Cost Of Intimate Partner Violence Research Articles

Health-Related Costs of Intimate Partner Violence: Using Linked Police and Health Registers.

This study aims to estimate direct health-related costs for victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) using nationwide linked data based on police reports and two healthcare registers in Finland from 2015 to 2020 (N = 21,073). We used a unique register dataset to identify IPV victims from the data based on police reports and estimated the attributable costs by applying econometric models to individual-level data. We used exact matching to create a reference group who had not been exposed to IPV. The mean, unadjusted, attributable healthcare cost for victims of IPV was €6,910 per individual over the 5-year period after being first identified as a victim. When adjusting for gender, age, education, occupation, and mental-health- and pregnancy-related diagnoses, the mean attributable health-related cost for the 5 years was €3,280. The annual attributable costs of the victims were consistently higher than those for nonvictims during the entire study period. Thus, our results suggest that the adverse health consequences of IPV persist and are associated with excess health service use for 5 years after exposure to IPV. Most victims of IPV were women, but men were also exposed to IPV, although the estimates were statistically significant only for female victims. Victims of IPV were over-represented among individuals outside the labor force and lower among those who were educated. The total healthcare costs of victims of IPV varied according to the socioeconomic factors. This study highlights the need for using linked register data to understand the characteristics of IPV and to assess its healthcare costs. The study results suggest that there is a significant socioeconomic gradient in victimization, which could also be useful to address future IPV prevention and resource allocation.

"The Little Money I Get Is Used to Buy Drugs": A Qualitative Exploration of the Economic Cost of Intimate Partner Violence for Female Survivors in Ghana.

Empirical research confirms the economic costs of intimate partner violence (IPV) for women. Yet, scholarship on this topic is lacking in Ghana, where IPV against women is commonplace. We used in-depth interviews with 15 female survivors of IPV in the Eastern Region to examine the economic costs of IPV for women. Findings showed that the economic costs were both direct and indirect. Direct costs included out-of-pocket payments for medical and nonmedical services, while indirect costs included diminished work abilities, increased absenteeism from work, and lowered work productivity. Ghanaian policymakers must enforce and strengthen policies to prevent violence against women.

Lifetime health costs of intimate partner violence: A prospective longitudinal cohort study with linked data for out-of-hospital and pharmaceutical costs

The health effects of intimate partner violence (IPV) can be long term, developing years after the IPV began and persisting after it has ceased. We aim to quantify the excess lifetime out-of-hospital and pharmaceutical health costs of women who experience IPV in Australia by applying a novel combination of econometric and actuarial techniques to a large and unique dataset. We find that women with a history of IPV have AUD48,413 (2020) higher lifetime health costs per person than women who do not experience IPV. This suggests that the adverse health impact of IPV leads to increased health costs over one's lifetime regardless of whether the initial IPV experience is early or later in life, and policies reducing the incidence of IPV will have long-term impacts on the healthcare system.

Cost of intimate partner violence during pregnancy and postpartum to health services: a data linkage study in Queensland, Australia.

To quantify health service costs of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy and postpartum; and to compare health service costs between women who reported IPV, versus women who did not report IPV. This was a cohort study using linked data for a publicly funded Australian tertiary hospital maternity service. Participants included all women accessing antenatal services between August 2016 and August 2018. Routinely collected IPV data were linked to women's admitted, non-admitted, emergency department, perinatal, and costing data from 6months prior to reporting IPV through to 12months post-birth. Of the 9889 women receiving maternity care, 280 (2.9%) reported some form of IPV with 72 (24.8%) referred to support. Women who reported IPV generated higher mean total costs than women not reporting IPV ($12,772 vs $10,166, respectively). Between-group differences were significant after adjusting for demographic and clinical factors (cost ratio 1.24, 95% CI: 1.15-1.34). There were no significant differences in mean total costs for babies where IPV was and was not reported ($4971 vs $5340, respectively). IPV is costly for health services. However, greater research is needed to comprehensively estimate the long-term health service costs associated with IPV. Furthermore, the limitations associated with routinely collected IPV data suggest that standardised screening practices and innovative data linkage and modelling approaches are required to collect data that truly represents the burden and costs associated with IPV.

Development and Validation of Lost Days of Labor Productivity Scale to Evaluate the Business Cost of Intimate Partner Violence.

Developing scientific evidence showing the impact of intimate partner violence (IPV) on companies' productivity is an effective way to involve them in IPV prevention. However, there are no suitable and brief self-report instruments available that measure this impact on labor settings. This study develops and assesses the measurement properties of lost days of labor productivity scale based on tardiness, absenteeism, and presenteeism which may be due to IPV. Fourteen items have been developed and tested for 2,017 employees in 306 companies in Ghana, Pakistan, and South Sudan. Descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, heterotrait-monotrait matrix, and reliability coefficients have been conducted to assess the reliability of the scores. Confirmatory factor analysis indicates a two-factor second-order solution, stable by sex and countries. All subscales demonstrate good reliability, construct and discriminant validity, showing that the scale is a valid and reliable self-report questionnaire, which may measure the impact of IPV on businesses.

Time Heals all Wounds? a Capabilities Approach for Analyzing Intimate Partner Violence

ABSTRACT The capabilities approach has redefined what constitutes economic well-being and is now used globally to track progress in human development. Yet, its application in examining violence against women has been limited to identification of impacts on universal capabilities and protective or risk factors for violence. This study examines the long-term consequences of intimate partner violence as capability deprivations. This framework allows for a more complete articulation of the costs faced by survivors. Additionally, this approach allows for consideration of the temporal dimension of capability deprivations associated with intimate partner violence. Such deprivations are cyclical, in the translation of resources into capabilities and into functionings, and linear, over the lifespan. Ultimately, the capabilities approach can help evaluate policies that disproportionately impact survivors over time. Two examples from the United States are included. HIGHLIGHTS Intimate partner violence (IPV) is both a serious, direct deprivation of bodily integrity and a cause and consequence of deprivations across other capabilities. Compared to static frameworks, the capabilities approach allows for better recognition of the long-run costs of IPV. Organizations working with survivors should move away from resource-based perspectives and toward using the capabilities approach to identify and remove barriers survivors face in translating resources to capabilities to functionings. Examining the US-based Purple Paw Program for pet fostering and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act reveals how conceptualizing IPV in terms of capabilities can aid in targeting policies toward supporting survivors.

Lifetime Economic Burden of Intimate Partner Violence Among U.S. Adults

This study estimated the U.S. lifetime per-victim cost and economic burden of intimate partner violence. Data from previous studies were combined with 2012 U.S. National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey data in a mathematical model. Intimate partner violence was defined as contact sexual violence, physical violence, or stalking victimization with related impact (e.g., missed work days). Costs included attributable impaired health, lost productivity, and criminal justice costs from the societal perspective. Mean age at first victimization was assessed as 25 years. Future costs were discounted by 3%. The main outcome measures were the mean per-victim (female and male) and total population (or economic burden) lifetime cost of intimate partner violence. Secondary outcome measures were marginal outcome probabilities among victims (e.g., anxiety disorder) and associated costs. Analysis was conducted in 2017. The estimated intimate partner violence lifetime cost was $103,767 per female victim and $23,414 per male victim, or a population economic burden of nearly $3.6 trillion (2014 US$) over victims' lifetimes, based on 43 million U.S. adults with victimization history. This estimate included $2.1 trillion (59% of total) in medical costs, $1.3 trillion (37%) in lost productivity among victims and perpetrators, $73 billion (2%) in criminal justice activities, and $62 billion (2%) in other costs, including victim property loss or damage. Government sources pay an estimated $1.3 trillion (37%) of the lifetime economic burden. Preventing intimate partner violence is possible and could avoid substantial costs. These findings can inform the potential benefit of prioritizing prevention, as well as evaluation of implemented prevention strategies.

The Feto-Maternal Health Cost of Intimate Partner Violence Among Delivery-Related Discharges in the United States, 2002-2009.

Our purpose was to estimate the national prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) among delivery-related discharges and to investigate its association with adverse feto-maternal birth outcomes and delivery-related cost. A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of delivery-related hospital discharges from 2002 to 2009 was conducted using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). We used ICD-9-CM codes to identify IPV, covariates, and outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between IPV and each outcome. Joinpoint regression was used for trend analysis. During the study period, 3,649 delivery-related discharges were diagnosed with IPV (11.2 per 100,000; 95% CI = [10.0, 12.4]). IPV diagnosis during delivery is associated with stillbirth (AOR = 4.12, 95% CI = [2.75, 6.17]), preterm birth (AOR = 1.97, 95% CI = [1.59, 2.44]), fetal death (AOR = 3.34, 95% CI = [1.99, 5.61]), infant with poor intrauterine growth (AOR = 1.55, 95% CI = [1.01, 2.40]), and increased inpatient hospital care cost (US$5,438.2 vs. US$4,080.1) per each discharge, incurring an additional cost of US$4,955,707 during the study period. IPV occurring during pregnancy has a significant health burden to both the mother and infant. Education about IPV; screening at periodic intervals, including during obstetric visits; and ongoing clinical care could help to reduce or eliminate adverse effects of pregnancy-related IPV. Preventing the lifelong consequences associated with IPV can have a positive effect on the overall health of all women and delivery-related health care cost.

Accounting for Intimate Partner Violence: A Biographical Analysis of Narrative Strategies Used by Men Experiencing IPV From Their Female Partners.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious social issue which affects the medium- and long-term health outcomes of many individuals worldwide. The cost of IPV on the physical and psychological well-being of individuals, in addition to its wider economic costs in responding to abused persons, is significant. Presently, there is a lack of understanding about the nature of female-initiated IPV and how men account for their experiences of it. This study examined male victims' life stories of their IPV experiences from their intimate partners. Using the biographical narrative interpretive method, three cases were analyzed from a social constructionist perspective to examine what narrative strategies men used to account for their experiences of being abused by their female partners. Three dominant narrative strategies were used by respondents: the fatherhood narrative, the good husband narrative, and the abuse narrative. The abuse narrative had a unique narrative form, which reflected respondents' disassociation between their identities as men and also as abused persons. Dominant conflicting discourses of masculinity and intimate partner abuse disadvantaged men in identifying IPV and secondly in responding appropriately. This study found that men prefer to use dominant discursive identities as legitimate means from which to disclose IPV experiences. The findings from this study illustrate that broad questioning by professionals regarding fatherhood may be most helpful in promoting disclosures of IPV if this is suspected.

Informing Practice Regarding Marginalization: The Application of the Koci Marginality Index

The 49th World Health Assembly of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared violence as the leading worldwide public health problem with a focus on the increase in the incidence of injuries to women. Violence against women is an international epidemic with specific instruments required to measure the impact on women's functioning. This article describes the application of the Koci Marginality Index (KMI), a 5-item scale to measure marginality, to the baseline data of a seven-year prospective study of 300 abused women: 150 first time users of a shelter and 150 first time applicants for a protection order from the justice system. Validity and reliability of the Koci Marginality Index and its usefulness for best clinical practice and for policy decisions for abused women's health are discussed.The 49th World Health Assembly of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared violence as the leading worldwide public health problem and focused on the increase in the incidence of injuries to women (Krug et al., ). Violence against women in the form of intimate partner violence (IPV) is costly in terms of dollars and health. In the United States in 2003, estimated costs of IPV approached $8.3 billion (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2011). Outcomes related to severity of IPV vary but in 2003 victims suffering severe IPV lost nearly 8 million days of paid work, and greater than 5 million days of household productivity annually (CDC, 2011). Besides the evident financial cost of IPV, research confirms that exposure to IPV impacts a woman's health immediately and in the long-term (Breiding, Black, & Ryan, ; Campbell, ; CDC, 2011). Such sequela adversely affect the health of women and may increase their marginalization, a concept akin to isolation that may further increase negative effects on health outcomes. Immigrant women are at high risk for IPV (Erez, ) and those without documentation are at higher risk for marginalization (Montalvo-Liendo, Koci, McFarlane, Nava, Gilroy, & Maddoux, 2012). This paper explores marginality with reference to IPV and the development and application of an instrument to measure marginality.

Crime, Gender and Society in India

Violence against women and girls is one of the most widespread violations of human rights. It can include physical, sexual, psychological and economic abuse, and it cuts across boundaries of age, race, culture, wealth and geography. It takes place in the home, on the streets, in schools, the workplace, in farm fields, refugee camps, during conflicts and crises. It has many manifestations from the most universally prevalent forms of domestic and sexual violence, to harmful practices, abuse during pregnancy, so-called honour killings and other types of femicide. Violence against women and girls has far-reaching consequences, harming families and communities. For women and girls 16–44 years old, violence is a major cause of death and disability. In 1994, a World Bank study on ten selected risk factors facing girls and women in this age group, found rape and domestic violence more dangerous than cancer, motor vehicle accidents, war and malaria. Studies also reveal increasing links between violence against women and HIV and AIDS. A survey among 1,366 South African women showed that women who were beaten by their partners were 48 percent more likely to be infected with HIV than those who were not. Gender-based violence not only violates human rights, but also hampers productivity, reduces human capital and undermines economic growth. A 2003 report from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that the costs of intimate partner violence in the United States alone exceeds US$5.8 billion per year: US$4.1 billion are for direct medical and health care services, while productivity losses account for nearly US$1.8 billion due to absenteeism. Key words: Violence; Gender; India; Consequences

Intimate Partner Violence and Adverse Health Consequences

Nearly 1 in 4 women and 1 in 13 men experience intimate partner violence (IPV) at some time in their life. Victims of IPV suffer significant negative health consequences because of the physical, sexual, and emotional abuse they have experienced. Elevated risks have been observed for a wide range of adverse health outcomes. Research has substantially improved our understanding of the physiology that underlies the association between violence victimization and an array of adverse health outcomes. Given the high prevalence of IPV and the associated medical consequences and costs of IPV, it is critical to address this public health problem. IPV prevention and intervention can substantially decrease the public health burden of IPV and greatly improve the health of patients being seen in the medical system. Primary care and family physicians are in an ideal position to diagnose victims of IPV and provide the victims and their families the appropriate care that is needed. However, to accomplish this goal, there remains an urgent need to integrate information on IPV into medical and health care curricula, and to train future physicians and other health care providers about the pervasiveness of IPV and the far-reaching implications for patient health.

The economic burden of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Ecuador: setting the agenda for future research and violence prevention policies

Cost-of-illness (COI) analyses quantify the (direct) medical and non-medical expenditures associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) injuries and the (indirect) value of lost productivity. This study is the first COI...

Hospital Dissemination of Information Resources on Intimate Partner Violence: Statewide Analysis of Texas Emergency Room Staff

The U.S. health care costs of Intimate partner violence (IPV) account for over $4 million each year, although only 600,000 of the 5 million estimated female IPV survivors seek medical treatment for their injuries. IPV survivors face a range of physical and mental health consequences while emergency department staff face difficult challenges providing information in situations fraught with tensions. This study is the first statewide examination of IPV information dissemination by hospital emergency staff. Analysis of the types, utility, and formats of IPV information, augmented by emergency staff suggestions, suggest that hospital librarians could play an important role in the support of both staff and patients.

Intimate Partner Violence: A Call for Social Work Action

Although it made a first appearance in the literature of psychiatry in the mid 1960s (Snell, Rosenwald, & Robey, 1964), domestic violence was not in the public eye until the Women's Movement of the 1970s when grassroots feminists brought it out of hiding. Since then, a proliferation of articles and journals has appeared in response to the issue, and a database (Violence and Abuse Abstracts) has been developed to catalog the quantity of research. Known over the years alternatively as domestic violence, battering, family violence, and spouse abuse, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2007) has called for a new designation: intimate partner violence (IPV). In response to that request, IPV is used throughout this article. The current article addresses the issue of routine screening of all women in emergency rooms, clinics, and primary care settings, and the role that social workers can play in the assessment, intervention, and referral process. We believe that social workers are in a unique position to help break down the barriers that currently prevent all women from receiving routine screening. In their multiple roles, social workers can train health care workers about the dynamics surrounding IPV; as practitioners they can conduct assessments and screenings in health care settings; as advocates they can provide support, resources, and referral information; as researchers they can evaluate existing programs and create new assessment tools; and as policymakers they can assist in the planning and development of the health care response to IPV. WHO BEARS THE BURDEN OF IPV? The CDC has defined IPV as violence occurring between current and former spouses or dating partners and includes not only physical and sexual abuse, but also threats and emotional abuse. During any given calendar year women experience approximately 4.8 million physical assaults and rapes, whereas men experience approximately 2.9 million assaults (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). Of the 1,544 deaths attributable to IPV in 2004, 75 percent were women and 25 percent were men. The cost of IPV is estimated at $8.3 billion a year, including medical care, mental health services, and lost productivity in the workplace (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). Clearly, IPV carries a substantial burden not only to the victim, in terms of physical and emotional costs, but also to society. Physical and Sexual Injury Physical injuries incurred by victims include bruises and cuts, as well as broken bones, head trauma and, in some cases, death. Trabold (2007) and Campbell, Sefl, and Ahrens (2003) noted that female victims of IPV are at 60 percent higher risk of developing health problems, including chronic pain, vaginal bleeding and infections, sexually transmitted diseases, headaches, and gastrointestinal problems. The National Institute of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000) estimate that approximately 480,000 visits per year are made to emergency rooms due to IPV. A correlate to women's physical and sexual abuse is the increased risk of using alcohol and marijuana as coping mechanisms. Emotional Abuse Mental health difficulties linked to IPV include anxiety disorders, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, low self-esteem, poor body image, self-perceived poor health, and fear of intimacy, to name a few (Bergman & Brismar, 1991; McCauley & Kern, 1995; Naumann, Langford, Torres, Campbell, & Glass, 1999; Phelan, 2007). According to Briere and Jordan (2004), being a victim of IPV results in wide-ranging and complex symptoms often having an additive and cumulative effect. IPV IN HEALTH CARE SETTINGS Estimates of the size of the problem of IPV in health care settings range from 10 percent to 50 percent of all women presenting in emergency rooms or primary care settings (Duffy, McGrath, Becker, & Linakis, 1999; Eisenstat & Bancroft, 1999; Naumann et al. …

The Effects and Costs of Intimate Partner Violence for Work Organizations

This study examines the productivity-related effects and costs of intimate partner violence (IPV) on the workplace. Specifically, it explores whether IPV victims and nonvictims differ in the number of work hours missed due to absenteeism, tardiness, and work distraction and the costs for employers from these missed work hours. The research involved a Web-based survey of 823 male and 1,550 female employees in three midsized organizations. Employees who reported lifetime IPV victimization, but not current victimization, missed more hours of work because of absenteeism than did nonvictims. Current victims, but not lifetime victims, were more likely to be distracted at work than nonvictims. Organization costs due to absenteeism and tardiness were greater for lifetime victims than nonvictims; however, no difference in costs was found for current victims. Overall, we found that IPV has negative effects on organizations, but that the nature and cost of these effects vary by type of victimization.

Emergency Department care of women experiencing intimate partner violence: Are we doing all we can?

A significant proportion of Australian women experience intimate partner violence (IPV), many of them unidentified and thus not necessarily supported when they seek assistance in Emergency Departments (ED). This article reviews the literature on IPV with a view to establishing the extent of the problem and the cost of IPV to the women, their families and the community. Electronic databases were searched using the keywords ‘intimate partner violence’, ‘domestic violence’, ‘nursing’ and ‘emergency department’. The information obtained may inform health care professionals and assist with management, in the Emergency Department, of those who have experienced IPV. We explore the influence and impact of different types of care on women and the way women understand their experiences of care. From this review the following issues were identified as requiring further investigation:1. the need to understand IPV from the women’s perspective;2. the factors influencing disclosure to ED staff; and3. the type and consequent impact of care received in the ED.

Long-term costs of intimate partner violence in a sample of female HMO enrollees

To compare costs associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) overall and for selected physical health problems in a non-poor, privately insured sample. We compared 185 women aged 21-55 who were physically and/or sexually abused between 1989 and 1997 and enrolled in a multisite metropolitan health maintenance organization (HMO) to 198 never abused women enrolled in the same plan who had been matched using propensity score stratification. Costs associated with HMO visits, hospital stays, referrals, and emergency room (ER) visits, prescriptions, and radiology are based on the Medicare Resource-Based Relative Value System, expressed in 2005 dollars. Average health care costs for women who reported physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse exceeded those of never abused women by $1,700 over the 3-year study period. Women who reported abuse within 12 months of interview had higher average costs, as did women who reported physical abuse; however, sexual or emotional abuse and previous abuse also elevated costs. Costs associated with neurologic symptoms, injuries, mental health care, and unclassified symptoms account for most of these differences. IPV elevates health care costs, not only among women currently experiencing abuse, but also among women for whom the abuse has ceased. Efforts to control health care costs should focus on early detection and prevention of IPV.

Integrative Research on Intimate Partner Violence

Research on intimate partner violence is a relatively young enterprise. This should surprise readers new to this literature, including many readers of Public Health Reports, for the phenomenon of intimate part ner violence?often called domestic violence or family violence in the popular literature?has long intersected several cross-currents of theory, research, law, and pub lic policy on interpersonal violence. For public health professionals and advocates and for battered women, intimate partner violence is a major source of inju ries and fatalities. Intimate partner violence presents recurring challenges to legal institutions and actors, who often are first responders to this widespread and persistent social problem. It is a robust contributor to a wide range of physical, social, and mental health problems among women and children, problems that help reproduce intimate partner violence across gen erations. Although the institutional and individual costs of intimate partner violence are broadly distributed, the burden falls most heavily on women, especially those with the fewest resources, who face the highest barriers to remediation or escape. In the four decades since the research literature

Intimate Partner Violence Research in the Health Care Setting

The past 20 years of research has exposed the profound cost of intimate partner violence (IPV) in health care problems and health care dollars for victims and bystanders. As a result, professional organizations encourage clinicians to identify IPV victims and to refer them to community resources. To date there is little evidence to show the value of these efforts, and many completed studies are criticized for methodological weaknesses. IPV studies are challenging to design, and the double-blind randomized controlled trial may be an impossible standard. To move forward, funders and study committees are encouraged to reassess the standards for IPV research methodologies.