Cost In India Research Articles

Development of a Prediction Model for Construction Project Cost in India: an Analytical Approach A Review

The fundamental problem in the construction industry is that building projects are completed attaken a tolls significantly higher than estimated venture taken a tolls consequently, it is fundamental todevelop a taken a toll forecast show that detain all components influencing the extend taken a toll bymeans of relapse examination. Development costs are continuously inclined to vacillations, with a longtermdesign of expanding, making the estimating prepare a difficult errand. Vacillations within the fetchedof building materials have a noteworthy affect on foreseeing the esteem of a venture and, as a result, onthe project's great conclusion It is well known that civil engineering projects are prone to cost overrunsand schedule delays. Lack of project scope and frequent changes leads to a negotiation process interms of cost and time between the first partyowner and the second partycontractors. In the project lifecycle, cost forecast is a precursor to budget prices and resource allocation, thus it is critical for anyorganization. The following objectives are framed based on the literature study identify the constructioncost predictability of various tools, identify the various influencing factors to predict the material price ofcement and steel, model the Construction Cost Index (CCI), predict the construction duration (Especiallyfor highway projects, as compared to other kind of projects. They are having more obstacles to completethe task), predict the land value, Regarding this issue this paper find the best methodology for thePrediction Model for Construction Project Cost by analysising the different researchers papersresearch.

A study on the price variability of branded medicines and Jan aushadi versions of selected commonly prescribed psychiatric medications in India using a cost-comparative approach and a passive evaluation of the Jan aushadhi scheme in India.

The cost of medications poses a significant financial burden on patients. It limits access and adherence to treatment. Psychiatric disease burden is rising and it needs treatment for long durations. The high cost of branded medicines and lack of access to medicines at affordable prices can limit adherence. A cost comparison study was done to investigate the price difference between branded and Jan aushadhi versions of 20 selected psychiatric drugs was done at the Department of Community Medicine of a Government medical college in Southern India. The average (mean) price of branded medicines of each drug was calculated with minimum, and maximum using online data, and comparison was done by calculating the percentage price difference between branded and Jan aushadhi medicines. The overall percentage price difference between branded and Jan aushadhi medicines was calculated. The overall percentage price difference between the mean price of branded medicine and Jan aushadhi medicine was + 252% for antipsychotics, indicating that the mean branded price was 252% (2.52 times) Jan aushadhi price. Similarly, the overall percentage price difference between the mean branded price and Jan aushadhi price among antidepressants was +277.54%, and the overall percentage price difference between mean branded price and Jan aushadhi was +227.73% for anticonvulsants. Similarly, price differences of maximum and minimum branded prices and Jan aushadhi were high. The study was able to estimate variation in the price of branded drugs and compare the price of branded medicines with Jan aushadhi by estimating price differences. The results of the study are useful in further reference regarding the subject for public, policy makers and healthcare providers. It gives valuable evidence into medication costs in India.

Concept of Pass-Through Costs and Their Treatment in Transfer Pricing

This article evaluates the treatment of pass-through costs in India from a transfer pricing perspective and analyses a recent ruling by the Delhi ITAT in the case of BBC World (India) Pvt. Ltd.

A Documrntary Study of Drug Price Control Order (DPCO Act)

The drug costs in India are managed the use of what's referred to as the Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO). The DPCO is an order issued with the aid of using the authorities below Section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 empowering it to repair and modify the costs of critical bulk drugs and their formulations. The order contains a listing of bulk drug whose costs are to be managed, the technique for fixation and revision of costs, the technique for implementation the technique for restoration of drugs, the consequences for contravention and diverse different recommendations and directions. The order is challenge to the recommendations of Drug Policy and supposedly targets to make sure equitable distribution, accelerated deliver and reasonably-priced availability of bulk drugs. In this paper, I searching for to study the character of deregulation of drug costs that has befell in India over the years and the effect of the identical at the pharmaceutical industry.

Review on the recent infectious diseases in the State of God’s own country

The burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases is increasing in Kerala. Despite the State’s past success in keeping a variety of communicable diseases under control, the recent research of Dengue, Malaria, Leptospirosis, Hepatitis, Chikungunya and H5N1 has resulted in a marked rise in morbidity and mortality. Infectious diseases continue to be the main causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals with enormous healthcare costs in India. Over the past few years, Kerala, a state in the nation of India, has conflicted with nature. The nation’s diverse terrains, extreme geoclimatic variations, and unequal population distribution exhibit distinctive patterns of viral illness dispersion. The state of Kerala has faced a significant public health issue over the past decade due to the resurgence of infectious illnesses, resulting in elevated rates of both mortality and morbidity. Methodology: This review article aims to investigate and discuss epidemics that are known to have happened during the 21st century. For this purpose, the investigator has done a literature review through Google Scholar and PubMed. All articles pertaining to reported infections in the state of Kerala and factors contributing to the outbreak of an infection were chosen for inclusion in the review. Results: From a number of sources, we culled a selection of articles covering the topic of viral infections. We found that many people in the Kerala state have fallen victim to and suffered many deaths from bacterial infectious diseases like chikungunya fever, scrub typhus fever, rotavirus diarrhea, the break bone fever, Nipah virus, Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFDV), leptospirosis, COVID-19 and monkeypox in the past decade. The people of Kerala are fortunate to have access to excellent medical care, and the government has recently begun to prioritize illness prevention and control. Conclusion: This report emphasizes the Kerala’s infectious disease management strategy and the necessity for other Indian states to emulate it. States can prevent disease spread and protect residents by taking comparable steps.

Isolated Muscle Activation Exercises on Lumbopelvic Muscle Strength and Lumbar Range of Motion among Bike Riders

ABSTRACT Background: Two-wheelers are the most important means of commuting as they provide fast transportation at a low cost in India. Acquired sitting posture for a prolonged period on the bike increases the fatigue level of the Lumbopelvic muscles. Objective: The study aims to find out whether there is a difference in Lumbopelvic muscle strength and lumbar range of motion (ROM) between bike riders and non-bike riders and to find out the acute effect of isolated muscle activation exercises on Lumbopelvic muscle strength and lumbar ROM among bike riders. Methodology and Procedure: It is a quasi-experimental study in which the lumbopelvic muscle strength and lumbar ROM were measured for both bike riders (15) and nonbike riders (15). Isolated lumbopelvic muscle activation exercises were given to bike riders. Postintervention measurement of lumbopelvic muscle strength and lumbar ROM was measured after 10 days. Outcome measures: were manual muscle testing, modified MRC grading for muscle strength and modified-modified Schober test for lumbar ROM. Results and Conclusion: Results show that the bike riders group has significantly reduced lumbopelvic muscle power and lumbar spine ROM than nonbike riders and isolated lumbopelvic muscle activation exercise has a significant effect on lumbopelvic muscle strength and lumbar ROM in bike riders.

Investigating Cost Overrun Factors in High-Rise Housing Projects in India

Cost overruns in building projects are typical in India. This might occur owing to a variety of factors. The aim of the study was to identify the factors impacting high-rise housing project costs in India, that are likely regulatable by head contractors. A questionnaire survey was used to perform this study with a group of related professionals from firms in the private as well as public sectors, having experience in high-rise housing projects. The frequency and impact of each factor were assessed based on the perspectives of the participants. The factors were then rated in order of the increasing Index of Relative Importance. The study identified significant factors that are likely to be regulated by head contractors, namely, productivity of labor, the performance of suppliers and sub-contractors, productivity of equipment, poor management of the site, scheduling, controlling and monitoring, inexperienced project managers, ineffective procurement planning of materials, ineffective procurement of equipment, delivery of materials (shortage or delay) and shortage of skilled labor.

Unhealthy Shock: Changes in Household Expenditures in the First Wave of COVID-19 in India

This article uses nationally representative household survey data between June 2019 and 2020 from India to examine changes in household consumption expenditure following the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that across rural and urban households, there was a strong reduction in overall expenditures, in particular, related to food and health. This corroborates findings from existing literature on food insecurity during the first lockdown in India (March–April 2020) and provides the first set of estimates on changes in health expenditure for this period. Although there were expansions to health insurance and subsidized COVID-related healthcare costs in India, our findings likely do not reflect this. We discuss implications for policy and outline future work.

Comparing the Catastrophic Health Expenditures on Different Non-Communicable Diseases Among Households in Goa, India

The prevalence of NCDs is high in Goa. Households bear a significant burden of medical costs in India. The increased out-of-pocket expenditures on health can, in some cases, drive households into poverty, leading them to incur catastrophic health expenditures. Based on the statistics of Goa for 2016, the leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) among the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) were ischaemic heart disease (11.0%), diabetes (4.1%), followed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (4.1%), stroke (4%) and chronic kidney disease, which accounted for 2.3% of the DALYs. Owing to the increasing burden of NCDs in the state of Goa, this article uses a sample of 309 NCD patients to analyse the expenses incurred on three NCDs, namely, diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular illness in terms of costs incurred on medicines, laboratory test costs and hospital stays using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The article also compares the indirect costs, that is, loss of earnings as a result of man-days lost for both the patient and the caregiver. The article studies the relationship between socio-economic groups and the impact of an NCD. Finally, the study uses a Bayesian model to compare the likelihood of the household incurring catastrophic health expenditures if afflicted with an NCD. The results indicate an alarming trend in the impoverishment of households due to expenditures on NCDs. Given the chronic nature of NCDs and an increasing rate of prevalence, the government must focus on expanding its public healthcare system and financing for households nearing poverty. Subsequently, they must also focus on awareness campaigns that can promote healthier lifestyles that can play a role in preventing the onset of such NCDs.

Review on emerging diseases in Indian horizon

Infectious diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals, resulting in substantial health care costs in India. There have been outbreaks and epidemics of many infectious diseases in the country. However, great strides have been made in the fight against major epidemics. such as malaria, plague, leprosy and cholera in the past. The vast topography of the country with extremely serious geological inequalities and uneven population distribution has created unique patterns in the spread of viral diseases. Significant challenges faced in controlling and preventing new and recurring infectious diseases include understanding the implications of emergency essentials on the development of Enhanced Surveillance Systems that can reduce human suffering and death and relapse of viral infections of public health importance included in the Comprehensive Disease Surveillance program were examined.The dynamic interaction of biological, socio - cultural and environmental factors, as well as new aspects of human - animal interaction, creates additional difficulties for the emergence of infectious diseases. The Indian Medical Association fighting very well to stop this all diseases along with our government.

Recent developments in solar manufacturing in India

India has been one of the major deployers of solar PV during the last decade, having installed about 50 GW during this period. Since 2021, there has, in addition, been a great deal of interest to set up the solar manufacturing chain in the country, from polysilicon and wafers to cells and modules. Driven by a slew of policies and incentives announced by the government, several companies have announced and embarked on solar manufacturing. It is being estimated that by 2025, there will be about 40 GW of module production in India, some of it with full or partial upstream integration. This would make India one of the two or three leading solar manufacturers in the world. This paper describes the incentives provided and the companies’ responses to these incentives. It also describes and recommends technology options available for manufacturing in India, and estimates India's cost competitiveness of manufacturing, comparing countries as well as technologies. The paper further outlines the requirements for ancillary manufacturing units and for concerted R&D and training to support and enable a fully integrated modern solar manufacturing ecosystem in India. Although the focus of this paper is on India, the challenges and opportunities would also be relevant to other countries of the International Solar Alliance (ISA).

Healthcare Costs Attributable to Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Indian Adults.

In India, 38.7% of adults are exposed to SHS at home and 30.2% at work. This paper estimates the direct economic costs of diseases attributable to secondhand smoking (SHS) in India for persons aged 15 years and above. Nationally representative data on healthcare expenditures, healthcare utilization, and SHS prevalence were used to estimate economic costs attributable to SHS. A prevalence-based attributable risk approach was used for estimating the attributable direct costs. To estimate the SHS-attributable fraction, the excess utilization of healthcare among SHS exposed non-smokers compared to unexposed non-smokers was estimated using a method of propensity score matching (PSM). The annual direct economic costs attributable to SHS from all diseases in India in the year 2017 for persons aged more than 15 years amounted to INR 566.7 billion (USD 8.7 billion). This amounted to INR 705 per adult non-smoker. The SHS attributable costs were higher among the youngest age group 20 to 24, and women bear 71% of the direct medical costs attributable to SHS. The annual direct economic costs of SHS amount to approximately 0.33% of India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), or 8.1% of total healthcare expenditures in India. It is also much larger than the total excise tax revenue from cigarettes and bidis. As bidi smoking is the most popular form of smoking in India and bidis are mostly consumed by the poor, a disproportionate burden of SHS is likely borne by poor households in India. In India, 38.7% of adults are exposed to SHS at home and 30.2% at work. However, there is no estimate of the economic burden of any kind from SHS exposure in India. This study used a prevalence-based attributable risk approach combined with a PSM technique to estimate excess healthcare utilization for SHS exposed non-smokers and the annual direct economic costs of SHS in India. Annual direct SHS-attributable costs in India is INR 566.7 billion (USD 8.7 billion) SHS costs constituted 0.33% of GDP and 8.1% of healthcare expenditures in India.

Hair Transplant Cost in India

Hair Transplant Cost in India

Burden of non-communicable diseases and its associated economic costs in India

Non communicable diseases (NCD) are a rising problem worldwide and is a cause of public health concern in India too. These diseases result in high health care demand and are expensive especially in low resource settings. We studied the NCD burden estimates for India and its major states and the associated cost in 2017. The disease burden was estimated using DALYs (Disability Adjusted life years), the Years of Life lost (YLL) and Years lived in disability (YLD). Health expenditure data from National Sample Survey was used to calculate out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) and catastrophic health expenditure (CHE). NCDs account for 16939 DALYs per 100 000 in India. About 50–70% of patients took treatment in private facilities. There is huge variation in the utilization of health facilities, disease burden and cost of treatment across the states. Karnataka had highest DALY rate of 25790 DALYs per 100 000 but Chandigarh showed highest mean OOPE of INR 63952 and Arunachal Pradesh showed the highest CHE of 47.7 percent. The economic burden of NCDs is notably high both in terms of OOPE and CHE and indicate variation across states in both disease burden and economic burden. The findings highlight the need for improvement of NCD management programmes in socioeconomically lower states of India.

A Survey on Supply Status of Shilajatu (Asphaltum Punjabinum) its Sources, Processing Media and Cost in India

Introduction: Survey studies are used as a tool to analyze and explore human knowledge and practices in reference to a particular attribute. It is also used to assess the status of raw materials, drugs, etc. In the market to find out price variation, quality, adulteration, etc. It comprises a variety of data collection techniques with the most common being questionnaires and interviews. Ayurvedic medicines and products got a huge surge in its demand during the COVID-19 pandemic. Shilajatu is one such drug whose increased worldwide consumption leads to scarcity, replacing with substitutes or adulterants to the sample and, in turn, compromising the quality, safety, and efficacy of the products. A current survey study has been planned to document the different aspects pertaining to Shilajatu, i.e., availability status, price, etc. Methodology: A questionnaire comprising open- and closed ended questions was designed and a survey (face-to-face interview) was conducted at preidentified major supply markets of Shilajatu in India. Results: A wide range of variation in price/kg of Shilajatu has been found in the study. It has been revealed that the major supply of Shilajatu in India is from Nepal, commonly used processing media is water, and trading cost ranges between Rs. 350 to Rs. 2200/kg and Rs. 1500 to Rs. 10,000/kg for Ashuddha and Shuddha Shilajatu, respectively. Conclusion: The present study provides comprehensive data pertaining to supply sources, type, price, processing media, and availability of Shilajatu in India and emphasizes the urgent need of strict regulatory provisions for crucial drugs such as Shilajatu.

Administrative and Compliance Costs of Value Added Tax (VAT): A Review

This article surveys the existing literature on the compliance and administrative costs of VAT incurred by the businesses and the governments respectively. The review focuses on the concepts and components of VAT operating costs, the link between the tax compliance costs and the tax compliance decision, factors associated with compliance costs and the steps taken by various countries to mitigate these costs. The major studies of VAT compliance cost since 1980 and the methodologies adopted are summarised. The review of the studies shows that the VAT compliance costs are higher and significant in both absolute money terms and relative to tax revenue in developed as well as developing countries than the administrative costs and the compliance costs are highly regressive in nature which disproportionately affects the small businesses. Further, the psychological costs are underexplored in the VAT compliance cost literature due to the difficulty in measuring them. This article also highlights the understudied area of VAT compliance costs in India and the importance of exploring the compliance burden in India.

How Effective are Stock Market Reforms in Emerging Market Economies? Evidence from a Panel VAR Model of the Indian Stock Market

The paper uses a panel VAR framework to estimate the impact of a series of reforms aimed at reducing transactions cost and information cost in India’s secondary market for equity, on trading cost and trading volume. In particular, we focus on the reforms that were introduced after the creation of the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and screen-based trading that have been much discussed in the literature. Our results suggest that only the creation of the clearing corporation that reduced or eliminated counterparty risk had an economically meaningful/significant impact on trading cost and volume. We also find that the impact was much greater for mid-cap firms and, to a lesser extent, for small-cap firms than for large-cap firms. Further, while trading costs and trading volumes Granger cause each other for mid-cap firms, there is only one-way causality for large-cap firms—trading cost Granger causes volume but the reverse is not true, and for small-cap firms there is no causal relationship between the two. The policy implications of these findings are discussed in the paper.

Psycho-social issues of migrants during Covid-19 lockdown- an analysis

Despite the commonality of loss of lives, every pandemic has played a role in shaping the socio-economic and public health outcomes depending on the nature and the magnitude of the outbreak. In this study, we have attempted to make a preliminary assessment of COVID-19 impact on India and commented on the country’s resilience, response, impact and draw the lessons for the future. Although lockdown was necessary to stop the transmission, is showing and will show a greater impact on all spheres of human life considering the country’s poor resilient socio-economic institutions. Our concurrent assessment in the middle of the outbreak predicts that the socio-economic, demographic and health costs in India would be much higher than developed countries. Initiation of timely action from the very beginning (when the first case reported in Kerala) could have plummeted the potential transmission in every corner of the country to a large extent and could have avoided socio-economic crises that presently surfaced in the country. The study provides a strong message for initiating sector-specific measures alongside relief packages to reduce the damage not only for now but also to build a resilient system for socioeconomically vulnerable groups, health care services, and education infrastructure to face future pandemics. Otherwise, the pandemic like this can cost more.

On the Separation of Yttrium-90 from High-Level Liquid Waste: Purification to Clinical-Grade Radiochemical Precursor, Clinical Translation in Formulation of 90Y-DOTATATE Patient Dose.

Introduction: The quality control parameters of in-house-produced 90Y-Acetate from high-level liquid waste (HLLW) using supported liquid membrane (SLM) technology were validated and compared with the pharmacopeia standard. The radiolabeling of DOTATATE yielding 90Y-DOTATATE in acceptable radiochemical purity (RCP), with expected pharmacological behavior in in vivo models, establish the quality of 90Y-Acetate. Clinical translation of 90Y-Acetate in formulation of 90Y-DOTATATE adds support toward its use as clinical-grade radiochemical. Methods: Quality control parameters of 90Y-Acetate, namely radionuclide purity (RNP), were evaluated using β- spectrometry, γ-spectroscopy, and liquid scintillation counting. RCP and metallic impurities were established using high-performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, respectively. The suitability of 90Y-Acetate as an active pharmaceutical ingredient radiochemical was ascertained by radiolabeling with DOTATATE. In vivo biodistribution of 90Y-DOTATATE was carried out in nude mice bearing AR42J xenografted tumor. Clinical efficacy of 90Y-DOTATATE was established after using in patients with large-volume neuroendocrine tumors (NET). Bremsstrahlung imaging was carried out in dual-head gamma camera with a wide energy window setting (100-250 keV). Results: In-house-produced 90Y-Acetate was clear, colorless, and radioactive concentration (RAC) in the range of 40-50 mCi/mL. RCP was >98%. 90Sr content was <0.85 μCi/Ci of 90Y. Gross λ content was <0.8 nCi/Ci of 90Y and no γ peak was observed. Fe3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ contents were <1.7 μg/Ci. The radiolabeling yield (RLY) of 90Y-DOTATATE was >94%, RCP was >98%. The in vitro stability of 90Y-DOTATATE was up to 72 h postradiolabeling, upon storage at -20°C. Post-therapy (24 h) Bremsstrahlung image of patients with large NET exhibit complete localization of 90Y-DOTATATE in tumor region. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the in-house-produced 90Y-Acetate from HLLW can be used for the formulation of various therapeutic 90Y-based radiopharmaceuticals. Since 90Y is an imported radiochemical precursor available at a high cost in India, this study which demonstrates the suitability of indigenously sourced 90Y, ideally exemplifies the recovery of "wealth from waste." The Clinical Trial Registration number: (P17/FEB/2019).

Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases and Its Associated Economic Costs in India

Background: Non communicable diseases (NCD) are a rising problem worldwide and is a cause of public health concern in India too. These diseases result in high health care demand and are expensive especially in low resource settings. We studied the NCD burden estimates for India and its major states and the associated cost. Methods: The disease burden was estimated using DALYs (Disability Adjusted life years), the Years of Life lost (YLL) and Years lived in disability (YLD). National Sample Survey was used to calculate OOPE and CHE. Results: NCDs account for 16939 DALYs per 100,000 in India. About 50-70% of patients took treatment in private facilities. There is huge variation in the utilization of health facilities, disease burden and cost of treatment across the states. Karnataka had highest DALY rate of 25790 DALYs per 100,000 but Chandigarh showed highest mean OOPE of INR 63952 and Arunachal Pradesh showed the highest CHE of 47.7 percent. Conclusions: The economic burden of NCDs is notably high both in terms of OOPE and CHE and indicate variation across states in both diseases burden and economic burden. The findings highlight the need for improvement of NCD management programmes in socioeconomically lower states of India. Funding Information: No funds received for this research. Declaration of Interests: None declared.