Cosmetic Fields Research Articles

Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Activity of 2-Amino Substituted Halochalcone N-Glycoside Derivative Compounds

Introduction: The aim of this study was to specify the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity synthesized 2-amino substituted halochalcone N-glycoside derivative compounds. Methods: The antioxidant capacity of synthesized compounds (1-4) was determined by cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Antimicrobial activity was determined on 9 microorganism by agar well diffusion method.Results: According to the study results, compound 3 showed the highest antioxidant activity. The compound 3 showed antimicrobial activity against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans while compound 4 showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus.Conclusion: 2-amino substituted halochalcone N-glycoside derivative compounds could be evaluated in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential.

Study on HPLC fingerprint of Saposhnikovia divaricata lipophilic components and anti-aging effects

Saposhnikovia divaricata is commonly used in clinical practice as a heat-clearing and detoxifying traditional Chinese medicine. Current research on Saposhnikovia divaricata has mostly focused on chromones, while studies on its lipophilic parts remain scarce. In this study, samples of the lipophilic components of Saposhnikovia divaricata (SDL) from different regions in China were collected to establish an HPLC fingerprint. The quality of SDL was evaluated through chemical pattern recognition and multi-component content determination. Furthermore, using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model, the anti-aging ability of SDL was preliminarily studied. In the HPLC fingerprints of 11 batches of SDL, 19 common peaks were identified, and 4 components were characterized as follows: peak 14, linolenic acid (ALA); peak 15, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); peak 16, linoleic acid (LA); peak 17, oleic acid (OA). The similarity of the fingerprint ranged from 0.704 to 0.929. The results indicate that the content of ALA, DHA, LA, and OA are 0.040–0.440 mg/g, 0.003–0.116 mg/g, 1.047–6.460 mg/g, and 0.040–0.294 mg/g, respectively. HCA analysis divided 11 batches of SDL into two categories, and PCA analysis extracted 6 principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 85.91%. The anti-aging ability of the SDL was proved by measuring the lifespan, reproductive capacity, body length, mobility, lipofuscin content, and heat stress resistance of C. elegans. The combination of high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint and chemical pattern recognition for multi-component content determination is a reliable, comprehensive, and promising evaluation of the quality of SDL. The confirmation of SDL’s anti-aging ability provides the possibility for the research of Saposhnikovia divaricata in the field of healthy food and cosmetics.

Stability and efficacy of pterostilbene nanoliposomes in cosmetic applications: A comprehensive study

Pterostilbene (PT), a lipid-soluble polyphenol known for its antioxidant, anticancer, and various other biological properties, holds potential as an active ingredient in cosmetics for its anti-wrinkle and skin-whitening effects. However, its application is limited by its low water solubility and poor penetration through the stratum corneum. To address these limitations, this study initially prepared Pterostilbene nanoliposomes (PT-NLPs) using a high shear-microjet homogenization treatment method, because of the distinctive hydrophilic and hydrophilic properties of the liposomes. The stability under different storage conditions of the PT-NLPs was evaluated by investigating the alterations of the particle size, PDI, Zeta potential and surface morphology, combined with the test results of Lumisizer stability analyzer. Finally, the comprehensive performance of PT-NLPs was evaluated through in vitro dermal and transdermal testing, human testing, and instrument testing. The results showed that the PT-NLPs treated by the high shear-microjet homogenisation method proposed in this paper possessed a 1.7-fold increase in the retention performance compared with the free PT solution, and no penetration occurred on the blood-brain barrier, indicating that PT-NLPs would not cause toxicity to the organism. The human efficacy evaluation found that the PT-NLPs whitening serum could improve skin dullness, brighten skin tone, and improve skin sensitivity after 14 days of use. The high shear-microjet homogenisation method proposed in this paper for the treatment of PT-NLPs improved the transdermal delivery properties of PT. The process has a broad application prospect in the fields of medicine and cosmetics.

Novel Applications of CE-ICP-MS/MS: Monitoring of Antiaging GHK-Cu Cosmetic Component Encapsulation in Liposomes.

The hyphenation of the separation technique with the high-sensitive mass spectrometry detection is one of the driving forces of modern analysis enabling measurements in complex matrices. In particular, capillary electrophoresis coupled to inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry allows for speciation analysis of selected analytes with a superior resolution. The mild, physiological-friendly conditions of this separation technique offer the unique advantage of analyzing chemical entities in their intact form, which has been successfully exploited in various areas. Herein, we report the pioneering application of such a hyphenated technique in the cosmetic field to investigate the encapsulation of copper tripeptide complex (GHK-Cu) in liposomes. By monitoring copper and phosphorus signals, the formation of liposomes via a simple ethanol injection method was confirmed, and the concentration of GHK-Cu in the liposomes was assessed. The application of coupling of capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS/MS) in cosmetic studies could lead to the development of diverse liposomal formulations with preferential properties and expand their accessibility.

An Overview of Multifaceted Applications and the Future Prospects of Glyceroglycolipids in Plants.

Glyceroglycolipids (GGLs) are a class of lipid molecules that contain a glycerol backbone and one or more carbohydrate moieties, giving them amphipathic properties with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. This amphipathic nature is fundamental for composing cell membrane lipid bilayers. These compounds are primarily distributed on the inner chloroplast membranes of plants and exhibit a unique structure with numerous biological activities. Moreover, GGLs play a pivotal role in photosynthesis and energy conversion in plants and effectively respond to environmental stressors. This Review discusses the distribution, synthesis pathways, and functions of GGLs in plants and describes the recent updates on various methods for extracting, isolating, and identifying GGLs. Finally, this Review discusses the biological activities of plant GGLs, including their anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties, and highlights their potential applications in the fields of pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics. This Review provides insights into GGLs, offering research support for the application of these natural molecules in the realm of holistic health.

Skin Tone Analysis Through Skin Tone Map Generation With Optical Approach and Deep Learning.

Skin tone assessment is critical in both cosmetic and medical fields, yet traditional methods like the individual typology angle (ITA) have limitations, such as sensitivity to illuminants and insensitivity to skinredness. This study introduces an automated image-based method for skin tone mapping by applying optical approaches and deep learning. The method generates skin tone maps by leveraging the illuminant spectrum, segments the skin region from face images, and identifies the corresponding skin tone on the map. The method was evaluated by generating skin tone maps under three standard illuminants (D45, D65, and D85) and comparing the results with those obtained using ITA on skin tone simulationimages. The results showed that skin tone maps generated under the same lighting conditions as the image acquisition (D65) provided the highest accuracy, with a color difference of around 6, which is more than twice as small as those observed under other illuminants. The mapping positions also demonstrated a clear correlation with pigment levels. Compared to ITA, the proposed approach was particularly effective in distinguishing skin tones related toredness. Despite the need to measure the illuminant spectrum and for further physiological validation, the proposed approach shows potential for enhancing skin tone assessment. Its ability to mitigate the effects of illuminants and distinguish between the two dominant pigments offers promising applications in both cosmetic and medicaldiagnostics.

Bioinformatics Tools Assist in The Screening of Potential Porcine-Specific Peptide Biomarkers of Gelatin and Collagen For Halal Authentication

Gelatin and collagen are two animal-derived ingredients that are widely used in various industries. Both have distinctive physico-chemical characteristic that made them ingredients of interest for many industrial players to be applied as there are vast arrays of usage in the food, cosmetic and biomedical fields. However, the origin of gelatin and collagen poses ethical and religious concerns, especially for Muslims and Jews who have restrictions on food consumption. Porcine by-products are of concern for religious and health reasons, and there is a demand for precise and reliable detection techniques. The limitation of DNA detection is due to extreme environment in food processing which results in low extractability of DNA. Therefore, peptide-based detection using mass spectrometry is required. However, identify the suitable marker is like searching needle in haystacks. Hence, combination of bioinformatics and mass spectrometry is proposed. This study aims to identify the specific peptide biomarkers by employing bioinformatics technique which can be applied to identify gelatin and collagen sources with the aid of mass spectrometry. In these approach, combination of Petunia Trans-Proteomic Pipeline (TPP, version 5.2.0) and sequence alignment ClustalW were applied to facilitate the MS data (LC-QTOF-MS) and peptide identification. As a result, 69 fasta file of protein sequence from both UniProtKB and NCBInr have been collected, 81 collagen peptides sequence and 118 gelatine peptides has been attainable that have the potential to distinguish different species. In conclusion, in silico protein sequence approaches helps to enable rapid screening of proteotypic peptides that can serve as species biomarkers proficiently.

Preparation and characterization of novel antioxidant peptides from protein hydrolysate of Ophiocordyceps gracilis

Ophiocordyceps gracilis is a type of fungus commonly utilized in both health food and Chinese medicine. Herein, we prepared antioxidant hydrolysate from O. gracilis, and isolated and purified the prepared hydrolysate to obtain O. gracilis peptides-4–3–1 (OGP-4–3–1) grade with the highest scavenging activity on DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radicals. Three new peptides with high antioxidant capacity were identified as LFNHF, PLDRHPF and YPFLRPL, respectively. The three peptides can reduce the proportion of senescent cells conveying positive expression of senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) and increase survival pace of H2O2-induced human hepatocellular carcinomas (HepG2 cells), and the protective effects on cellular against senescence might be related to their increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, as well as the decrease in the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The molecular docking results indicated that they could form durable hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds with critical amino acid residues of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), which could potentially modulate pathway of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in conjunction with Keap1. In conclusion, the current research offers a theoretical foundation for the further development of the anti-aging effect of OGP, which has a broad application prospect in the fields of functional food and cosmetics.

Efficient whole-cell biosynthesis of D-mannose by recombinant Bacillus subtilis

D-mannose is a natural hexose with great economic and application values in the food, medicine, and cosmetic fields. However, most biosynthesis methods of D-mannose rely on Escherichia coli as the host, which poses safety issues during the production process and imposes limitations on subsequent applications. This study compared the enzyme properties of mannose isomerases from multiple sources to select the most suitable source. B. subtilis 168/pMA5-EcMIaseA was constructed with "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) Bacillus subtilis as the host and used as a whole-cell catalyst to synthesize D-mannose from d-fructose. Optimizing the conversion conditions such as culture temperature, pH, and substrate concentration increased the yield of D-mannose. The results showed that the conversion rates reached 27.75% and 27.22% and the yields of D-mannose were 138.74 g/L and 163.30 g/L after 6 h whole-cell transformation with d-fructose at the concentrations of 500 g/L and 600 g/L, respectively, in a 5 L fermentor. This study achieves the highest yield of D-mannose produced under the catalysis by recombinant B. subtilis that has ever been reported and provides a basis for the industrial production and application of D-mannose.

Analysis and Modelling for Industrial Energy Efficiency in the Cosmetics Industry: A Real Industrial Case in an Italian Manufacturing Company

Economic and environmental issues translating into energy costs and pollution within the production environment are increasingly attracting attention. Industrial Energy Efficiency (IEE) is gaining ever-higher importance within production environments. Since cosmetic consumers and companies are becoming increasingly sensitive to sustainability, the cosmetic field is working to reduce the environmental and social impact along the whole supply chain. Furthermore, IEE actions in business processes can lead to several medium- and long-term economic and environmental benefits. This paper is the first work in the literature presenting a real-case application of energy analysis and modeling to achieve better energy performances in a cosmetics production process. Thus, in the body of knowledge, it contributes by providing a real case of good practice to be benchmarked for future IEE interventions in cosmetics manufacturing processes. The work has been conducted by analyzing the production process’s energy consumption and developing an energy model of a selected machine (i.e., a turbo-emulsifier). The analysis and modeling performed aimed at assessing the different operational phases of the machine and evaluating the different behaviors of the data. Finally, the results allowed us to propose possible improvements to be applied to the production process to achieve better energy performances.

Structure-activity relationships and activity enhancement techniques of marine bioactive peptides (MBPs).

Marine bioactive peptides (MBPs) are a type of natural compound with a variety of bioactivities, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antihypertensive. Due to a wide range of sources, low toxicity, and high specificity, MBPs have now received extensive attention in the fields of food, medicine, and cosmetics. The structure of MBPs determines their biological activities. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the relationship between the structure and bioactivity of MBPs. Because of the advantages of mild conditions, high specificity, safety, and environmental friendliness, enzymatic hydrolysis has become the most commonly used method to produce MBPs. However, the high cost and low yield of enzymatic methods have motivated researchers to search for alternative technologies. Novel pretreatments like ultrasound, microwave, high hydrostatic pressure, and pulsed electric fields have been employed in the production of MBPs. By inducing protein unfolding and increasing enzymatic cleavage sites, these techniques have been demonstrated to accelerate protein hydrolysis and enhance the biological activity of MBPs. This article reviews recent research advances on marine-derived protein hydrolysates and peptides, discusses the relationship between their biological activity and structure, and compares the mechanisms of action of different novel technologies used to promote protein hydrolysis and enhance the biological activity of MBPs. In addition, the current challenges facing the development and application of MBPs are outlined and possible future work in tackling these challenges is also suggested in the current review. It is hoped that this review can promote further development and application of marine active substances.

Senescence Rejuvenation through Reduction in Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Polygonum cuspidatum Extract: In Vitro Evidence.

Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the major causes of senescence. Strategies to reduce ROS are known to be important factors in reversing senescence, but effective strategies have not been found. In this study, we screened substances commonly used as cosmetic additives to find substances with antioxidant effects. Polygonum cuspidatum (P. cuspidatum) extract significantly reduced ROS levels in senescent cells. A novel mechanism was discovered in which P. cuspidatum extract reduced ROS, a byproduct of inefficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), by increasing OXPHOS efficiency. The reduction in ROS by P. cuspidatum extract restored senescence-associated phenotypes and enhanced skin protection. Then, we identified polydatin as the active ingredient of P. cuspidatum extract that exhibited antioxidant effects. Polydatin, which contains stilbenoid polyphenols that act as singlet oxygen scavengers through redox reactions, increased OXPHOS efficiency and subsequently restored senescence-associated phenotypes. In summary, our data confirmed the effects of P. cuspidatum extract on senescence rejuvenation and skin protection through ROS reduction. This novel finding may be used as a treatment in senescence rejuvenation in clinical and cosmetic fields.

Bacterial Pigments as a Promising Alternative to Synthetic Colorants: From Fundamentals to Applications.

Pigments find widespread application in the fields of food, medicine, textiles, and cosmetics. At present, synthetic colorants dominate the global pigment market. However, the environmental and health hazards associated with synthetic colorants have spurred extensive research on eco-friendly and safe alternatives. Natural pigments are particularly intriguing for meeting consumer demands and sustainable development, as they not only exhibit various vibrant color shades without discernible toxic side effects but also offer additional healthful features such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral properties compared with their synthetic counterparts. Among natural sources, bacterial strains share distinct advantages for large-scale pigment production because of their intrinsic robustness of cellular metabolic systems. This review comprehensively outlines the bacterial sources, extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, biological activities, and potential applications of typical pigments, including but not limited to violacein, indigoidine, melanin, carotenoids, prodigiosin, and rhodopsin. Additionally, it underscores the primary obstacles to the development and production of bacterial pigments for commercial applications, discussing feasible strategies for overcoming production bottlenecks. This work also provides valuable insights for the scientific and rational advancement of bacterial pigment development.

Effects of classical and organomineral fertilizer applications on pollen quality and quantity in gemlik olive cultivar

Olive is one of the important plants worldwide in terms of economic and cultural conditions. It is used in fresh consumption, olive oil, cosmetic and pharmaceutic fields and unique numinous plants. Olive can maintain its life for many years even in barren conditions but for an economic cultivation, fertile and preferred cultivars should be used in orchards and optimum maintenance conditions should be provided. At the same time the climate change is also convert the usual behavior of the plants. This study aims to determine the effects of classic and organomineral fertilizers on pollen quality and quantity parameters. In this study, classical fertilizers like Urea+MgSO4 and KNO3+H3BO3+ZnSO4 with Raykat Start, Raykat Growth and Fitomare organomineral fertilizers were sprayed foliarly before flowering on Gemlik olive cultivar and pollen studies were conducted on the flowers formed at full flowering. Within the study, effects of the treatments were evaluated on pollen viability and germination levels, the amount of pollen produced in one flower and the normally developed pollen ratio. As a result of this study, fertilization treatments positively affected pollen quality and quantity with regard to control treatment. In this context, the pollen viability level differed between 74.15% and 89.92%, the pollen germination level between 45.48% and 70.35% and pollen per flower was between 307.238 and 446.761. The lowest data were obtained from control treatments, while the highest were from Raykat group fertilizers. Especially, the 54% increase in pollen germination level with Raykat growth fertilization was one of the most important results of this study. In conclusion, it was determined that the foliar spray of organomineral fertilizers enhanced the pollen properties. Raykat Start, Raykat Growth and Fitomare organomineral fertilizers used in this study significantly increased pollen quality and quantity.

Counterfeit Cosmetics Perception Among Muslim Government Servants in Wisma Persekutuan Kota Bharu, Kelantan

The objective of this study is to determine if there is a notable disparity in the perception among Muslim consumers regarding counterfeit cosmetic items in Wisma Persekutuan Kota Bharu based on their level of religiosity and brand consciousness. A total of 219 questionnaires were gathered from Muslim government servants residing in Wisma Persekutuan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan through the simple random sampling technique, and the data were then subsequently examined using SPSS software. The study's results indicated a notable correlation between brand consciousness and the impression of Muslim government servants in Wisma Persekutuan Kota Bharu regarding counterfeit cosmetics. Additionally, the results indicated that there is no significant correlation between religiosity in relation to the attitude of Muslim government servants in Wisma Persekutuan Kota Bharu regarding counterfeit cosmetics. This study enhances the existing literature pertaining to the research in the field of Halal cosmetics and offers valuable insights to authorities regarding the perception of counterfeit cosmetic products among Muslim consumers. These findings can assist authorities in improving the regulation of the halal cosmetic industry.

Pickering Foam Stabilized by Diacylglycerol-Based Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Effect of Protein Modification.

Pickering foams have great potential for applications in aerated foods, but their foaming ability and physical stability are still far from satisfactory. Herein, solid lipid particles (SLNs) were fabricated by using diacylglycerol of varying acyl chain lengths with modification by a protein. The SLNs showed different crystal polymorphisms and air-water interfacial activity. C14-DAG SLN with a contact angle ∼ 79° formed aqueous foam with supreme stability and high plasticity. Whey protein isolate and sodium caseinate (0.1 wt %) considerably enhanced the foamability and interfacial activity of SLNs and promoted the packing of particles at the bubble surface. However, high protein concentration caused foam destruction due to the competitive adsorption effect. β-sheet increased in protein after adsorption and changed the polymorphism and thermodynamic properties of SLN. The foam collapsing behaviors varied in the presence of protein. The results gave insights into fabricating ultrastable aqueous foams by using high-melting DAG particles. The obtained foams demonstrated good temperature sensitivity and plasticity, which showed promising application prospects in the food and cosmetic fields.

Extreme halophilic Archaea: Halobacterium salinarum carotenoids characterization and antioxidant properties

Important marine microorganisms are resources of renewable energy that may face global population growth and needs. The application of biomass metabolites, such as carotenoids and their derivatives, may solve some agro-food health problems. Herein, a new halophilic Archaea Halobacterium salinarum producing carotenoid was screened from a Tunisian solar Saltworks (Sfax). The identification of the carotenoid pigments was carried out using HPLC-MS/MS. The predominant pigments produced by this Halobacterium were bacterioruberin and its derivatives and the carotenoids production was found to be of 21.51 mg/mL. Moreover, the data revealed that the carotenoids extract exhibited a high antioxidant activity across four oxidizing assays. The present results suggested that carotenoids extracted from halophilic Archaea are interesting sources of natural antioxidants for future innovative applications in agro-food, cosmetic and health fields.

Research on the damage and wound repair of cornea by GO and ZnO

Objective The widespread use of nanoparticles in recent years has increased the risk of ocular exposure. zinc oxide (ZnO) is widely used in the field of cosmetics because of its unique chemical properties. The application of graphene oxide (GO) as an emerging nanomaterial in the field of eye drops is also gradually emerging. Currently, research on ZnO and GO eye exposure mainly focuses on application or toxicity to optic nerve cells. There’s less study on corneal wound healing effects. and the previous research hasn’t compared ZnO and GO corneal toxicity. Methods We systematically established a complete chain study of in vitro and in vivo experiments and mouse corneal injury model, and comprehensively evaluated the ocular safety and toxicity of ZnO and GO. Results We found that 50 ug/mL GO and 0.5 ug/mL ZnO can reduce human corneal epithelial cells (HCEpiC) viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Short-term repeated exposure to ZnO can cause sterile inflammation of the cornea with concentration-dependence, while GO have not been significantly altered. 50 ug/mL ZnO could significantly delay the healing of corneal wounds, while GO did not change wound healing. Conclusion The toxic effect of ZnO is higher than that of GO. Inflammatory signal transduction, oxidative stress and apopnano zitosis are involved in the ocular toxicity injury process of nanoparticles. Research can provide a judgement basis for people’s eye health and eye protection risk control.

Transdermal characteristic study of bovine sialoglycoproteins with anti-skin aging and accelerating skin wound healing.

Sialoglycoproteins play important roles in various biological processes, including cell adhesion, immune response, and cell signaling. Our previous studies indicated that the bovine sialoglycoproteins could be developed as a reagent against skin aging and as a new candidate for accelerating skin wound healing as well as inhibiting scar formation. However, transdermal characteristic of the bovine sialoglycoproteins is still unknown. This study investigated the transdermal permeation of the bovine sialoglycoproteins through porcine skin using the Franz diffusion cell method. Our study showed that the bovine sialoglycoproteins could penetrate through the porcine skin with a linear permeation pattern described by the regression equation N% = 11.49 t-3.858, with a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9903). The histochemical results demonstrated the widespread distribution of the bovine sialoglycoproteins between the epidermal and dermal layers, which suggesting parts of the bovine sialoglycoproteins had ability to traverse the epidermal barrier. The results of the lectin microarrays indicated highly enriched glycopatterns on the bovine sialoglycoproteins, which also appeared in permeated porcine skin. The LC-MS/MS analysis further showed that the bovine sialoglycoproteins were composed of approximately 100 proteins with molecular weight ranging from 748.4 kDa to 10 kDa, and there were 23 specific bovine sialoglycoproteins with molecular weight ranging from 69.2 kDa to 10 kDa to be characterized in permeated porcine skin. Parts of the bovine sialoglycoproteins with molecular weight less than 69.2 kDa had ability to traverse the epidermal barrier. Understanding the permeation characteristics of the bovine sialoglycoproteins for developing innovative formulations with therapeutic benefits, contributing to advancements in cosmetic and dermatological fields.

Microencapsulation: A Review

A process known as "microencapsulation" forms thin wall material coverings around things, which can be gases, liquids, or even solids, and encases them in tiny particles. Small entities with an active ingredient known as the core material encased in a covering substance or embedded in a matrix structure are known as microencapsulated products, or micro particles. The overview includes information on encapsulating materials, preparation methods, the physics of release through the capsule wall, microcapsule characterization, and the many applications of microcapsules. The review, "State of Art of Microencapsulation of Microcapsule Preparation Process Technology," is a reputable resource on the creation, characteristics, and applications of novel small particles that are individually encapsulated. It also covers popular microencapsulation techniques and their benefits and drawbacks, as well as the broader applications of these techniques in the fields of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, food technologies, and textiles.