Cosmetic Changes Research Articles

Gait Analysis of the Donor Foot in Microsurgical Reconstruction of the Thumb

Clinical and step evaluations by a piezoelectric system board were performed in 54 patients who underwent microsurgical reconstruction of the thumb by great or second toe transfer. Forty-four patients were male and 10 were female. In 13 cases, the thumb was reconstructed by the Morrison wrap-around technique. In 27 cases, an extended variant of the Morrison technique was used in which the whole distal phalanx was harvested with skin and nail apparatus. Four patients were treated by great toe transfer and 10 were treated by second toe transfer. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 144 months. The group of patients treated by the wrap-around technique presented hallux rigidus in 38.5% of cases. The group of patients treated by the extended variant of the Morrison technique presented a lesser tendency to hallux rigidus but a clear reduction of the pushing phase of hallux. The group of patients treated by second toe transfer presented a third and fourth metatarsal bone overload that was confirmed by a statistical Wilcoxon test: overload was linked to a plantar hyperkeratosis at the third metatarsal (20%), fourth metatarsal (10%), or fifth metatarsal bone (20%). A claw deformity of the third and fourth toes was observed in 20% of these patients. The four patients who underwent microsurgical reconstruction of the thumb by great toe transfer exhibited an overload of central and lateral metatarsal bones. Second toe transfer is not associated with the functional or cosmetic changes seen in great toe transfer and is therefore preferred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Damage control : Media representation and responses to police deviance

This paper examines the processes and outcomes of the negotiation of public discourse between the police and the media when police organisations are called to account in public scandals. Using the 1992 television documentary Cop It Sweet as a case study, the paper describes the problems of police/Aborigines relations exposed in the film, the reaction within the police hierarchy, the attempt at damage control and the subsequent repair work carried out in tenns of improving police/minority relations. The role of the media as an agent of criminal justice reform and a mechanism for demanding police accountability is discussed in this context. It will be argued that scandals force police organisations to provide a credible account that deviance is under control. The consequences of scandals depend on the nature of the police organisation and its commitment to reform. Public discourse in relation to police deviance may provide an opportunity for police reformers to further their reform agenda, but in an organisation less committed to change, there is a danger that scapegoating, band-aid repair work and cosmetic changes may substitute for meaningful reform. The irony of police reform is that commitment to openness and accountability does not necessarily lead to a positive police image, but continual damage-control work by upper management in relation to scandals may lead to further cynicism and a hardening of the 'street cop' culture.

Breast conservation therapy: local tumor control in patients with pathologically clear margins who receive 5000 cGy breast irradiation without local boost.

A retrospective study was performed to determine the value of pathological evaluation of inked primary tumor specimen margins in the local control of patients with stage I and II breast cancer. In 150 patients with 153 invasive breast cancers, treatment involved surgical resection of the primary tumor, pathological determination of tumor-free inked specimen margins, and 5000 cGy whole breast radiation therapy (RT) without tumor bed RT local boost. This approach yielded an actuarial five-year local control rate of 95%. The local control rate was 96% for T-1 cases and 93% for T-2 cases. The local control rate was 96% for patients with clear margins achieved at initial resection and 94% for patients with clear margins achieved at re-excision. Among patients with clear margins at re-excision, the local control rate was 97% for those with no residual cancer and 88% for those with residual cancer. Patients with surgical margins clear by 3 mm or less had a local control rate of 92% at five years. Local control rates appear to be comparable to other breast conservation approaches which routinely employ local RT boosts. In omitting the local RT boost in patients with clear margins, the overall RT course will be briefer and the cosmetic changes associated with high-dose, large volume local RT boosts can be avoided.

Knowledge and attitudes of norplant among adolescent females

Study Objective: To evaluate adolescent females' knowledge and attitudes of the side effects of the Norplant System.Design: A prospective case control study was employed using multivariate statistical analyses.Setting: An outpatient specialty adolescent gynecology clinic in a rural southern state.Participants: Of the 213 females approached, 206 agreed to participate by providing written informed consent. However, data from only 192 of these 206 adolescents were subjected to statistical tests because data was missing from the other 14 subjects.Main Outcome Measures: Knowledge and attitudes of concern for visibility, general safety, skin discoloration, and irregular menses were used as outcome variables. Demographic and related variables such as sexual activity and race were employed as indicator variables.Results: Logistic regression analyses were conducted on each outcome variable after first completing bivariate analyses. Multivariate analyses found improved knowledge was significantly associated with those adolescents currently using Norplant, sexual activity, and positive history of pregnancy. This same analytic plan found that visibility concerns were most likely associated with higher income and sexually active female Norplant users; similar findings were found for general safety and irregular menses where both were associated with current Norplant use; and skin discoloration was only associated with prior pregnancy history.Conclusions: Our data suggest that knowledge among the general adolescent female population is poor. However, the adolescents who currently employ this contraceptive method possessed better knowledge and were more concerned with possible side effects. Thus, counseling detailing potential side effects and cosmetic changes should be given at each follow-up visit.

A Return to Managing Customer Relationships

Argues the need for banks to re‐create the “relationship banker”. Over the last 20 years development has been in making acquisitions, centralization and specialization in order to obtain the full benefits of automation. Increasing competition has produced a glut of “lifestyle” advertising to segment customer bases, but these may be widely regarded as only cosmetic changes. Recommends the need to create a corporate culture based on satisfying or exceeding customer expectations. A centralized structure may still operate as a transmission‐and transaction‐processing “factory”; a parallel less cumbersome structure is needed to allow flexible and rapid response to customers′ needs. Discusses these in detail and embodies the latter in the old‐style branch manager.

Death, taxes, and bad intelligence tests

Thirteen approaches to the measurement of intelligence are briefly described and discussed. On the one hand, bad intelligence tests seem as inevitable as death and taxes. On the other hand, there are promising developments in measurement. The most promising developments are not cosmetic changes in conventional tests (such as comouter-adaptive tests), but rather tests based on new, broader theories of intelligence. These latter tests have been slow in development, partly because of difficulties in operationalization, and partly because of the uneasy alliance between the worlds of academia and publishing companies.

The cosmetic effects of submucous resection

A prospective assessment of the complications of submucous resection is presented. Preoperative photographs were taken and a post-operative assessment was carried out at a minimum time of 2 years by questionnaire and photographs. No examples of significant cosmetic changes were found.

Burnout in the Human Services: A Feminist Perspective

This article reviews the literature on burnout, using tenets offeminism as a frameworkand value base forcritiquing the literature. It contends that burnout is not inevitable, that personal adaptation or cosmetic changes in organizations are not adequate, and that the integration of the individual and institutional aspects of burnout is essential for defining and solving the problem. Furthermore, it presents strategies for change that incorporate feminist values.

The Breakdown of Cartesian Metaphysics (review)

296 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 28"2 APRIL 199o Richard A. Watson. The Breakdown of Cartesian Metaphysics. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1987. Pp. xii + 240. Cloth, $45.oo. This book is essentially a reissue of Richard Watson's Doun~faUof Cartesianism (1966), with minor revisions and some cosmetic changes, such as retitling of headings. Added to the end of the volume are four more recently published papers: "Transubstantiation among the Cartesians" (from the 1982 collection Problemsof Cartesianism edited by T. Lennon eta/.); a brief piece on La Forge (from Studia Cartesiana, 1982); and two short and sweeping attacks on Cartesian metaphysics and epistemology: "What Moves the Mind?" (APQ, 1982) and "Descartes Knows Nothing" (HPQ, 1984). An introductory chapter (which has also appeared before) outlines the author's conception of the history of philosophy as involving the construction of an interpretative "skeleton" on which "the flesh of the text can be reasonably shaped" (1 t). The virtues of Watson's 1966 book, which forms the meat of the present volume, are well known. It provides a fascinating survey of the various ways in which Descartes's supporters and critics responded to two central difficulties of Cartesianism: "How can two unlike substances causally interact?" and "How can mind know matter?" On the latter question, the work of Simon Foucher is explored to good effect, to pinpoint just what a problem the Cartesians had on their hands in trying to explain how mental ideas could represent material things. On the former question, Watson's achievement is to show how our understanding of the Cartesian system can be advanced by scrutinizing the manoeuvres of such lesser-known figures as Robert Desgabets and Pierre-Sylvain Rtgis. Of the newer papers which augment the present volume, perhaps the most controversial is "What Moves the Mind?" where Watson argues that Descartes cannot avoid the doubly paradoxical conclusion that "thinking is a mental plenum and--as such---is in its own way as homogeneous and thus as empty as is the material plenum" (187). If we take the material world first, talk of an "empty plenum" is of course a contradiction in terms; but Watson's point seems to be that although Descartes wantsthe extended universe to be "full," his characterization of it in terms of pure, homogeneous, featureless extension means that it is, in effect, indistinguishable from empty space (only motion, an extrinsic feature specially imparted by God, can generate bod/es).There issomething telling about this criticism (indeed as early as the 164os critics such as Gassendi voiced convincing objections to the Cartesian project of founding real physics on mathematical extension alone); but one feels that Watson would have strengthened his case by allowing space for some analysis and rebuttal of Descartes's own attempts to deny emptiness (e.g., at Pr/nc/pies 2.18) and to establish (e.g., in the correspondence with More) that impenetrability belongs to the essence of extension. As for the second part of Watson's thesis, viz., that the mind must also be effectivelyempty for Descartes, the obvious objection is how this is to be reconciled with Descartes's description of the mind as a "treasure house" of innate ideas (thesaurus,Medit. 5, and many other similar passages). Watson's strategy here is to argue that such ideas turn out to be empty of content. Thus he claims that the idea of God, for example, is merely an idea of a necessarily-existing-somethingwhich cannot be described: "The idea of God is empty, it is the homogeneous/s of Parmenides, the night in which all cows are black" (188). Yet what of the other properties which Descartes BOOK REVIEWS 297 attributes to God--omnipotence, omniscience, and so on? Watson simply observes that "we cannot comprehend these notions" (ibid.), but this seems much too swift. Descartes readily admits that infinity, for example, cannot be "grasped" (comprehendere) by the human intellect, while insisting, with some arguments to back his claim, that it is a term whose meaning we nevertheless "understand" (intellegere). Again, what of our innate mathematical notions? Admittedly these are highly general and abstract ("simplicissima generalia," as Descartes puts it in the Meditations) but this does not...

Upper airway obstruction due to massive gingival hyperplasia. A case report and description of a new surgical treatment

Drug-induced gingival hyperplasia is a frequent complication of phenytoin anticonvulsant therapy. In severe cases, gingival hyperplasia can cause marked cosmetic deformity, phonatory abnormalities and significant occlusal changes which severely restrict masticatory function. Airway obstruction has not been previously reported with this condition. We describe a unique case of massive phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth causing glossoptosis and subsequent upper airway obstruction. Possible medical and surgical treatment options, including laser wedge resection of the base of the tongue, are discussed.

The Role of Education in Restructuring Socialism: the Tanzanian case

Summary Tanzanian educators recognize the need to ally education more clearly to economic development, for they see in a revitalized economy the impetus for the growth of social services. The shortcomings in the educational system which must help accomplish this are clear. They realize that the ‘education for self‐reliance'policies have only slightly altered the nation's economy and have done little to create the ‘new’ socialist person. Teachers, their students, and parents do not yet possess the attitudes necessary to promote cooperation and service; and the majority of students do not attain the knowledge and skills necessary for an economy to prosper. The nation's educational bureaucracy must also be committed to dramatic change. To date, only cosmetic changes have occurred in the way schools are administered. While leadership at the top has been sincere, regional and local educational leaders often only pay lip service. Revolutionary change in Tanzanian education could come quickly through coercion and force. However, that is not the Tanzanian way and the chosen path. Instead, change is to be accomplished through the democratic process of enlightenment and dedication. This takes time. The major question is whether Tanzania still has the time.

"The Automobile in American Life," an Exhibit at Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan

Automobile in American Life, which opened in November 1987, occupies 65,000 square feet of floor space, or nearly one-fourth of the Henry Ford Museum's vast main floor, and cost over $6 million. Albert H. Woods Associates of New York City designed the exhibit, working in close conjunction with the museum's curatorial and exhibit staffs and with outside historical consultants. Planning began in 1984, and the installation commenced only a year before the opening. The exhibit will yield two publications as well.' Visitors and reviewers alike should not lose sight of the radical change this exhibit brings to the Henry Ford Museum. For many years, the automobile display was a thicket of more than two hundred old cars, tightly packed together, arranged in rough chronological order. Some cosmetic changes were made in 1979, when the display was thinned down to 180 vehicles, but it still had the look of an overcrowded used car lot filled with vintage automobiles (fig. 1). The new exhibit has 100 motor vehicles and a dozen horse-drawn vehicles, with nearly one-quarter of these being new additions to the museum's collections. The other newly acquired objects incorporated into the exhibit are impressive: a large Texaco service station; a 1946 diner; a 1937 tourist cabin; a Holiday Inn room from the mid-1960s, as well as the neon sign that would have directed travelers to it; an enormous

“The Automobile in American Life,” an Exhibit at Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan

Exhibit Reviews “THE AUTOMOBILE IN AMERICAN LIFE,’’ AN EXHIBIT AT HENRY FORD MUSEUM, DEARBORN, MICHIGAN CHARLES K. HYDE “The Automobile in American Life,” which opened in November 1987, occupies 65,000 square feet of floor space, or nearly one-fourth of the Henry Ford Museum’s vast main floor, and cost over $6 million. Albert H. Woods Associates of New York City designed the exhibit, working in close conjunction with the museum’s curatorial and exhibit staffs and with outside historical consultants. Planning began in 1984, and the installation commenced only a year before the opening. The exhibit will yield two publications as well.1 Visitors and reviewers alike should not lose sight of the radical change this exhibit brings to the Henry Ford Museum. For many years, the automobile display was a thicket of more than two hundred old cars, tightly packed together, arranged in rough chronological order. Some cosmetic changes were made in 1979, when the display was thinned down to 180 vehicles, but it still had the look of an over­ crowded used car lot filled with vintage automobiles (fig. 1). The new exhibit has 100 motor vehicles and a dozen horse-drawn vehicles, with nearly one-quarter of these being new additions to the museum’s collections. The other newly acquired objects incorporated into the exhibit are impressive: a large Texaco service station; a 1946 diner; a 1937 tourist cabin; a Holiday Inn room from the mid-1960s, as well as the neon sign that would have directed travelers to it; an enormous Dr. Hyde is associate professor of history at Wayne State University. His interests include the history of the American automobile industry and the effect of the auto­ mobile on American society. 'James J. Flink of the University of California at Irvine and George S. May of Eastern Michigan University were the principal historical consultants. The Ford Museum ex­ hibits manager, Thomas Elliot, supervised the removal of the old exhibit and the erection of the new. The first publication is a souvenir book, a heavily illustrated guide to the exhibit. The second is a scholarly history of the automobile and its influence on American life, which should be completed by late 1989. Authored by George May, it will consider the same general themes addressed by the exhibit.© 1989 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/89/3001 -0005$01.00 105 106 Charles K. Hyde Fig. 1.—The former transportation exhibit at Henry Ford Museum. (All photos courtesy of Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village.) 1960 McDonald’s sign (fig. 2); a flashing neon drive-in theater sign; and dozens of additional signs and other roadside paraphernalia dat­ ing from the 1910s through the 1960s. Hundreds of photographs, pieces of advertising literature, and other paper objects are incor­ porated into the exhibit. Taken together, these artifacts make “The Automobile in American Life” visually exciting and memorable. In an exhibit purporting to interpret a topic as complex as the effect of the automobile on American life and culture, errors and omissions are inevitable. The effect of the automobile on residential and com­ mercial architecture needs to be considered. Little or no space is devoted to the automobile’s effect on rural life or its role in trans­ forming cities and suburbs alike. The exhibit does not address the role of the automobile and urban expressways in the postwar growth of suburbs and suburban shopping malls, along with the simultaneous decline of central business districts. Critics will complain that the negative effects of the car and the grotesque failures of the American automobile industry over the past two decades are ignored. Granted, the main spine of the exhibit in- “The Automobile in American Life” 107 Fig. 2.—A 1960 McDonald’s “Speedee” sign and a 1956 Chevrolet Bel Air convertible in “The Automotive Landscape.” eludes a display case entitled “Government Steps In,” which considers the safety and environmental issues that emerged in the mid-1960s. But the human carnage that the automobile has caused is not ad­ dressed. The growing popularity of Japanese cars in the early 1970s is explained merely as a short-term response to the energy crisis...

Editorial

This issue marks the beginning of the twentieth year of publication of the Journal for Research in Mathematics Education. As a parent of two teenagers, I fully appreciate the significance of this milestone. Over the first two decades the journal has undergone a number of transformations. Departments have been added, and a variety of cosmetic changes have been instituted. What has remained constant throughout the period bas been the commitment to publish high quality research articles in mathematics education.

Striking It Rich: The Significance of Striking Points in the Evolution of the Romantic Piano

It is no exaggeration to state that the historical study of the piano is still in its infancy. There is a respectable quantity of literature, to be sure, but very little in the way of systematic 267 investigations of either the instruments or their relationship to the repertoire still universally cultivated by pianists of all persuasions. About ten years ago a leading university press sent me, as a last resort, a manuscript about the technological development of the piano that had received two unfavorable reviews, largely, I came to believe, because it was considered overly specialized. Although the text contained a generous quota of errors and raised as many questions as it answered, I was excited by the lively, engaging writing style and by the clear love of the subject that shone through. In my report to the press, I argued that the manuscript would be well worth publishing if, in order to clear up firsthand the myriad of issues that he had raised, the author could find a way to spend three to six months visiting instruments scattered around Europe and the United States. As in so many arenas of life, those in charge took only half of my advice, and about a year later I received a copy of the book with a handwritten dedication from the author, who had made only cosmetic changes from the manuscript I had seen. He later pointed out to me that it took a very long time to look closely at just one piano, and if he were to look directly at all those that he discussed in his book, then it might never have appeared. Over the last ten years I have grown to appreciate this remark more and more. When, during the 197os, I be-

Thoughts About Graduate Study in Physical Education, Exercise, and Sport Science

Graduate programs will be appropriate if we maintain the integrity of graduate study by insisting on a major emphasis on research by graduate students and faculty. Graduate programs will be undesirable if we award graduate degrees for what should be undergraduate programs, and/or if faculty become so involved in undergraduate or service programs that there is no ongoing focused scholarly activity. To continue to argue about the relative importance of service, practitioner preparation, and research objectives in graduate education will cause ongoing division, resulting in faltering steps toward the future. On the other hand, minor cosmetic changes aimed at achieving the image of a unified graduate program will produce stumbling attempts to go forward. Marching together boldly into the future requires respect for different missions at different levels and doing well what needs to be done by the practitioner, in undergraduate and in graduate programs. At the graduate level, it means taking seriously our mission to acquire better estimates of the truth. Three ideas that will assist that inquiry are to define graduate study in terms of (a) an extension of research, (b) relevant independent study, and (c) the kind of depth that promotes an appreciation of the breadth and interrelatedness of all aspects of our field.

A review of hand held coating thickness gauges

When in 1947 Elcometer launched the 101 it was the first hand held coating thickness gauge, the first of thousands; the launch was followed by a tidal wave of competitors, it is to the credit of this very British company that they are still, forty years later, one of the market leaders; it is even more remarkable that the original instrument, with only a few cosmetic changes is still liked and bought by their customers. In the intervening years many new techniques for coating thickness measurement have emerged, some simple, many complicated and the market has divided into fairly clearly defined sectors with unit prices as diverse as the intrinsic value of the end products. As yet no one instrument meets all needs.

Postquadrantectomy Breast Deformities

The deformity which is encountered following quadrantectomy (or similar procedures such as segmentectomy or partial mastectomy) and radiation therapy is difficult to evaluate objectively, and subjective assessment of the cosmetic outcome is extremely variable. In a group of 54 patients who underwent the procedure between 1979 and 1983, the types of cosmetic changes were evaluated and classified according to morphologic criteria. Four types of deformities and their related etiopathologic factors were identified. Type I is characterized by malposition and distortion of the nipple-areola complex and is mainly due to postoperative fibrosis and scar contracture. In type II deformity, localized tissue insufficiency is observed, which may be due to skin deficiency (type IIa), subcutaneous tissue deficiency (type IIb), or both (type IIab). Type III deformity is characterized by breast retraction and shrinkage and is mainly due to the effects of radiotherapy on residual breast parenchyma. In type IV deformity, severe radiation-induced damage to the skin, nipple-areola complex, and subcutaneous and glandular tissues is present. Surgical correction of each type of deformity is discussed, and examples are reported.

Mental illness and the media: Part II. Content analysis of press coverage of mental health topics.

The public image of psychiatry has been tarnished in recent years. In order to determine the extent to which press coverage has contributed to negative attitudes towards psychiatry, we conducted a content analysis of a random selection of newspaper articles which appeared over a twenty-year period in two different newspapers. We found that although there had been some minor, cosmetic changes over the years, such as more appropriate headlines and more direct quotes from psychiatric experts, on the whole, content and attitudes had changed very little. An accuracy check of media reporting of forensic cases over a 20-year period revealed that when reporters have access to written material, the accuracy levels are greatly improved.

Subversion as a constructive activity in medicine.

SUBVERSION AS A CONSTRUCTIVE ACTIVITY IN MEDICINE WILLIAM A. SILVERMAN* A report of positive results of a carefully researched proposal to relieve pain or to cure illness often bears the author's assurance that the hard-earned evidence can be depended on as the basis for widespread medical action. The warrant does not put off pesky doubters, who proceed to lay down a withering barrage of criticism. They are confident that the evidence is incomplete because it is impossible to devise criteria of completeness of clinical experience. Such skeptics run the risk of being labeled "nihilists" intent on subverting medicine's high purposes. But, I will argue, such irreverent troublemakers are indispensable. Infallible treatments are virtually nonexistent—critical examination (in pedantic detail) of all claims in medicine is the only way we have of determining the limits of applicability of innovations. Idols ofAuthority Authoritarianism has long been the enemy of the critical attitude in medicine. Ipse dixit (He says so) dominated the long Galenic age of dogmatic slumber, and down to the present day we are uneasy with the idea that there is no final sanction and authority for knowledge. Sociologist Robert K. Merton examined some of the contemporary effects of authoritarianism in the sciences [I]. He found evidence that psychosocial processes tend to still voices of doubt by reinforcing the influence of those who have achieved positions of prominence. Allocation of resources to scientists for their contributions, as an instance, appeared to effect the flow of ideas and findings through communicaThe author acknowledges with gratitude the generosity of The Rockefeller Foundation for making it possible for him to write this essay while a scholar in residence in the idyllic surroundings of its study center in the Villa Serbelloni, Lake Como, Italy. *Address: 90 La Cuesta Drive, Greenbrae, California 94904.® 1986 by The University of Chicago. AU rights reserved. 003 1 -5982/86/2903-0488$0 1 .00 Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 29, 3, Part 1 ¦ Spring 1986 \ 385 m^^'fû NOT Uflí Nàti wmusw 4£-M&, ' ¦ f C^^r/oA m ??? cw*N , , *rr .' (VES)^-ArT/ 1 /WITHOU''" POl)ST trasoí Li^r,r^ßyrff/ '¦^ci^/rv^ ,t ¡s so/ T^ G î31r^v^ ß??t? Fig. 1.—ipse tfccií. (Drawing by Booth; © 1977 The New Yorker Magazine, Inc.) tion networks in their fields of knowledge. Interviews with Nobel laureates disclosed a common theme: eminent scientists received inflated credit for their contributions while relatively unknown workers were more likely to be denied recognition for comparable contributions. Merton called this the Matthew Effect, after the Gospel According to Saint Matthew: "For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance; but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath." When the Matthew Effect transforms fallible men and women into idols of authority, it serves to curb the advancement of knowledge by discouraging criticism. Alexander Solzhenitsyn observed, bitterly, that a highly honored Russian medical scientist went about the hospital wards with an entourage of followers, like some new Christ with his apostles [2]. The "god" lost the right to make mistakes or to be in doubt; he lost the right to be allowed to think things over. This penchant for deifying medical authority is not confined to totalitarian countries. The phenomenon is particularly obvious when highly publicized accounts of research results place heavy emphasis on the identities of investigators. In such personalization of evidence, who is speaking becomes more important than what is said. Preoccupation with Names and Results Formal communication of evidence is channeled through articles published in professionaljournals; the very important influence of skeptical review of such evidence by peers is missing in most other kinds of reportage . The judging process is weakened if referees are bedazzled by the contributions from well-known researchers in prestigious institutions. Psychologists Douglas P. Peters and Stephen J. Ceci examined the review procedure and found cause for uneasiness [3]. They took one published article from each of 10 leading researchjournals in their field, made a few cosmetic changes (author's name, title, and wording of the abstract were altered), and resubmitted the reports for consideration to the very journals that had previously...