Project Development Costs Research Articles

РАЗРАБОТКА ИНВЕСТИЦИОННОГО ПРОЕКТА ПО ВНЕДРЕНИЮ СЕТИ 5G/IMT-2020 (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ ПАО «РОСТЕЛЕКОМ», Г. МОСКВА)

This article discusses the development and implementation of the investment project of the 5G/IMT-2020 network (Based on the materials of Rostelecom PJSC, Moscow). The significance of Rostelecom PJSC and their type of activity is given. The financial and economic condition of the company is also analyzed, the growth trend of revenue, net profit, profit from sales, cost of sales of products, services and 4G network tariffs is determined. The analysis of the current tariffs for the sale of communication services of PJSC Rostelecom on the 4G network is also being carried out. It is proposed to develop new equipment, tariffs and implement an investment project for the implementation of an Internet communication network called 5G/ IMT-2020. A PEST analysis of the implementation of this innovation, a summary of the project, the operational characteristics of the 5G network, financial and operational costs of project development, revenue from deployment and calculation of the effectiveness of this innovation are provided.

Government and Polluting Companies Game Strategies in the Context of Green Finance A Prisoners Dilemma Game Model

Promoting the development of green industries to facilitate the growth of green finance has become a consensus among various sectors of society. This article focuses on the game theory strategies between governments and polluting companies in the context of green finance. Taking the Prisoner's Dilemma game model as an example, we discuss if polluting companies, under different types of governments, would choose to allocate loans towards improving production and environmental projects. Furthermore, we analyze whether the preferences of the general public towards eco-friendly products would influence the game strategies of governments and polluting companies. Through solving the model, we find that when governments increase penalties for polluting projects, reduce the costs of environmental project research and development for polluting companies, enhance environmental awareness among the general public, and stimulate their preference for eco-friendly products, they can strengthen corporate social responsibility and promote green investments. Consequently, polluting companies are more likely to invest in environmental projects to gain greater returns.

Interaction Multi-Agent Models' Automatic Alignment with MDA Higher Abstraction Level

With the massive growth of the software sector as well as the erratic needs of end users, agent-based information systems and Model Driven Architecture (MDA) approach are among the liveliest and significant fields of experimentation and improvement to emerge in the recent decade. In this vein, we suggest in this research an innovative method that automates the construction and the generation processes of the interaction multi-agent models from the business requirements engineering models at the MDA highest abstraction levels. So, our defiance is to align the Agent Modeling Language (AML) Communicative Interaction diagram with the E3value model dealing with the MDA approach. The ATLAS-Transformation Language (ATL) is applied to automate the model alignment process. The goal is to reduce project effort, time, and development costs as all alignment process is automatically done, boosting the chances of being more competitive in the software business.

Getting More Out of the PSDP through Results Based Management (Policy)


 
 
 
 
 Since the first Five Year Plan, Pakistan’s development policy has been modelled around the development philosophy of Dr. Mahboob Ul Haq and the Harvard Advisory Group (HAQ/HAG). As a result, the key features of the country’s policy over the past six decades, as summarised by Haque (2020), 1 have revolved around: (1) A focus on building physical infrastructure through discrete projects of sectors in the economy, with infrastructure having a share of about 80 percent in the PSDP. (2) Planning to develop medium term budget to finance sectoral hardware. (3) Seeking foreign aid to meet financing gap in the plan given an expected shortfall in domestic savings. This approach has led to: (1) An excessive focus on “brick and mortar” development. (2) Fragmented projects as Planning Commission was weakened by repeated BoP crises and resorting to IMF programmes. (3) Weakening standards on project development implementation and cost – due to increased politicisation.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Transaction Cost of Offsite Construction (OSC): A New Zealand Study

Offsite construction (OSC) has been put forward as a solution to many prevailing challenges facing the construction industry, including but not limited to low productivity, housing shortage, lack of innovation, and poor-quality outputs. The uptake of OSC is relatively slow in the New Zealand construction industry. With only 10% of all the new builds using the OSC approach, it is evident that the potential of this construction approach is under-utilised. Many barriers have been identified as responsible for low uptake, including cost-related barriers. This study investigates the transaction cost of OSC, which is an extra cost to the project development cost and is generally overlooked in the project planning and development stage. This study aims to identify the factors that contribute to the transaction cost of OSC in New Zealand, alongside investigating the impact of transaction cost on overall project delivery and factors that can minimise the transaction cost. A questionnaire survey was conducted involving OSC practitioners in New Zealand. It was noted that consultation with building consent authority, the complexity of interface design, limited capacity of offsite manufacturers, and highly skilled workforce requirements contribute to transition cost during concept design, technical design and procurement, manufacturing, and on-site assembly stages. Consequently, disputes between stakeholders, uncertainty, an overall increase in project cost, and reluctance to use OSC may occur. It is noted that the use of innovation like automation, building information modeling, design for manufacturing and assembly, and consenting process to suit OSC holds the potential to reduce the transaction cost.

The practice of Amoeba post-practice sustainable business model in real estate – taking zhongliang as example

This paper studies the practice of the amoeba model in China’s real estate industry, manage to analysis the advantages and disadvantages along the company’s development, taking the management case of Zhongliang as an example, which is a top 20th real estate development company, and considering the crisis in the post-epidemic market downturn environment. In conclusion, the article puts forward suggestions on the application of the amoeba model in the enterprise.Research aim. With the study of previous research, we leave questions. Is it possible to effectively implement the Amoeba model in China, given the circumstances of cultural differences between China and Japan? The motivation for the study in this paper is to schedule the Amoeba model in Zhongliang, China’s leading real estate company known for Amoeba’s management, to identify key factors in Amoeba’s widespread use and the impact of the system in the real estate industry during the pandemic.Results. What is Amoeba? The word amoeba originally refers to a single-celled amoeba whose body can protrude pseudopods in all directions, making the shape changeable, hence the name “amoeba”. The biggest characteristic of amoeba is that it can change with the changes of the external environment and constantly adjust itself to adapt to the living environment it faces. Kazuo Inamori introduced this idea into enterprise management, dividing the enterprise into several independent and tiny business units, each business unit realizes revenue independently, and conducts corresponding cost accounting, and then develops independent performance on this basis. Assessment. This advanced business model not only made the second electric power company he founded to become a Fortune 500 company, but also brought JAL back to life. Amoeba’s business model is not only refined management, but also enables enterprises to cultivate their own management talents. This model transforms large enterprises into small operations, which enables enterprises to maintain the advantages of large enterprises in scale and at the same time have the flexibility of small enterprises; at the same time, it improves the enthusiasm of employees to participate in operation, enhances the motivation of employees, and quickly cultivates talents for enterprises; through perfect accounting The mechanism enables enterprise leaders to grasp the actual situation of enterprise operation at all times, make correct decisions in time, and reduce the risk of enterprise operation.With the development of the economy, the requirements for management methods are gradually increasing, and the extensive management model is no longer suitable for the management requirements of modern enterprises. The amoeba management method proposed by Kazuo Inamori meets the requirements of modern enterprises and is increasingly favored by strategists. In an era of vigorous development of the real estate industry and fierce competition, after introducing the Amoeba business model in 2015, Zhongliang has reached a rapid growth from 3.5 billion to 100 billion by 2018.Conclusion. Zhongliang has been able to solve three main factors that could be the obstacles within its rapid growth path – structure, responsibility division and incentives for staffs. Firstly, with the rapid expansion of business and a large number of projects, the scope, difficulty and cost of group management and control have increased significantly. The headquarters has slow decision-making and low efficiency, and each functional department has a high degree of professional control and approval of everything; the service capacity is limited, and it cannot form a strong support for the project. Secondly, the project management team has unconsummated rights and responsibilities, lack of business awareness, and extensive project management leads to higher and higher project development costs, lower and lower project profit margins, and serious delay in the project development process. Last and the most important, with the introduction of a large number of excellent management talents, it is urgent to establish a corresponding talent development and incentive mechanism, to give all kinds of talents opportunities and platforms to fully display their talents, to fully stimulate their wisdom and potential, and to turn them into the driving force of enterprise development. Instead of a large inflow and outflow of staffs, human resources are wasted in the handover.

COMPARATIVE COST ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT THERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECTS

Realistic budgeting for complex power plant projects is important for informed investment decisions and avoiding frequent cost overruns. Comparative cost analysis thus provides significant insights for future projects’ investment decisions. This study analyzed the project costs using a regression analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) guided by the error analysis for Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPP) and Natural Gas (NG)-based power plants. The regression analysis shows the cost trend lines with the prediction equation and its R2 value against production capacity in Mega-Watts (MW) of power plant projects in Bangladesh. The MCS presents the cumulative probability function (CDF) and probability density function (PDF) of unit cost in Million U.S. Dollars (MUSD)/MW of both types of projects. The results show that the NG project costs are higher than CCPP power plant projects, where the most frequent project development cost is in a range of 1.01-1.25 MUSD/MW, comparing 0.95-1.15 MUSD/MW of CCPP projects. Among the models, the MCS performs better than the regression model predicting project costs. Finally, MCS is demonstrated in predicting the cost of both types of power plant projects. The study outcomes will assist decision-makers and policy planners in further investment decisions in the power plant and similar infrastructure projects in Bangladesh and economically similar countries.

What You Should Know About Offshore and Sour Gas CCS: High Cost, Leak Mitigation, and Transportation

Discovered in 2011 offshore the Malaysian state of Sarawak, the Kasawari sour gas field is today a symbol of Southeast Asia’s energy challenge. Petronas is eyeing next year for first gas. By 2025 it hopes to see 900 MMscf/D flowing from the field to its sprawling Bintulu LNG export facility on the Sarawak coast. But what makes the field a regional and industry bellwether is not its natural gas. When peak output is reached, Petronas plans to stop venting and start capturing between 3.7 and 4 million mtpa of the CO2 that will be produced from the project’s wells over the next 2 decades. That’s more than 8% of the greenhouse gas emissions Petronas reported for all of 2020. And in more upstream-friendly terms, the injection target at Kasawari is roughly equal to 77 Bcf of gas each year. Keeping that huge volume of CO2 from ever seeing the light of day will require a dedicated platform that Petronas is in the midst of designing. It will also need a 138-km-long pipeline to send CO2 to a depleted field for permanent storage. And of particular note, this second phase of Kasawari will not just be the Malaysian national oil company’s first such attempt at megascale carbon capture and storage (CCS). With more than twice the planned injection rate of Norway’s Northern Lights CCS that is set to begin in 2024, Kasawari will become the world’s largest offshore CCS project just a year later. The scale of Kasawari is a result of its ranking as one of the most CO2-laden gas fields planned for development globally. When wells are flowing, it’s expected that up to 40% of what will come out will be CO2. But since Petronas has also signed on to become a net-zero emitter by 2050, venting the field’s waste gas won’t be a viable option for long. The sheer scope of the project, and that it is a maiden voyage of sorts for Petronas, has drawn attention to the impact CCS will have on upstream project development costs in Southeast Asia. New research from Rystad Energy suggests that the capital inputs required to add CCS to Kasawari will hike the project’s breakeven gas prices from roughly $3.50/Mcf to more than $5.00/Mcf. The energy consultancy sees a similar case especially for other offshore sour gas projects where CCS will likely be needed to abate production-driven emissions. “Most of these projects are certainly in the study phase still,” said Prateek Pandey, vice president of analysis at Rystad. “But the bigger challenge—more than the technology—is likely to be the economics of these projects and how operators justify the additional development cost with the implementation of CCUS [carbon capture, utilization, and storage] and CCS.”

COMPARATIVE COST ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT THERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECTS

Realistic budgeting for complex power plant projects is important for informed investment decisions and avoiding frequent cost overruns. Comparative cost analysis thus provides significant insights for future projects’ investment decisions. This study analyzed the project costs using a regression analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) guided by the error analysis for Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPP) and Natural Gas (NG)-based power plants. The regression analysis shows the cost trend lines with the prediction equation and its R2 value against production capacity in Mega-Watts (MW) of power plant projects in Bangladesh. The MCS presents the cumulative probability function (CDF) and probability density function (PDF) of unit cost in Million U.S. Dollars (MUSD)/MW of both types of projects. The results show that the NG project costs are higher than CCPP power plant projects, where the most frequent project development cost is in a range of 1.01-1.25 MUSD/MW, comparing 0.95-1.15 MUSD/MW of CCPP projects. Among the models, the MCS performs better than the regression model predicting project costs. Finally, MCS is demonstrated in predicting the cost of both types of power plant projects. The study outcomes will assist decision-makers and policy planners in further investment decisions in the power plant and similar infrastructure projects in Bangladesh and economically similar countries.

The Precise Estimation of Development Project Cost and its Life Cycle

Development plays a significant role in working out national projects in the field of house-building aimed at providing high-quality and affordable housing for the population of Russia. The key indicator for the development project is its cost, which affects both affordability for the population and finance and economic figures of the developer. Therefore, the system of cost management in the development company shall be formalized on the basis of design parameters, characterizing the project cost at all stages of the life cycle. The article proposes to use four interconnected indicators, the precise estimation of the project cost is assumed to be the principle one in the research. The authors worked out the model of development project cost management with due regard to stages of its life cycle, showed key events and relevant control points to assess precision, investigated and described methods of cost estimation at certain stages of the project life cycle (PLC). On the basis of real development projects they analyzed precision of cost estimation by stages of life cycle and plotted the graph ‘precision funnel’. The general positive dynamics in precise cost estimation was discovered, however the range of indicator incoherence would not allow us to adopt universal recommendations on its appraisal. The analysis showed the necessity to improve precision of cost estimation at early stages of project life cycles, which impacts the efficiency of the development project.

Research on Development Status and Countermeasures of Carbon Sequestration Finance in Chinese Cigarette Manufacturing Industry

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to put forward countermeasures for the development of carbon sequestration finance in China’s tobacco industry. This paper mainly adopts the methods of literature review, induction and deduction, and data analysis to analyze the operating mechanism of Carbon sink finance in China and the current situation of carbon sink finance in China’s tobacco industry. Carbon sinks the financial results of the study is the Chinese tobacco industry is carbon sequestration project development and high transaction costs low profits, the carbon trading market is not active carbon sink tobacco industry financial development, insurance products for carbon sinks such problems as insufficient financial support carbon sink financial development, China’s carbon emissions need detailed and clear as soon as possible the tobacco manufacturing enterprises quota, carbon sequestration project cost reduce tobacco manufacturing industry, Improve the participation of market subjects including tobacco manufacturing enterprises in carbon sink trading market, construct the tobacco industry carbon sink industry chain, improve the corresponding carbon sink mechanism, and attract private capital to join the tobacco industry carbon sink financial project.

Research on intelligent design mechanism of landscape lamp with regional cultural value based on interactive genetic algorithm

SummaryThis article aims to study the design mechanism of landscape lamp modeling based on regional cultural characteristics by using intelligent design methods. Big data technology is used to mine regional cultural level factors from four dimensions: regional, cultural, artistic, and functional. The weight values of all these factors are ranked by analytic hierarchy process (AHP) evaluation system. Meanwhile, the objective fitness of interactive genetic algorithm (IGA) is constructed according to the weight values. Design rules are added to constrain individuals to influence the iteration and output of design process by intelligent means. The intelligent design mechanism of landscape lamp with regional cultural value is constructed by IGA. The intelligent design mechanism based on AHP‐IGA is helpful to improve the iterative efficiency of interactive process and reduce project development cost.

De-risking Renewable Energy Investments in Developing Countries: A Multilateral Guarantee Mechanism

Summary Mitigation of global warming requires substantial investment in electricity generation from renewable sources. A large share of new generation capacity is required in regions with adverse financing conditions. We propose a global guarantee mechanism to reduce risk premia of renewable energy investments by means of risk pooling and increased market efficiency. Policymakers could establish this mechanism by scaling up existing international risk guarantee initiatives. We estimate the net present value of overall savings at US$2018 1.5 trillion globally for investments by 2030, with the largest relative savings (between 20.5% and 22%) in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb. The savings from such a mechanism outweigh its estimated average yearly operating cost. By lowering the cost of decarbonization in high-risk countries, the proposed mechanism offers policymakers a tool to make current global mitigation pledges more achievable and enables the global community to pursue more ambitious climate action.

Subcontracting New Product Development Projects: The Role of Competition and Commitment

ABSTRACTShould a firm, which seeks to subcontract a new product development project, leverage competition among potential suppliers and ask all of them to engage in research and development in parallel? Or should it first invite offers and commit to the supplier with the best offer, before only this supplier engages in development? Building on analytical literature on both formats, we apply game theory to answer these questions. We identify Bayesian Nash equilibrium strategies and characterize advantages of both formats. We find that having multiple suppliers engage in new product development in parallel is favored only if enough suppliers can be attracted, which is the case when development uncertainty and learning benefits are high. The participation decision also depends on the specific structure of the project's development costs. If administrative overhead and material costs are substantial, while engaging in development and exerting effort is relatively cheap but does not offer many learning opportunities, the number of suppliers who would be willing to engage in parallel development is limited. First inviting offers and selecting the best supplier to exclusively engage in new product development then becomes more attractive for the buyer. We discuss further implications and characterize environments that may foster more innovativeness in this context.

Basic Components of Web Services Architecture: A Survey

Service provided by one electronic device to the other electronic device or devices is generally called as a web service. It may be a block of code that can be remotely accessed and utilized. In the present IT industry web services are playing a vital role in application development by providing a facility of using the existing modules to make up an application without coding from the scratch. This improves the productivity and reduces the overall project development cost and time. This paper provides the basic information of the components that supports the usage of web service along with the web service architecture. The components that are required for the web service architecture such as SOAP: simple object access protocol: used for establishing connection between components, UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration):a registry that stores all the web services and WSDL: web service description language.

Multi-Criteria Optimisation of an Experimental Complex of Single-Family Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings

The Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings has introduced the standard of “nearly zero-energy buildings” (NZEBs). European requirements place the obligation to reduce energy consumption on all European Union Member States, particularly in sectors with significant energy consumption indicators. Construction is one such sector, as it is responsible for around 40% of overall energy consumption. Apart from a building’s mass and its material and installation solutions, its energy consumption is also affected by its placement relative to other buildings. A proper urban layout can also lead to a reduction in project development and occupancy costs. The goal of this article is to present a method of optimising single-family house complexes that takes elements such as direct construction costs, construction site organisation, urban layout and occupancy costs into consideration in the context of sustainability. Its authors have analysed different proposals of the placement of 40 NZEBs relative to each other and have carried out a multi-criteria analysis of the complex, determining optimal solutions that are compliant with the precepts of sustainability. The results indicated that the layout composed of semi-detached houses scored the highest among the proposed layouts under the parameter weights set by the developer. This layout also scored the highest when parameter weights were uniformly distributed during a test simulation.

Design and application of spatial accessibility plugin based on ArcGIS engine

Spatial accessibility has been widely used in urban transportation, regional planning, landscape design, public service, and other fields; however, traditional computation of spatial accessibility is complex and tedious. Therefore, developing a plugin will be conducive to automatic calculation of spatial accessibility. The Add-in plugin is developed in this study on the Visual Studio 2010 platform based on a spatial-weighted barrier model and secondary development of ArcGIS Engine components. A map object is referenced after the plugin interface is designed. Target layers, nodes, and parameter fields are then selected using a spatial query filter. Next, the spatial accessibility of each node is calculated based on the spatial-weighted barrier model. Automation and simplification of the spatial accessibility plugin is demonstrated using two sample layouts of a railway system and urban medical institutions, respectively. This plugin extends the function of geographic information system software and lowers project development costs. It is also valuable for research by nonexperts and can serve as a reference for the secondary development of other application programs.

A Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Approach for Sustainable Island-based Tourism Development

This paper aims to propose a framework by which decision-makers can evaluate and compare alternatives for sustainable island-based tourism development. The uncertainties and risks involved in information and judgment within the evaluation process are taken into account by using a hybrid approach, which combines the Delphi method, fuzzy set theory, and a discrete multi-criteria method based on prospect theory called TODIM (an acronym in Portuguese of interactive and multiple criteria decision making). The decision making model examines three different techniques of aggregating the viewpoints of different decision-makers and explores how the aggregation technique affects the ranking of the alternatives. To demonstrate the potential application of the proposed approach, it is examined for development of Hendourabi Island (Iran) for tourism. Results show that among the three development alternative plans, decision-makers prefer the medium-size development alternative, since it offers a balance between benefits of tourism market and costs of project development under an uncertain future. It also allows for adaptive management. Results also showed that the proposed approach which reduces loss regret in decision-making under uncertain future can be used effectively for planning the island development under an uncertain dynamic future considering the risk and uncertainty associated with human judgment.

Control of Automotive Component Project Development Cost

With the development of the global automotive industry, the cycle of vehicle replacement is becoming shorter and shorter. The amount of automotive components development project is increasing, but the project development cycle has been shortened. Based on researching the cost structure and actual development task, put forward the cost control method by combining WBS, CBS and OBS can be helpful to speed up the development work and control the development cost.

Green Infrastructure Financing as an Imperative to Achieve Green Goals

Green infrastructure (GI) has increasingly gained popularity for achieving adaptation and mitigation goals associated with climate change and extreme weather events. To continue implementing GI, financial tools are needed for upfront project capital or development costs and later for maintenance. This study’s purpose is to evaluate financing tools used in a selected GI dataset and to assess how those tools are linked to various GI technologies and other GI project characteristics like cost and size. The dataset includes over 400 GI U.S. projects, comprising a convenience sample, from the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA). GI project characteristics were organized to answer a number of research questions using descriptive statistics. Results indicated that the number of projects and overall cost shares were mostly located in a few states. Grants were the most common financial tool with about two-thirds of the projects reporting information on financial tools receiving grant funding. Most projects reported financing from only one tool with a maximum of three tools. Projects primarily included multiple GI technologies averaging three and a maximum of nine. The most common GI technologies were bioswales, retention, rain gardens, and porous pavements. These findings are useful for decision-makers evaluating funding support for GI.