Standard Cost Accounting Research Articles

Pendampingan Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Dan Penentuan Harga Jual Produk Umkm Nisda Cemilan Pangan Lokal

Determining the selling price of a product is very important for a company because it affects the profits and losses obtained by the company. Profits in a company are obtained from the selling price of the product which can cover the costs incurred in producing the product. Calculating the cost of production is a way to determine the right selling price for a company. The cost of production is the total costs incurred during the production process to process raw materials into products that are ready to be sold. The aim of this research is to determine the calculation of the cost of production of Egg Rolls at the UMKM Nisda Snacks Local Food calculations in determining the selling price of Egg Rolls. It is known that in calculating the cost of production, the company takes into account direct labor costs which are not in accordance with cost accounting standards and several other cost elements which are not taken into account in calculating the cost of production. The results of this research show that the cost of production of Egg Rolls at UMKM Nisda Local Food Snacks not yet in accordance with cost accounting standards so that the selling price set is lower than the selling price calculated according to cost accounting standards. The calculation of the cost of production carried out by UMKM Nisda Local Food Snacks is not yet detailed. The selling price calculation used by UMKM Nisda Snacks Local Food is also still not correct, which causes the company to experience deficiencies in charging the cost of production which has an impact on determining the selling price which is lower than what was actually expected. Keywords: Cost Accounting, Cost of Goods Production, Selling Price.

Analysing Cost Accounting Standards, Practices and Implementations: A Study on Some Selective Manufacturing Companies of Bangladesh

Research aim: This report aims to illustrate a true picture of cost accounting standard practices in different manufacturing organisations in Bangladesh. This article tries to analyse the views of diversified personnel engaged with the cost accounting standards directly or indirectly. Design/Methodology/Approach: The researchers use different statistical tests for this study. It is a quantitative study with a structured questionnaire used to conduct the survey. For analysing the statistical tests, the authors use Microsoft Excel and SPSS 26 along with a three-point Likert scale. Research finding: The results of this study show that most manufacturing organisations operating in Bangladesh practise the Bangladesh Cost Accounting Standards (BCAS). Most of the employees working in manufacturing organisations are familiar with BCAS. This study also finds that BCAS helps in determining costs more accurately and appropriately. This paper further identifies the factors responsible for not implementing BCAS in manufacturing organisations, and lists these firms’ future plans regarding BCAS. The role of Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Bangladesh (ICMAB) in implementing the standards is also identified here. Theoretical contribution/Originality: This paper will assist researchers and policymakers as well as concerned authorities in getting an overview on the practice and implementation of BCAS in relevant manufacturing organisations. Practitioner/Policy implication: This paper will help manufacturing organisations recognise the significance of practising and implementing BCAS. Research limitation: The small sample size is a substantial limitation of this study. However, future research can be done with a larger data set from different sources.

Pendampingan Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Dan Harga Jual Pada Rumah Tempe Indonesia

One of the problems that is often faced by UMKM is the calculation of production time which makes management look bad. The calculation of the cost of production is very helpful in determining the selling price of a product, so the company must calculate the cost of production first. After the cost of production is obtained, the company can determine the selling price of the products sold to customers. Determining the selling price that is not right can cause losses if the selling price is too low and cannot cover the production costs that have been incurred . The location that is the object of this review is Rumah Tempe Indonesia. This research is expected to provide an overview of the calculation of the cost of goods manufactured and the determination of the selling price correctly in accordance with applicable accounting rules. Rumah Tempe Indonesia (RTI) is one of the UMKM engaged in the tempe processing industry which is owned by KOPTI Bogor Regency. The results of this review indicate that the cost of production of tempe bacem according to Rumah Tempe Indonesia is not in accordance with cost accounting standards so that the selling price is set lower than the selling price calculated according to cost accounting standards. The calculation of the cost of production carried out by Rumah Tempe Indonesia is not yet detailed, so the profit generated is not maximized. The calculation of the selling price used by Rumah Tempe Indonesia is also not correct because the price set is in accordance with market competition prices while the selling price calculation is according to accounting standards which is higher than the calculation of Rumah Tempe Indonesia. Keywords: Cost, Cost of Production, Selling Price

Review of the Calculations Cost of Production and Selling Price in Rumah Tempe Indonesia

One of the problems that is often faced by MSMEs is the calculation of production time which makes management look bad. The calculation of the cost of production is very helpful in determining the selling price of a product, so the company must calculate the cost of production first. After the cost of production is obtained, the company can determine the selling price of the products sold to customers. Determining the selling price that is not right can cause losses if the selling price is too low and cannot cover the production costs that have been incurred. The location that is the object of this review is Rumah Tempe Indonesia. This research is expected to provide an overview of the calculation of the cost of goods manufactured and the determination of the selling price correctly in accordance with applicable accounting rules. Rumah Tempe Indonesia (RTI) is one of the MSMEs involved in the tempe processing industry which is owned by KOPTI Bogor Regency. The results of this review indicate that the cost of production of tempe bacem according to Rumah Tempe Indonesia is not in accordance with cost accounting standards so that the selling price is set lower than the selling price calculated according to cost accounting standards. The calculation of the cost of production carried out by Rumah Tempe Indonesia is not yet detailed, so the profit generated is not maximized. The calculation of the selling price used by Rumah Tempe Indonesia is also not correct because the price set is in accordance with market competition prices while the selling price calculation is according to accounting standards which is higher than the calculation of Rumah Tempe Indonesia

Application of Cost Accounting Standards in Manufacturing Industries and Challenges

Application of Cost Accounting Standards in Manufacturing Industries and Challenges

PERANCANGAN SISTEM PENENTUAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI PADA UKM ACCURA PRODUCTION JAMBI

Accura Production is a small or medium enterprise (SME) engaged in printing, digital printing and convection. This company determines the selling price of products based on estimates, so the selling price of the product may be too high or low because currently the cost of goods calculation does not cover all cost elements incurred in production costs. The purpose of this research is to design a system for determining the cost of goods manufactured in accordance with cost accounting standards. The data collection method was done by interview, observation and literature study. The data analysis technique uses the Waterfall system development method and the determination of the cost of production uses the full costing method. Programming language using PHP and database using MySQL, and system design using DFD. The result of this research is that there is a system currently being developed which is useful to reduce the occurrence of production cost calculation errors because the system designed will display all elements of production costs so that it is monitored more quickly, accurately, and in detail.

Perbandingan Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Berdasarkan Metode Full Costing Vs Variable Costing Pada Produksi Sambel Pecel

Manufacturing company is a company that processes raw goods into semifinished or finished goods. In manufacturing companies to determine the selling price does not escape from the calculation of the cost of production which is appropriate and in accordance with cost accounting standards. PT. Indramukti Segara is a fast food company that comes from natural ingredients. Products produced by PT. Indramukti Segara includes: pecel sauce and fried onions. Calculation of cost of goods manufactured by PT. Indramukti Segara is not right to determine the selling price, because the company only calculates the material used multiplied by the price of the material. On this occasion the author analyzes the cost of production in accordance with the Cost Accounting standard and conducts a comparison between two methods, namely: the full costing method and the variable costing method. The purpose of this study is to compare the cost of production using the full cost and variable costs method. The data collected comes from the results of interviews with the Production Administration, Sambel Pecel production supervisor, and employees of Sambel production at PT. Indramukti Segara. Data obtained includes data on raw material expenditure, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs that are fixed and variable. Based on the comparison of the calculation of Cost of Production between the full cost method and variable costs there are differences, because the full cost method calculates all costs that are fixed and variable while the variable cost method only calculates costs that are variable in nature.

Government Procurement and Changes in Firm Transparency

ABSTRACT The government requires its suppliers to have certain internal information processes to reduce uncertainty about their ability to fulfill their commitments. I argue that these requirements improve suppliers' internal information, which leads to better external reporting. Using a dataset of U.S. government contracts, I find a positive relation between government contract awards and firms' external reporting quality. Consistent with procurement-related requirements driving this relation, I find that firms improve their external reporting when they begin contracting with the government, and that the magnitude of the improvement varies predictably with contract characteristics imposing greater requirements on contractors' internal information processes. Finally, I use the establishment of the Cost Accounting Standards Board in 1970 as a shock to contractors' internal information requirements, and find greater improvements in external reporting among firms subject to the CASB. Overall, these results suggest that the government as a customer contributes to shaping firms' information environments.

Government Procurement and Changes in Firm Transparency

The government requires its suppliers to have certain internal information processes to reduce uncertainty about their ability to fulfill their commitments. I argue that these requirements improve suppliers’ internal information, which leads to better external reporting. Using a dataset of U.S. government contracts, I find a positive relation between government contract awards and firms’ external reporting quality. Consistent with procurement-related requirements driving this relation, I find that firms improve their external reporting when they begin contracting with the government, and that the magnitude of the improvement varies predictably with contract characteristics imposing greater requirements on contractors’ internal information processes. Finally, I use the establishment of the Cost Accounting Standards Board in 1970 as a shock to contractors’ internal information requirements, and find greater improvements in external reporting among firms subject to the CASB. Overall, these results suggest that the government as a customer contributes to shaping firms’ information environments.

Cross-National Differences in Cost Accounting of MNEs: Empirical Evidence from Anglophone Subsidiaries in Germany

ABSTRACTAnecdotal evidence shows that multinational enterprises (MNEs) encounter difficulty in imposing their cost-accounting standards internationally because foreign subsidiaries prefer to follow their local cost-accounting traditions. Although prior research has revealed cross-national differences in management accounting, particularly between anglophone and German-speaking countries, the determinants and consequences for cost-accounting systems in foreign subsidiaries of MNEs are largely unexplored. This study therefore investigates the design of cost-accounting systems in German subsidiaries of anglophone MNEs. The empirical results reveal that anglophone cost-accounting traditions prevail in two-thirds of anglophone subsidiaries. Based on new institutional sociology, this study explores the determinants and identifies strong coercive pressures by anglophone parent companies, suggesting that anglophone MNEs standardize their cost-accounting systems globally using their home country cost-accounting traditions. The results also show that both management accountants and managers in German subsidiaries of anglophone MNEs assess their cost-accounting system as worse when it is shaped by anglophone traditions. Managerial implications are discussed.

経営環境の変化と「原価計算基準」 : 「原価計算基準」改訂の論点

経営環境の変化と「原価計算基準」 : 「原価計算基準」改訂の論点

経済モデル,会計基準,原価計算理論から見た「原価計算基準」の問題点

経済モデル,会計基準,原価計算理論から見た「原価計算基準」の問題点

間接費配賦計算からみた『原価計算基準』への提言

間接費配賦計算からみた『原価計算基準』への提言

『原価計算基準』のレレバンス・リゲインに向けて

『原価計算基準』のレレバンス・リゲインに向けて

Cost Savings and Patient Experiences of a Clinic-Based, Wide-Awake Hand Surgery Program at a Military Medical Center: A Critical Analysis of the First 100 Procedures

Wide-awake, local anesthesia, no tourniquet (WALANT) hand surgery was developed to improve access to hand surgery care while optimizing medical resources. Hand surgery in the clinic setting may result in substantial cost savings for the United States Military Health Care System (MHS) and provide a safe alternative to performing similar procedures in the operating room. A prospective cohort study was performed on the first 100 consecutive clinic-based WALANT hand surgery procedures performed at a military medical center from January 2014 to September 2015 by a single hand surgeon. Cost savings analysis was performed by using the Medical Expense and Performance Reporting System, the standard cost accounting system for the MHS, to compare procedures performed in the clinic versus the operating room during the study period. A study specific questionnaire was obtained for 66 procedures to evaluate the patient's experience. For carpal tunnel release (n= 34) and A1 pulley release (n= 33), there were 85% and 70% cost savings by having the procedures performed in clinic under WALANT compared with the main operating room, respectively. During the study period, carpal tunnel release, A1 pulley release, and de Quervain release performed in the clinic instead of the operating room amounted to $393,100 in cost savings for the MHS. There were no adverse events during the WALANT procedure. A clinic-based WALANT hand surgery program at a military medical center results in considerable cost savings for the MHS. Economic/Decision Analysis IV.

Japanese Management Accounting: An Overview of Current Methods and Practices

This paper provides scholars and practicing accountants a comprehensive and objective picture of current Japanese management accounting methods and practices. The picture is comprised of discussions of three fields related to specific aspects of organizations (corporate-level management methods and practices, front-line management accounting methods and practices and management accounting methods and practices at small and medium-sized enterprises), as well as the pervasive changes to all organizations due to information and communication technology (ICT) and disclosure rule changes.Firstly, we discuss the development and status of corporate-level management methods and practices used by large Japanese companies. Corporate-level management accounting methods and practices discussed include planning and budgeting, hoshin kanri, the balanced scorecard, performance management, and compensation management. Second, we move to topics of front-line management accounting methods and practices often observed in Japan. The topics include the relationship between management accounting and Cost Accounting Standards, JIT production and business continuity management (BCM) and quality control. Third, since a majority of companies in Japan are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), we discuss current use of management accounting methods and practices at SMEs.In the past decades, management accounting practices in Japan have changed markedly by adapting to innovations in information and communication technology (ICT). More recently, revised disclosure rules also caused significant changes to Japanese management accounting practices. Thus, throughout this paper, we examine the impacts of ICT and new disclosure rules to Japanese management accounting practices.The knowledge and analysis in this study provide an insightful basis for the improvement and development of managerial accounting methods and practices.

Cost Savings, Safety, and Patient Satisfication of a Clinic-Based Wide Awake Hand Surgery Practice: A Critical Review of the First 100 Procedures.: Level 2 Evidence

Speakers Bureau: Trimed Inc.(Rhee) Wide awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) hand surgery was developed to improve access to hand surgery care while optimizing medical resources. Hand surgery in the clinic setting may result in substantial cost savings and provide a safe alternative to performing similar procedures in the operating room. A prospective cohort study was performed on the first 100 consecutive clinic-based WALANT hand surgery procedures performed at a military medical center from January 2014 to September 2015 by a single hand surgeon. Cost savings analysis was performed by utilizing the Medical Expense & Performance Reporting System (MEPRS), the standard cost accounting system for the military healthcare system (MHS), to compare procedures performed in the clinic versus the operating room during the study period. Utilizing a study-specific questionnaire, patient satisfaction, pain, and perioperative anxiety analyses were performed. The WALANT procedures consisted of carpal tunnel release (CTR, n = 34), A1 pulley release (APR, n = 33), de Quervain release (dQR, n = 4), hardware or foreign body removal (n = 14), phalangeal fracture pin fixation (n = 9), tendon repairs (n = 3), nail horn excisions (n = 2), and extensor carpi ulnar debridement (n = 1). For CTR and APR alone, there was an 85% and 70% cost savings by having the procedures performed in clinic under WALANT compared to the main operating room (OR), respectively. During the 21-month study period, CTR, APR, and dQR performed in the clinic, instead of the OR, amounted to $393,099.53 in cost savings for the MHS. Overall, 94% (62 of 66) of patients stated that they would choose WALANT again for a subsequent procedure. For 71% (47 of 66) of patients, the perioperative pain was less than a dental procedure and the mean anxiety levels (10 being the worst amount of anxiety) before, during, and after the procedures were 2.8 ± 3.4, 2.4 ± 3.2, and 0.4 ± 1.0 respectively. There were 3 complications; however, none were attributable to the WALANT procedure. •A clinic-based WALANT hand surgery program results in considerable cost savings.•Performing clinic-based WALANT hand surgery is safe without any increase in complications attributed to the WALANT procedure.•Patients tolerate the WALANT procedures well with low peri-operative pain and anxiety.•Patient satisfaction is high for clinic-based WALANT hand surgery.

Introducing Diagnosis-Related Groups in Kazakhstan: Evolution, achievements, and challenges

In 2012, Kazakhstan introduced Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs), as part of a package of reforms which sought to contain costs and to improve efficiency and transparency in the health system; but the main challenge was to design and implement a DRG system in just one year.In 2011–2012, Kazakhstan developed its own DRG system. Initially 180 DRGs were defined to group inpatient cases but this number was subsequently expanded to more than 400. Because of time limits, the cost weights had to be derived in the absence of existing standard hospital cost accounting systems, and a national patient data transfer system also needed developing. Most importantly, huge efforts were needed to develop a regulatory framework and build up DRG capabilities at a national level.The implementation of DRGs was facilitated by strong political will for their introduction as part of a coherent package of health reforms, and consolidated efforts to build capacity. DRGs are now the key payment mechanism for hospitals. However the reforms are not fully institutionalized: the DRG structure is continuously being refined in a context of data limitations, and the revision of cost weights is most affected by insufficient data and the lack of standardized reporting mechanisms. Capacity around DRG coding is also still being developed.Countries planning to introduce DRG systems should be aware of the challenges in moving too quickly to implement DRGs as the main hospital reimbursement mechanism.

Cost Accounting Standards (Draft)

Cost Accounting Standards (Draft)

Profitability and Cost Shifting in Government Procurement Contracts

We examine whether contractors with cost plus contracts earn a higher profit, and whether the higher profit is associated with cost shifting behavior, using a unique set of data of federal procurement contracts between the years 2005 and 2010. Prior research often examines government contractor profitability without differentiating the contract types, which is a key determinant to the contractor’s ability to cost-shift. We identify firms that are awarded with cost plus contracts in some years and without in other years. We find their profitability significantly increases during the years that cost plus contracts are awarded. We also find that these firms exhibit greater discretionary expenditures during the years with cost plus contracts, relative to the years without, which is consistent with cost shifting behavior. However, effective monitoring through the Cost Accounting Standards helps mitigate such behavior.