuntai Tengah, (iii) contribution big attempt chicken to income attempt rich in Sungai Malang Village Amuntai Tengah Distric,. (iv) problem ascertain poltry in administer attempt chicken. This research was conducted in Sungai Malang Village Amuntai Tengah District Hulu Sungai Utara Regency from March – June 2011. Used sensus method at 42 farmer respondents. The results referred that total cost from chicken livestock in Sungai Malang Village District of Central Amuntai was Rp 10.375.697,-, with revenue about Rp 16.960.114,-/kg and income equal to Rp 57.105.886,-. Total costs of rice in Sungai Malang village Central Amuntai District was Rp 2.662.504,-, with revenue about Rp 5.317.500,-/blek and income equal is Rp 3.800.667,-. Contribution chicken livestock to income was 91 % from total income occur farmer

The Great Bengal Famine

Bengal, which prior to partition of India covered the state of West Bengal in India and Bangladesh, suffered from a calamitous famine in 1943, when it was estimated that two miIIion people died of starvation. The author was ap­ pOinted as Mycologist in Bengal in October 1943 when the famine was at its height. When he travelled to join his new assignment on 18th of October 1943, he could see dead bodies and starving and dying persons all along the way from Bahudurabad Ghat on the Brahmaputra to Dacca. This horrendous situation of several thousands of men, women, and children dying of starva­ tion continued throughout October, November, and December in and around all the important cities in Bengal, especially Calcutta and Dacca. There was a war raging in many theaters in the world. The British empire was visibly crumbling. The victorious Japanese army, in collaboration with Indian National Army, was knocking at the eastern gates of India. It is in this context that a serious shortage in rice production occurred in 1942. As there was very little marketable surplus from 1942 harvest, the price of rice started rising from the beginning of 1943 in all parts of Bengal. The civil administra­ tion could not and did not cope with the situation created by the shortage. Soon the cost of rice was beyond the reach of ordinary people. Most of the rural population migrated to the cities in the hope of finding employment and rice. Finding neither, they slowly died of starvation. Though administrative failures were immediately responsible for this hu­ man suffering, the principal cause of the short crop production in 1942 was the epidemic of helminthosporium disease which attacked the rice crop in that year. This was caused by Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan[=Co­ chliobolus miyabeanus (Ito & Kuribayashi) Drechsler ex Dastur. Nothing as devastating as the Bengal epiphytotic of 1942 has been recorded in plant pathological literature. The only other instance that bears comparison in loss sustained by a food crop and the human calamity that followed in its wake is the Irish potato famine of 1845. The loss sustained by the rice crop in 1942 might be judged from Table 1, which gives the yield of the principal rice varieties widely grown in Bengal as recorded at the rice research stations of Chinsura and Bankura for the years 1941 and 1942. It may be seen that the loss sustained by the early maturing

Statistical Methods Applied to Practical Problems

WE have received a copy of the presidential address delivered before the Indian Science Congress at Lahore in January last by Sir G. T. Walker, Director-General of Observatories, India (Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, and Co.). The bulk of the address is devoted to illustrating the application to important practical problems of statistical methods. Illustrations are given of the use of coefficients of correlation in connection with crop prediction, and also to show the extent of co-variation between the fever rate, population, cost of rice, cultivated area, and rainfall, so far as this can be determined by a first-degree regression equation computed from the data of twenty-five years.