Cost Of Eradication Research Articles

The chronic illness of poverty: the effects of microfinance on the severity of poverty and the cost of its eradication

PurposeThis paper investigates the impact of microfinance on poverty gap which is the shortfall in income or consumption expenditures below $1.90, $3.20 and $5.50 per day. The paper’s primary goal is to investigate how microloans have impacted the severity of poverty and influenced the cost of poverty eradication in Latin America, empirically evaluate these effects and offer appropriate policy recommendations.Design/methodology/approachThis paper used panel data for 13 Latin American countries from world bank spanning the period 2001–2019 and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares model for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. This study used Gross Loan Portfolio per active borrowers, gross domestic product per capita, Gini index, Inflation and Unemployment rate as independent variables and poverty gaps as dependent variables.FindingsPoverty gaps narrow as the loan per borrower increases, and the degree of effect differs with the poverty line, with the magnitude increasing as the poverty line falls, underscoring microloans as an effective tool in closing poverty gaps and lowering the cost of poverty eradication. Growth of GDP per capita is helpful reducing the poverty gap, especially for the less poor of the poor. Inflation and unemployment have no to little impact on the severe poverty gaps, but they start to matter when the poverty line is $5.5 per day. Finally, income distribution inequality widens the poverty gap regardless of the poverty line used.Originality/valueThis study suggests several implications. For example, Latin American nations need to embrace tangible policies that encourage economic growth while reducing inequalities in income distribution to effectively eradicate poverty. More supportive environment is necessary to increase the effectiveness of microfinance operations, particularly for the poorest populations. Microfinance institutions need to set less stringent conditions for loan accessibility and repayment schedules that are commensurate with different levels of poverty. Finally, strengthening microfinance as a strategic policy to gradually close poverty gaps and reduce the cost of poverty eradication.

Compensation schemes for plant quarantine pest costs: A case study for Germany

Plant quarantine pests worldwide cause considerable economic damage due to direct plant losses, eradication costs, and contamination measures. Although these losses can threaten the survival of a farm, no country to date has a universal compensation solution that encompasses all agricultural sectors. This paper aims to assess various compensation options by, firstly, calculating potential monetary losses caused by selected quarantine pests, which have not been studied in this context before. Secondly, we calculate farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for different components of compensation options in plant production using a discrete choice experiment (DCE). We find that monetary losses caused by quarantine pests vary significantly across products and sectors and are highest for intensive vegetable production. The DCE reveals a strong preference for the state compensation and heterogeneity of preferences among farmers depending on their experience with risk management options and perception of pest occurrence. The WTP analysis indicates that requiring preventive plant protection measures as a prerequisite for receiving compensation significantly deters farmers from participating in such a system, as its WTP exhibits the most negative impact compared to all other factors. Due to sectoral differences and path-dependent nature of compensation programs, a universal solution is rather not feasible. Sector-specific solutions must be considered, which does not rule out similar compensation approaches among sectors. Our findings are useful for designing compensation programs for quarantine plant pest cases.

Successful eradication of an invasive alien Pallas’s squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus Pallas 1779) population in the Netherlands with support of the local community

The Pallas’s squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus) is an invasive alien species in several countries in Europe, but also in Argentina and Japan. The species is a threat to indigenous squirrel species and difficult to eradicate. In 2008 a population of this species was discovered in the south of the Netherlands, close to the Belgian border. The range and number of Pallas’s squirrels in the area was determined using sightings of local citizens, foresters and an extensive inventory with hair tubes and camera traps. The population was successfully eradicated during an eradication campaign with several stages from 2011 till 2015. The population appeared to be larger than expected. In total, 249 individuals were trapped in an area as large as 50 km2. Trapped squirrels were not killed, but sterilized and rehomed in animal parks across Europe. The eradication campaign was successful due to the cooperation and support of the general public, who were informed by flyers, lectures and several appeals in local media and on social media platforms. Both helped in getting support of the general public, but sterilization and rehoming must be properly supervised. The total costs of eradication summed up to at least €330,000. No Pallas’s squirrels were reported after October 2015, however sightings of ‘dark colored’ squirrels from the area are still reported by the general public and verified by an expert of the Dutch Mammal Society until today.

Estimating local eradication costs for invasive Miscanthus populations throughout the eastern and midwestern United States

AbstractSeveral Miscanthus species are cultivated in the U.S. Midwest and Northeast, and feral populations can displace the native plant community and potentially negatively affect ecosystem processes. The monetary cost of eradicating feral Miscanthus populations is unknown, but quantifying eradication costs will inform decisions on whether eradication is a feasible goal and should be considered when totaling the economic damage of invasive species. We managed experimental populations of eulaliagrass (Miscanthus sinensis Andersson) and the giant Miscanthus hybrid (Miscanthus × giganteus J.M. Greef & Deuter ex Hodkinson & Renvoize) in three floodplain forest and three old field sites in central Illinois with the goal of eradication. We recorded the time invested in eradication efforts and tracked survival of Miscanthus plants over a 5-yr period, then estimated the costs associated with eradicating these Miscanthus populations. Finally, we used these estimates to predict the total monetary costs of eradicating existing M. sinensis populations reported on EDDMapS. Miscanthus populations in the old field sites were harder to eradicate, resulting in an average of 290% greater estimated eradication costs compared with the floodplain forest sites. However, the cost and time needed to eradicate Miscanthus populations were similar between Miscanthus species. On-site eradication costs ranged from $390 to $3,316 per site (or $1.3 to $11 m−2) in the old field sites, compared with only $85 to $547 (or $0.92 to $1.82 m−2) to eradicate populations within the floodplain forests, with labor comprising the largest share of these costs. Using our M. sinensis eradication cost estimates in Illinois, we predict that the potential costs to eradicate populations reported on EDDMapS would range from $10 to $37 million, with a median predicted cost of $22 million. The monetary costs of eradicating feral Miscanthus populations should be weighed against the benefits of cultivating these species to provide a comprehensive picture of the relative costs and benefits of adding these species to our landscapes.

Time Taken to Detect and Respond to Polio Outbreaks in Africa and the Potential Impact of Direct Molecular Detection and Nanopore Sequencing

BackgroundDetection of poliovirus outbreaks relies on a complex laboratory algorithm of cell-culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing to distinguish wild-type and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) from Sabin-like strains. We investigated the potential for direct molecular detection and nanopore sequencing (DDNS) to accelerate poliovirus detection.MethodsWe analyzed laboratory data for time required to analyze and sequence serotype-2 VDPV (VDPV2) in stool collected from children with acute flaccid paralysis in Africa (May 2016–February 2020). Impact of delayed detection on VDPV2 outbreak size was assessed through negative binomial regression.ResultsVDPV2 confirmation in 525 stools required a median of 49 days from paralysis onset (10th–90th percentile, 29–74), comprising collection and transport (median, 16 days), cell-culture (7 days), intratypic differentiation quantitative reverse transcription PCR (3 days), and sequencing, including shipping if required (15 days). New VDPV2 outbreaks were confirmed a median of 35 days (27–60) after paralysis onset, which we estimate could be reduced to 16 days by DDNS (9–37). Because longer delays in confirmation and response were positively associated with more cases (P < .001), we estimate that DDNS could reduce the number of VDPV2 cases before a response by 28% (95% credible interval, 12%–42%).ConclusionsDDNS could accelerate poliovirus outbreak response, reducing their size and the cost of eradication.

Cost Analysis in Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy Based on a Database of Health Insurance Claims in Japan.

ObjectiveCost-benefit is an important consideration for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication in Japan, where 1.5 million patients were reported to receive first-line eradication annually. This study aimed to identify the optimal cost-saving triple therapy regimen for H. pylori eradication in Japan.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective observational study used data from a large-scale, nationwide health insurance claims database (2015‒2018). Using success rates of first-line eradication, mean total costs of first-line and second-line eradications per patient were compared between regimens including a potassium-competitive acid blocker (P-CAB) or a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), and between two clarithromycin (CAM) doses (400 and 800 mg/day). Subgroup analyses by smoking habit or body mass index (BMI) were performed.ResultsAmong propensity score (age, gender, CAM dose, disease name)-matched patients (P-CAB regimen, n=22,002; PPI regimen, n=22,002), total costs were lower with the P-CAB than the PPI regimen (Japanese yen [JPY] 12,952 vs 13,146) owing to significantly higher first-line eradication rates with the P-CAB regimen (93.6% vs 79.7%; p<0.001). For both regimens, even among current smokers or patients with BMI ≥25 kg/m2, eradication rates did not differ by CAM dose, and total costs were approximately JPY1000 lower with CAM 400 mg/day than with CAM 800 mg/day.ConclusionHigh success rate of first-line eradication contributes to saving in total eradication costs by reducing costs of subsequent therapy, irrespective of patients’ smoking status or BMI class. The combination of more potent acid-inhibitory medicine and low-dose CAM may be the optimal regimen in terms of efficacy and cost-benefit in Japan.

Border interceptions of forest insects established in Australia: intercepted invaders travel early and often

Invasive forest insects continue to accumulate in Australia (and worldwide) and cause significant impacts through costs of prevention, eradication and management, and through productivity losses and environmental and biodiversity decline. We used our recent non-native Australian forest insect species inventory to analyse border interception rates (2003–2016) of established species, and link interception frequencies with biological traits, historical establishment patterns, commodities and countries of origin. The strongest predictor of interception frequency was year of establishment. Polyphagous species were more likely to be intercepted, as were more concealed species, although this latter likely reflects the higher interceptions of bostrichid borers and other wood-boring Coleoptera relative to other taxa. Interceptions occurred more often for species native to Asia; in contrast, interceptions from other regions were more likely to be of species invasive there. While interception frequencies did not provide a good overall indicator of contemporaneous species establishments, wood and bark borers were more closely linked for establishments and interceptions. The first fifty forest insect species to establish comprised 85% of all border interceptions of established species between 2003 and 2016, while the most-recent fifty species represented just 6% of interceptions. We suggest that early-establishing species are among the “super-invaders” that continue to move globally, while more recent invasive species may be exploiting new trade pathways, new commodity associations, or changes in dynamics in their countries of origin.

An Advanced Optimization Technique for Smart Production Using α-Cut Based Quadrilateral Fuzzy Number

In the design phase of a new smart product, production costs are unpredictable due to location, transport, and engineering design. In these situations, consequently, cost optimization becomes ambiguous. This paper presents a methodology to obtain optimization through a fuzzy linear programming problem (FLPP) in which fuzzy numbers signify the right-side parameters. The comparative investigation of modeling and optimizing creation cost through a new α-cut based quadrilateral fuzzy number is proposed to solve the fuzzy linear programming and the necessary operations on the proposed number. Due to the probabilistic increase and decrease in the accessibility of the various constraints, the actual expected total cost fluctuates. In this respect, a unique situation of instability is incorporated, and reasonable models to reduce the cost of eradication in the creation process are presented. The main endeavor is made to look at the credibility of optimized cost utilizing the α-cut based quadrilateral FLPP models, and the outcome is contrasted with its augmentation. The data of the production cost of RCF Kapurthala is taken, and the creation expenses of various mentors from the year 2010–2011 are considered as input parameters. The aggregate cost is focused on the objective function. The least low, lower, upper, and most upper bounds are computed for each situation, and then systems of optimized fuzzy LPP are constructed. The credibility of quadrilateral fuzzy LPP concerning all situations is obtained and using this membership grade, the minimum, and highest minimum costs are illustrated.

Early Warning Systems as a Component of Integrated Pest Management to Prevent the Introduction of Exotic Pests

Abstract When introduced to novel habitats, invasive alien plant pests have the potential to reduce fitness or cause aesthetic damage to naïve plant hosts, or to cause widespread mortality in both native and cultivated plant populations. Once established, the cost of mitigation, eradication, and damage and losses from invasive alien plant pests often exceeds the cost of preventing introductions from occurring. National plant protection organizations (NPPOs) have therefore implemented trade restrictions and regulations to minimize the introduction of alien plant pest species. To be effective, NPPOs must stay informed about pest species that may pose a threat to natural or agricultural systems. Early warning systems such as PestLens, the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Reporting Service, and others collect relevant and current plant pest information and disseminate it to NPPOs, thereby facilitating informed regulatory decision-making. Herein, we describe the processes and goals of some of the existing plant pest early warning systems and how these systems may be used.

Invasive Plants: Turning Enemies into Value.

In this review, a brief description of the invasive phenomena associated with plants and its consequences to the ecosystem is presented. Five worldwide invasive plants that are a threat to Portugal were selected as an example, and a brief description of each is presented. A full description of their secondary metabolites and biological activity is given, and a resume of the biological activity of extracts is also included. The chemical and pharmaceutical potential of invasive species sensu lato is thus acknowledged. With this paper, we hope to demonstrate that invasive species have potential positive attributes even though at the same time they might need to be controlled or eradicated. Positive attributes include chemical and pharmaceutical properties and developing these could help mitigate the costs of management and eradication.

Priority setting for invasive species management by the water industry

The expansion of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) is a growing concern to the UK water industry because of their diverse impacts on water quality, infrastructure and eradication costs. New regulations reinforcing the industry’s responsibilities beyond operational costs, coupled with continued range expansion and establishment of new IAS will increase damages. To tackle IAS effectively, the water industry requires reliable information about which species pose the greatest risk to operations and which areas are most vulnerable to invasion. Here we assess potential biosecurity threats for the 24 water companies in the UK using well-established modelling research techniques such as risk assessment and distribution modelling. Using a consensus approach with environmental managers and water companies, we identified 11 IAS of concern for the UK water industry, including five plants, three crustaceans, two molluscs and one fish. These invaders pose important hazards in terms of water quality, flood protection, human health, integrity of infrastructures, recreational and aesthetic values, amongst others. We used distribution models to predict their potential expansion under current and future 2050 climate scenarios within each of the 24 water companies in the UK. Water companies in the South East of England (Cambridge Water, Anglian Water, Affinity Water and Thames Water) are under the highest risk of invasional meltdown from multiple IAS, both now and under future scenarios. The quagga mussel poses the most serious risk of immediate spread and may exacerbate the impacts of the widespread zebra mussel for the water industry. The information generated in this study can support the prioritization of species and regions at risk, so that funds for prevention and eradication of invasions are well allocated. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that scientific risk assessments, usually restricted to the academic and public sectors, can be extremely useful to guide decision-making by the private sector.

Insights from quantitative and mathematical modelling on the proposed 2030 goals for Yaws.

The World Health Organization is currently developing 2030 goals for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). In these, yaws has been targeted for eradication by 2030, with 50% of member states certified free of yaws transmission by 2023. Here we summarise the yaws modelling literature and discuss the proposed goal and strategy. The current Morges strategy involves rounds of Total Community Treatment (TCT), in which all members of the community are treated, and Total Targeted Treatment (TTT), treating active cases and their contacts. However, modelling and empirical work suggest that latent infections are often not found in the same household as active cases, reducing the utility of household-based contact tracing for a TTT strategy. Economic modelling has also discovered uncertainty in the cost of eradication, requiring further data to give greater information. We also note the need for improved active surveillance in previously endemic countries, in order to plan future intervention efforts and ensure global eradication.

Projection of Costs of Polio Eradication Compared to Permanent Control.

Despite increased efforts and spending toward polio eradication, it has yet to be eliminated worldwide. We aimed to project economic costs of polio eradication compared to permanent control. We used historical Financial Resource Requirements from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, as well as vaccination and population data from publicly available sources, to project costs for routine immunization, immunization campaigns, surveillance and laboratory resources, technical assistance, social mobilization, treatment, and overhead. We found that cumulative spending for a control strategy would exceed that for an eradication strategy in 2032 (range, 2027-2051). Eradication of polio would likely be cost-saving compared to permanent control.

35 Economic Considerations of Pre-Weaning Calf Health Management

Abstract The impacts of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDv) and persistently infected (PI) are felt across the cattle industry. This project utilized data and parameters from a meta-analysis of reported results along with partial budgeting procedures to determine economic costs and benefits of herd and calf health management. A base herd of 100 head, consisting of 50 breeding females, 43 calves, and 7 replacement heifers and bulls was implemented. Ninety- six percent of cow-calf operations are uninfected from BVDv. Introduction of an enhanced health program as an uninfected herd resulted in a net loss of $7.64 per bred cow in the first year of the program and a net loss of $6.46 in year two. First-year costs were higher due to initial testing, while second-year costs did not include testing under the assumption that carriers were culled. Infected herds incurred net losses of health program implementation of $96.21 per bred cow for the first year but a gain of the program of $27.96 in year two. First-year losses were larger due to increased testing and eradication costs. Gains in the second year stemmed from increased productivity across the herd. Furthermore, gains were discovered beyond cow-calf operations. Evaluation of down-stream demand for calves (i.e., stocker operations) resulted in gains of $4.39 per stocker for a producer that retains ownership of their calves and $48.89 for producers purchasing calves from cow-calf operators (commercial). Commercial stocker operators benefited from fewer health issues without added cow-calf level costs. These results indicate cow-calf producers would carry the burden of the costs of managing, and attempting to eradicate, BVDv/PI across the industry. These results provide industry stakeholder groups and policymakers benchmarks for incentives to induce health programs, targeted largely at the cow-calf level

International news media framing of invasive rodent eradications

Invasive rodents threaten global island biodiversity and have been eradicated from hundreds of islands. Eradication efforts can be contentious due to animal welfare concerns and risk to non-target species. The news media plays a critical role by providing context for eradications. To better understand how the news media frame invasive rodent eradications, we conducted a thematic content analysis of 462 newspaper articles published in newspapers from 13 countries between 1993 and 2014. Although the media typically frames environmental stories as conflicts between stakeholders, the media tended to use “conquest frames” for rodent eradications. Articles often emphasized key elements of the conquest frame, including recast rules and norms, being on frontiers, positioning heroes against nature, creating drama by questioning the success of heroes, orienting towards the future, and positioning the audience as an awestruck witness. We detected international differences for some themes. Articles from Canada and Australia often included costs of eradication, articles from New Zealand were less likely to include endemic species, and articles from the United States were most likely to include conflict. Our results suggest that unique aspects of rodent eradications may encourage conquest framing, and cultural contexts of place shape framing between countries. We conclude that conquest framing by the media has largely supported rodent eradication efforts on islands, but that may change when new eradication methods are developed or when eradications are planned for islands with human populations.

PENGARUH BIAYA PRODUKSI TERHADAP PENDAPATAN PETANI MANDIRI KELAPA SAWIT DI KECAMATAN SEGAH

The purpose of this study was to analyze the income of independent oil palm farmers in the Segahdistrict. The analytical tool used are multiple linear regression equations, correlation coefficients, t test and calculated f test&#x0D; Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the multiple linear regression equation influences the cost of seedlings, fertilizer costs and financing the eradication of weeds against the income of independent oil palm farmers in Segah district is Y = - 1,469 + 0,639 X1 + 4,150 x3 . To measure the degree of the correlation between seed costs, fertilizer costs and financing of weed eradication of the income of independent oil palm farmers in Segah district, the researcher used a multiple correlation coefficient (R) = 0.993 which means that the variable costs of seeds, fertilizer costs and weed eradication costs affect the income of farmers independent of oil palm in Segah District, the coefficient of determination R = 0.987 which showed that the income of independent farmers of oil palm in Segah district is influenced by seed costs, fertilizer costs, and weed eradication costs while the remaining 1.13% (1 - 0.987) is a factor which is not examined. Based on testing using f test where f arithmetic is 0.040 &lt;0.10 and t count value is 2.617&gt; 1.943, it can be concluded that the proposed hypothesis is accepted.

Perspective on the control of invasive mesquite trees and possible alternative uses

Abstract: Mesquite trees continue to invade forests and range lands in many countries across the world. The cost to remove these trees is staggering. In Texas, landowners spent $25 million over a 10-year period to clear 300.000 ha of mesquite trees, a fraction of the 22 million ha of Texas land affected by this invasion. Estimates are that the mesquite continues to negatively impact one to two percent of additional land in selected counties each year in Texas. However, the problem is not unique to Texas, but rather to the 44 species of mesquite trees, belonging to the genus Prosopis found in the pea family (Fabaceae), introduced across the southern United States, South Asia, Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean. In response, researchers are searching for economically viable uses for harvested trees and seeds to provide an alternative to the high cost of removal. If viable uses for harvested mesquite trees and seeds are found, then sustained pressure will limit and ultimately reduce the negative impact from these invasive trees. One key factor to controlling this invasive species is to find economically and environmentally sustainable uses to help pay the costs of removal or perhaps make removal less necessary. Traditional uses of mesquite are as a building material, as a source of food for both animals and humans and as wood for charcoal. Emerging uses of mesquite are new applications as a biofuel and as a bio-filter medium for water. Moreover, forestry land management of mesquite has adapted to include the tree as a component of hunting lands. New control methodologies and technologies are based on an increased understanding of mesquite growth patterns, using recommended practices that reduce control and eradication costs while improving the efficiency of land management. Previous land management practices have proven that excessive application of herbicides, physical removal of mesquite trees, or human-induced brush fires, if not carefully planned, only worsen mesquite infestations. The growing problem of mesquite land management provides an opportunity for continued research into novel ways to utilize mesquite biomass, of both wood and seed pods.

Rynek mięsa wieprzowego w Polsce w obliczu afrykańskiego pomoru świń (ASF)

Celem badania jest ocena oddziaływania wirusa afrykańskiego pomoru świń ASF (African Swine Fever) na rozwój i funkcjonowanie rynku mięsa wieprzowego w Polsce. Wirus ten pojawił się w Polsce w lutym 2014 roku u dzików, a następnie w lipcu 2014 roku u świń. Badanie obejmuje lata 2014-2018, czyli okres występowania wirusa ASF w Polsce. Do końca lipca 2018 roku odnotowano 182 przypadki ASF u świń i ponad 2,6 tysiąca u dzików w czterech województwach wschodniej i centralnej Polski, a największe skupisko tej choroby zlokalizowane jest w województwie lubelskim. Pojawienie się wirusa ASF negatywnie wpłynęło na rynek mięsa wieprzowego w Polsce, skutkując ograniczeniami w eksporcie tego mięsa, kosztami likwidacji ognisk choroby i bioasekuracji. Mimo tych trudności produkcja mięsa wieprzowego w Polsce w latach 2014-2018 odznaczała się tendencją wzrostową, a eksport jedynie w pierwszym roku występowania ASF obniżył się, w kolejnych latach, w związku z dywersyfikacją rynków zbytu, odnotowano jego wzrost. Do badania zastosowano metodę opisową i proste analizy statystyczne.

Modeling the cost of eradicating livestock-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in countries with a high proportion of positive herds

Due to an increased incidence of human infections, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (LA-MRSA) in pigs and its spread into the human population has been a major public and political issue in Denmark. Similar concerns are also being raised about LA-MRSA in other Western European countries. At a time when the proportion of LA-MRSA-positive pig farms was low, Norway adopted a ‘trace and destroy’ strategy aimed at keeping LA-MRSA out of the pig population. However, to date, no country with a high proportion of LA-MRSA-positive pig herds has chosen to use an eradication strategy. This study analyses the cost and complexities of conducting an LA-MRSA eradication program in a situation where a large proportion of herds are positive. The total cost of the eradication program was estimated based on the following components: 1) planning, 2) monitoring and testing, 3) cleaning and disinfection, 4) production gains and losses, 5) net reduction in breeding exports, and 6) loss of genetic progress, including the costs of a mitigating caesarean section strategy in breeding herds. Costs were related to the depopulation of 1 million sows, to gilt supply (as this was an important limiting factor during an eradication program in Denmark), and to aggregated losses linked to a temporary halt on breeding progress. Using conservative assumptions, the total eradication costs were estimated at €1.8 billion, broken down into: planning costs (3%), monitoring and testing (6%), cleaning and disinfection (19%), production gains and losses (33%), net loss from breeding exports (19%) and loss of genetic progress (20%). The long-term effects of an LA-MRSA eradication program for Danish pig production were uncertain and were therefore not taken into account in the analysis.

Bovine leukosis and the possibility to cause cancer in humans: A scientific review

This review was made to explore the recent multiple studies on enzootic bovine leukosis, focusing on its prevalence, economic impact, the link with public health and the possibility to cause cancer in humans. The causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis is a virus closely related to human T- cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1). The closeness between the two viruses helps the progress of cancer research in diagnosis and treatment, also the development of a vaccine in both human and veterinary medicine .The enzootic bovine leukosis is widely spread in the continents. The economic loses of enzootic bovine leukosis is related to the lowered productivity of effected cattle, morbidity, mortality and cost of control and eradication. This review proved that bovine leukemia virus is innocent from human cancer infection and there is no proof of virus living in human tissues. But this subject needs a lot of research to know the mechanism of the virus and its affects in cellular content of the organism.